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Overcoming the challenges: Fire protection of the strategic SEALIFT cargo holds

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第4期112卷 203-208页

作者： Seaman, D Pierson, M Donald H. Seaman:holds a bachelor of engineering degree (1971) in marine engineering from the State University of New York Maritime College. Mr. Seaman has 29 years experience with the last eight years focused on the SEALIFT program specifically on fire protection issues. In his present position as task leader for firefighting and environmental programs he is responsible for issues on both SEALIFT and MPF(E) ships in this area. Mr. Seaman also acts as the Project Manager for all marine engineering issues on the SEALIFT design. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the National Fire Protection Association. Michael F. Pierson:holds a bachelor of science degree (1990) in marine engineering from the State University of New York Maritime College. Mr. Pierson served for five years in the U.S. Coast Guard where he first began working with fire protection systems in the naval engineering community For the last five years he has supported the SEALIFT program as a member of the fluids systems engineering group specifically working on fire protection issues. Mr. Pierson is a principal member of the NFPA Technical Committee on Foam and has been involved in many of the newly developed marine chapters in various NFPA standards. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers the National Fire Protection Association and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

As the naval engineering community struggles with initiatives of reduced manning, computer integration, and use of commercial standards, many new technological advances are helping to make these changes possible. There are, however, areas of shipboard operations and engineering where the use of "old technology" used in conjunction with "new philosophies and configurations" are just as important;shipboard fire protection is one such consideration. Fire protection on the strategic SEALIFT LMSR (large medium speed RO/RO) ships is accomplished by the use of structural fire protection, fire zoning, detection and alarm systems, and suppression systems. These systems blend passive and active operation, which resulted from an extensive evolutionary process, starting with the operational requirements document (ORD) and has continued through installation, testing, and commissioning. This paper will concentrate on the largest and at times the most debated of these systems: the cargo hold foam fire protection system.

关键词： Ships

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Hydrolysis of biodegradable polymers by superoxide ions

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Journal of Polymer science 2000年第18期37卷

作者： K. H. Lee C. Y. Won C. C. Chu Ivan Gitsov Fiber Science Program Department of Textile and Apparel and Biomedical Engineering Program Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853-4401 Department of Chemistry State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY 13210 Cornell Center for Materials Research and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853-1301

The objective of this study was to examine the reactivity of superoxide ion as an oxygen nucleophile towards biodegradable biomaterials having an aliphatic polyester structure, such as poly( D , L -Lactide) (PDLLA). The changes in molecular weights and thermal properties of PDLLA were studied as a function of the superoxide ion concentration, hydrolysis time, and hydrolysis temperature. The superoxide ion induced fragmentation of PDLLA yielded a mixture of various species with different chain length. A combined size exclusion chromatography (SEC) method with a chemical tagging by phenyl isocyanate revealed that the structure of the oligomer species with the lowest molecular weight formed in the superoxide ion induced degradation mixture was linear. The significant reduction in T g was consistent with the significant reduction in the molecular weight of PDLLA. The linear low molecular fragments (dimers and trimers) in the reaction mixture could act as an internal plasticizers to enhance the T g reduction by increasing the free volume of chain ends. The relationship of T g with molecular weight of PDLLA followed the general theory of Fox–Flory. The mechanism of simple hydrolysis of ester by superoxide ion proposed by Forrester et al. was modified to interpret the data obtained from the synthetic biodegradable polymers. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3558–3567, 1999

关键词： superoxide ion biodegradable polymers hydrolysis polylactide degradation

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Application of airport meteorological data for the determination of atmospheric mixing height

Application of airport meteorological data for the determina...

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Canadian Society for Civil engineering - 1999 Annual Conference

作者： Cheng, S.Y. Huang, G.H. Chakma, A. Rong, X. Hao, R.X. Environmental Engineering Program Faculty of Engineering University of Regina Regina Sask. S4S 0A2 Canada Environmental Engineering Department Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China

Mixing height is a major meteorological factor affecting pollutant dispersion in the vertical direction. It has been commonly used in air quality models. Usually adiabatic method and Nozaki model are used for determining the mixing height. The adiabatic method needs daily sounding data while the Nozaki method requires extensive meteorological information. However, these data are unavailable in meteorological stations. On the other hand, in order to provide meteorological service for air transport, many airports carry out hourly measurements of temperature, wind, humidity, cloudiness, visibility and atmospheric pressure on the ground, and daily sounding measurements of temperature, humidity and wind at different heights. These data can be used in both adiabatic and Nozaki models to determine the mixing heights. In this study, ground and sounding meteorological data at Shijiazhuang Airport (China) during 1988-1993 were collected for estimating the mixing height over Shijiazhuang area. The feasibility of using airport meteorological data to determine the mixing height was the major focus of this research. Also, the Nozaki method was modified for better reflecting local meteorological conditions through introduction of joint frequencies for wind and stability into the modeling framework. The dry adiabatic method is based on daily sounding meteorological data to determine the mixing height at the intersection of a dry adiabatic line and a temperature profile sounded at early morning. The mixing heights obtained by the modified Nozaki method were verified through error analysis. The observed vertical SO2-concentration profiles provided by the China Institute of environmental science indicate that good agreements between observed and estimated values were obtained, thus confirming the feasibility of utilizing airport meteorological data for determining the mixing height.

