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Phytoparasitica 1998年第2期26卷 182-182页

作者： Liu, Sijun Bedford, Ian D. Markham, Peter G. Ghanim, Morad Zeidan, Muhamad Czosnek, Henryk Bruyère, A. Herrbach, E. Brault, V. Ziegler-Graff, V. Guilley, H. van den Heuvel, J. F. J. M. Taiwo, M. A. Dijkstra, J. Martinez, B. López-Moya, J. J. Llave, C. Díaz-Ruíz, J. R. López-Abella, D. Mikoshiba, Y. Honda, K. Kanematsu, S. Fujisawa, I. Salomon, Raffi Bernardi, Francoise Raccah, B. Singer, S. Gal-On, A. Huet, H. Pirone, T. P. Visser, Peter B. Bol, John F. Hernández, Carmen Brown, Derek J. F. Pappu, H. R. Culbreath, A. K. Todd, J. W. McPherson, R. M. Sherwood, J. L. Bertrand, P. F. Robbins, M. A. Reade, R. D. Rochon, D. M. Schönfelder, M. Körbler, M. Barg, E. Lesemann, D. -E. Vetten, H. J. Manqussopoulos, I. N. Tsagris, M. Maiss, E. Marczewski, W. Syller, J. Romero, Javier Molina-Garcia, Antonio Babin, Mar Bujarski, Jozef J. Pogany, Judy Zhang, L. Palukaitis, P. Kaplan, I. B. Qu, Feng Morris, T. Jack Steinkellner, H. Puehringer, H. Machado, A. M. Laimer da Câmara Hammond, J. Brandt, S. Katinger, H. Himmler, G. Carrier, K. Hans, F. Wang, A. Sanfacon, H. Palkovics, László Balázs, Ervin Petrzik, K. Mráz, I. Fránová-Honetšlegrová, J. Kusiak, C. Berthome, R. Dinant, S. Astier, S. Albouy, J. Renou, J. P. Bó, E. Dal Torre, M. E. Sánchez de la Djelouah, K. García, M. L. Grau, O. Benvenisti, Luna Gelman, Boris Hai, Dalia Yadin, Hagai Stram, Yehuda Becker, Yechiel Čeřovská, N. Filigarová, M. Dědič, P. Nemchinov, L. Hadidi, A. Choi, Y. G. Randles, J. W. Samson, A. C. R. Wilford, J. N. Chapman, S. Santa Cruz, S. Wilson, T. M. A. Wilkinson, Nicola Wilson, Louise Marlow, Susan King, Linda Possee, Robert Zhu, Fanxiu Qi, Yipeng Huang, Yongxiu Hu, Jianhong Oker-Blom, Christian Keinänen, Kari Chauhan, B. K. Possee, R. D. French, T. J. Finkelstein, Y. Levi, B. Z. Faktor, O. Toister-Achituv, Mira Wang, Fushan Lu, Liquan Du, Quansheng Watson, S. K. Kalmakoff, J. Broer, R. Liu, Y. Zuidema, D. Strien, E. A. van Vlak, J. M. Heldens, J. G. M. Chejanovsky, N. Gershburg, E. Faruchi, S. Kamensky, B. Nahum, O. Stockholm, D. Rivkin, H. Gurevitz, Dept. of Virus Research John Innes Centre Colney UK Dept. of Field and Vegetable Crops The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Agricultural Food and Environmental Quality Sciences Rehovot Israel Station de Recherches Grandes Cultures INRA Colmar France Inst. de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS Strasbourg France DLO Research Institute for Plant Protection Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. of Biological Science University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Dept. of Virology Agricultural University Wageningen The Netherlands Dept. de Biología de Plantas Centra de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain Dept. of Plant Protection National Agriculture Research Center Tsukuba lbaraki Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station Morioka Iwate Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station Kumamoto Japan Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center BetDagan Israel Institut Jacques Monod CNRS Université Paris VII Paris France Dept. of Virology ARO The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel Scripps Institute San Diego USA Dept. of Plant Pathology University of Kentucky Lexington USA Inst. of Molecular Plant Sciences Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University RA Leiden The Netherlands Inst. de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas Valencia Spain Scottish Crop Research Inst. Invergowrie Dundee UK Depts. of Plant Pathology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Tifton Depts. Entomology Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Dept. of Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater USA Depts. of Coop. Ext. Service Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Station Ttfton Plant Science Dept. Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Pacific Agric. Res. Centre Vancouver Canada Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkultur (DSMZ) Abt. Pflanzenviren and Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Inst. für Biochemie und Pflanzenvirologie Braunschweig Germany Inst. of Molecular Biology and Biotec

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Quantitative description of mixture toxicity: Effect of level of response on interactions

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environmental TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 1996年第8期15卷 1429-1437页

作者： Haas, CN Cidambi, K Kersten, S Wright, K Environmental Science and Engineering Program Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA

The simultaneous exposure of a biological system to a mixture of toxic substances may result in an ideal or nonideal combination of effects. In an extension of linear isobole theory, models are quantitatively developed to describe these combinations, in which the nature of the nonideal effect combination may or may not be a function of the magnitude of predicted response (as opposed to only the proportions of the substances in a mixture). The approach is tested using data on rat carcinogenesis, drug action, and aquatic toxicity of pesticides. In the cases examined, the models predict substantial deviation from ideal behavior even under low doses.

关键词： mixture toxicity concentration additivity isoboles synergism carcinogenicity

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Productivity, electricity, science: Powering a green future

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Electricity Journal 1996年第3期9卷 54-60页

作者： Ausubel, Jesse H. Program for the Human Environment Rockefeller University National Academy of Engineering Executive Committee Science Advisory Board Environmental Protection Agency

science and technology offer the opportunity for environmental and social improvement, while providing the higher levels of services and goods that people seek. Notwithstanding efficiency gains, markets for electricity will grow because of the multiplication of population and devices and the deeper penetration of the transport sector.

关键词： environmental technology

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Characteristics and treatment of leachates from domestic landfills

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ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 1996年第4期22卷 433-442页

作者： Lo, IMC Environmental and Hydraulics Program Department of Civil & Structural Engineering Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China

The main objectives of this study were to develop a useful database for the leachate quality of Hong Kong landfills, and to compare different experimental trials for the treatment of methanogenic-stage sanitary landfill leachate, which is generally characterized by a low chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 3000 mg L(-1) or less. Extensive chemical analysis data of leachate composition generated from 10 landfills in Hong Kong were collected to identify variations in leachate quality. Variations in COD and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) with time revealed that the rate at which Hong Kong landfills become 'methanogenic' is relatively fast. The transition from phase II (where leachates are characterized by high 5-day biochemical oxygen demand values) to phase III (where high organic strength leachates are converted into methane and carbon dioxide) for the landfills in Hong Kong took less than one year. Several leachate indicator parameters were utilized to assess the stabilization of the landfill. Controlled experimental studies using an aerobic biological treatment process (i.e., sequencing batch reactor) were used to examine its treatment efficiency. Retention times of 20 days and 40 days resulted in a removal efficiency of NH3-N in excess of 99%.

关键词： Leachate treatment

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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Petroleum hydrocarbon bioventing kinetics determined in soil core, microcosm and tubing cluster studies

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1996年第1期16卷 141-153页

作者： Moyer, EE Ostendorf, DW Richards, RJ Goodwin, S Ellen E. Moyer (ENSR Consulting and Engineering 35 Nagog Park Acton MA 01720) is a senior environmental engineer at ENSR Consulting and Engineering in Acton Massachusetts. Her research interests include bioremediation air sparging soil venting and analytical modeling of subsurface contamination. Dr. Moyer is a registered professional engineer with an M.S. in environmental engineering and a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and is a member of the National Ground Water Association (NGWA) and the American Society of Civil Engineers. David W. Ostendorf (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Dr. Ostendorf is a registered professional engineer and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation Association of Environmental Engineering Professors and NGWA. Robin J. Richards (Department of Microbiology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a doctoral student in microbiology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Her research interests include synthesis and biodegradation of microbially produced polymers as well as bioremediation of petroleum contamination in soil and ground water. She has a B.S. in civil engineering from City College of New York and an M.S. in environmental engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Steve Goodwin (Microbiology Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the Department of Microbiology of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include microbial ecology anaerobic digestion and