关键词： Meteorology

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UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE DESIGN PROJECTS

UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE DESIGN PROJECTS

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ASME 1999 International Mechanical engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 1999

作者： Devey, Gilbert B. Biomedical Engineering and Research to Aid Persons with Disabilities Program Bioengineering and Environmental Systems Division Directorate for Engineering National Science Foundation ArlingtonVA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780791816400

The National science Foundation (NSF) was established in 1950 as an Independent Agency of the Federal Government with the broad mission to promote and advance scientific progress in the U.S. This is accomplished primarily by supporting research and education in all disciplines of the natural and social sciences, mathematics, and engineering. Support is provided principally in the form of grants awarded on a competitive basis under a rigorous peer review process;NSF does not conduct research itself. In 1992, NSF defined a project eligible for support as bioengineering research as one "...with diagnosis or treatment-related goals, that applies engineering principles to problems in biology and medicine while advancing engineering knowledge is eligible for support. Bioengineering research to aid persons with disabilities is also eligible".' Bioengineering at NSF has two defined programs: 1 - "Biochemical engineering", and 2-a two-component activity "Biomedical engineering" (BME) and "Research to Aid Persons with Disabilities" (RAPD). Undergraduate and Graduate Design Projects is part of the RAPD component of the program. © 1999 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.

关键词： Diagnosis

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Characterization of ultraviolet upper room air disinfection devices

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AIHA Journal 1999年第2期60卷 219-227页

作者： Dumyahn, Thomas First, Melvin [a] Environmental Science and Engineering Program Department of Environmental Health Harvard University School of Public Health 665 Huntington Ave. Boston MA 02115

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is one method currently used to reduce transmission of airborne infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Because prolonged direct exposure to low intensity UVGI can cause skin and eye irritation, fixtures appropriate for upper room air disinfection are installed above eye level and designed to limit the vertical emission spread to prevent excessive exposure to occupants. Accurate UVGI fixture emission profiles, in combination with appropriate room ventilation measurements, are needed to calculate the dose to airborne microorganisms and estimate the effectiveness of these air disinfection devices in preventing disease transmission in susceptible populations. Several UVGI fixtures available for upper room installations are evaluated and practical methods for evaluating effective radiation output are illustrated. Typical emission diagrams are included.

关键词： air disinfection ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) UV-C

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engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Warships

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Uniform National Discharge Standards - Overview and implications for future naval engineering

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 219-235页

作者： Kopack, D Smith, G Kim, D Erne, DL David F. Kopack:is a Program Manager in the Naval Sea Systems Command Office of Environmenta1 Protection Occupational Safety and Health SEA 00T. Mr. Kopack received his bachelor and master of science degrees in the physical sciences and management from the University of Maryland. Mr. Kopack has 20 years of experience in ship design and engineering industrial facility operations and program management. Gordon D. Smith:is a Chemical Engineer with the Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center in Bethesda Maryland and is working in the Naval Sea Systems Command Environmental and Auxiliary Systems Group. SEA 03L. Mr. Smith received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from The Ohio State University. He has over 13 years of ronmental issues. In addition to supporting the development of Uniform National Discharge Standards he has been involved in research design testing and development of pollution abatement technologies suitable for use aboard Navy Ships. Don K. Kim:is a Senior Mechanical Engineer with the naval architecture and marine engineering firm of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Kim received his bachelor of science and master of engineering degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Virgina. Mr. Kim has ten years of experience in the design installation maintenance and repair of shipboard mechanical systems equipment and components with specific expertise in compressor pump and fan design and operation. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineer. David L. Erne:is an Associate with Booz Allen and Hamilton Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Erne received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Idaho. He has over twelve years of experience in environmental program management and consulting. In addition to his support for the Uniform National Discharge Standards prog

In the Fiscal Year 1996 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to provide the Department of Defense and the environmental Protection Agency authority to jointly establish standards for incidental discharges from Armed Forces' vessels. The uniform national standards would apply to discharges from vessels of the Navy, Military Sealift Command, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard to the navigable waters and contiguous zone of the U.S. and its territories. Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) will require control of discharges, by either a technology or management practice. UNDS will facilitate the Armed Forces' ability to better design and build future vessels to be environmentally sound and to maintain the operational flexibility of Armed Forces' vessels both domestically and internationally. The development of standards for Armed Forces' vessel discharges may have greater impact on naval engineering requirements for future vessels than any other single environmental issue, These standards are expected to stimulate the development of innovative vessel pollution control technologies, which on be used for both Armed Forces' vessels and commercial shipping vessels. This paper provides an overview of UNDS development, summarizes the results of UNDS Phase I, provides a summary overview of the preliminary approach for accomplishing UNDS Phase Il, and discusses implications for future naval engineering efforts.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Blackwater and Graywater on US navy ships: Technical challenges and solutions

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 293-306页

作者： Benson, J Caplan, I Jacobs, R John Benson:received his BS degree in Mechanical Engineering and MS degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of Maryland. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Maryland. He Joined the Naval Sufrace Warfare Center Carderock Division Environmental Quality Department in 1990 as a project engineer and is now managing the non-oily wastewater (graywater and blackwater) project area. Mr. Ivan Caplan:graduated from Drexel University (Philadelphia Pennsylvania) with a BS in Metallurgical Engineering and was awarded a MS degree from the Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore Maryland) in Mechanics and Materials Science. Mr. Caplan has spent most of his career at the Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) and is currently the Head of the Wastewater Management Branch in the Carderock Division's Environmental Quality Department. Previously Mr. Caplan managed the US Navy's Applied Research Program in Ship & Submarine Materials Technology. In addition Mr. Caplan was manager of the US Navy's Titanium Technology Program Office and during his government career held several external Program Manager positions on at the Naval Sea Systems Command and another at the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Rachel Jacobs:received BS degrees in Chemical Engineering and Marine Biology from the University of Maryland College Park. After working for the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington DC and the Center for Marine Biotechnology in Baltimore MD she joined the staff of the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Environmental Quality Department in 1997. Since thta time Ms. Jacobs has worked in the non-oily wastewater treatment area and her principal responsibility has been to technically supervise the evaluation operation and modification graywater treatment.

In anticipation of more stringent environmental regulations, the increasing costs of waste disposal, and the need for naval combatants to operate unimpeded in littoral waters, the U.S. Navy has identified the need to develop technologies which are appropriate for the control and treatment of blackwater and graywater. This paper will describe the status of development efforts by the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC) and its supporting contractors, under sponsorship of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Office of Naval Research. The challenge was to develop treatment systems that meet Navy shipboard requirements for affordability, compactness, low manning/maintenance, high reliability and safety, and EM, noise, vibration and shock. Membrane ultrafiltration based systems, incorporating aerobic biological pre-treatment and ultraviolet light post treatment disinfection, have ken developed to meet these requirements. Both external and in-tank membrane systems will be described in terms of performance, system operation and space and weight advantages.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Simulation of the transient, compressible, gas-dynamic behavior of catalytic-combustion ignition in stagnation flows

Simulation of the transient, compressible, gas-dynamic behav...

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27th International Symposium on Combustion

作者： Raja, Laxminarayan L. Kee, Robert J. Petzold, Linda R. Engineering Division Colorado School of Mines Golden CO 80401 United States Computational Science and Engineering Program Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 United States

This paper develops and uses a computation model to explore the transient ignition dynamics of catalytic combustion in a stagnation-flow configuration. The analysis considers the elementary heterogeneous chemistry associated with catalytic behavior at the surface. It also considers gas-dynamic effects in the boundary layer, including temporal and spatial pressure variations. The gas-dynamic effects are included through the axial momentum equation, which has been neglected in previous analyses of unsteady stagnation flows. In addition to the physical interpretation of ignition transients, the paper presents a mathematical and computational analysis and comparison of the constant-pressure and compressible stagnation-flow equations. The constant-pressure equations, as commonly formulated and used, are a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAE) that have an index greater than two. This high-index behavior is responsible for severe numerical difficulties in regions of fast transients or stringent numerical error control. This paper relaxes the constant-pressure assumption using a compressible-flow formulation, which extends the range of physical validity and reduces the index of the transient stagnation-flow problem while preserving stagnationflow "similarity.".

关键词： Ignition

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Abstracts of presentations on selected topics at the XIVTH International Plant Protection Congress (IPPC) - July 25-30, 1999 - International Convention Center, Jerusalem, Israel

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PHYTOPARASITICA 1999年第4期27卷 299-332页

作者： [Anonymous] Norwich UK State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT-DLO) AE Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville USA Ecology and Biocontrol Group National Environment Research Council-(NERC) Inst. of Virology and Environmental Microbiology Oxford UK Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas — Centro de Ciencas Medioamhiental.es Madrid Spain Friedrich Miescher Institute Basel Switzerland Dept. of Field Crops Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel Leeds Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture The University of Leeds Leeds UK Plant Genetic Systems Gent Belgium Jealott’s Hill Research Centre Zeneca Agrochemicals Bracknell UK Plant Quarantine Policy Branch Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) Canberra Australia International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) Parc Scientifique Agropolis II France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte Agrarforschung (BEAF) Bonn Germany Dept. of Crop Protection Extension Service Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Tel Aviv Israel National Food Safety & Toxicology Center Michigan State University East Lansing Center for Minor Crop Pest Management Rutgers University New Brunswick USA ARS/USDA Beltsville USA Dept. of Entomology and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Genetics University of California Riverside USA Dept. of Virology Wageningen Agricultural University ES Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Dept. of Theoretical Production Ecology Wageningen Agricultural University ES Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Entomology University of California Davis USA Dept. of Plant Sciences Tel-Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Inst. of Plant Biochemistry Consejo

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