Aerobic biodegradation of vapor-phase petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated in an intact soil core from the site of an aviation gasoline release. An unsaturated zone soil core was subjected to a flow of nitrogen gas, oxygen, water vapor and vapor-phase hydrocarbons in a configuration analogous to a biofilter or an in situ bioventing or sparging situation. The vertical profiles of vapor-phase hydrocarbon concentration in the soil core were determined by gas chromatography of vapor samples. Biodegradation reduced low influent hydrocarbon concentrations by 45 to 92 percent over a 0.6-m interval of an intact soil core. The estimated total hydrocarbon concentration was reduced by 75 percent from 26 to 7 parts per million. Steady-state concentrations were input to a simple analytical model balancing advection and first-order biodegradation of hydrocarbons. First-order rate constants for the major hydrocarbon compounds were used to calibrate the model to the concentration profiles. Rate constants for the seven individual hydrocarbon compounds varied by a factor of 4. Compounds with lower molecular weights, fewer methyl groups, and no quaternary carbons tended to have higher rate constants. the fist-order rate constants were consistent with kinetic parameters determined from both microcosm and tubing cluster studies at the field site.

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Cryogenic drilling: A new drilling method for environmental remediation

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1996年第3期16卷 79-85页

作者： Simon, RD Cooper, GA Rafael Simon (595 Evans Hall UC Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720) received his Ph. D. in the Department of Materials Science and Mineral Engineering in 1996. He has studied various types of environmental drilling methods and has been working on cryogenic drilling since January 1992. George Cooper (595 Evans Hall UC Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720) graduated from Cambridge University in 1967 with a Ph. D. in materials science. He has spent most of his career in industrial research working both as a scientist and a manager often in the fields of rock drilling mining and tunneling and working for companies such as Atlas Copco and Schlumberger. In 1988 he became a full professor at University of California at Berkeley where he is the head of the Petroleum Engineering Program.

Cryogenic drilling isa technique developed at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, for drilling in unstable sediments of environmental monitoring, for characterizing, and for remediation wells. The method uses standard air rotary drilling techniques, but with cold nitrogen rather than ambient air as the circulating fluid in order to freeze and stabilize the borehole wall. Several laboratory and full-scale field tests have been performed. A 52-foot-deep (16 m) soil boring and 24-foot (7 m) monitoring well have been drilled as part of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Site Characterization Project. Continued testing and refinement of the equipment and operational method are in progress. The method has been proposed for use as part of the Department of Energy (DOE) weapons site cleanup at locations with unstable sediments such as Hanford, Sandia, and Idaho National engineering Laboratory (INEL).

关键词： Well drilling

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Success criteria and adaptive management for a large-scale wetland restoration project

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Wetlands Ecology and Management 1996年第2期4卷 111-127页

作者： Weinstein, Michael P. Balletto, John H. Teal, John M. Ludwig, David F. TEVA Environmental Associates Inc. Millbwn NJ 854 Ridgewood Road United States Pnblic Service Electric and Gas Company Estuary Enhancement Program Hancocks Bridge NJ 08038 United States Woods Hole Océanographie Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 Red Field 212 Water Street United States EA Engineering Science and Technology Hunt Valley MD 21031 11019 McCormick Road United States

We are using a 20+ year photographic history of relatively undisturbed and formerly diked sites to predict the restoration trajectories and equilibrium size of a 4,050 ha salt marsh on Delaware Bay, New Jersey (USA). The project was initiated to offset the loss of finfishes from once-through cooling at a local power plant. We used a simple food chain model to estimate the required restoration size. This model assumed that annual macrophyte detritus production and benthic algal production resulted in production of finfishes, including certain species of local interest. Because the marsh surface and intertidal drainage system are used by many finfishes and are the focal points for exchange of detrital materials, the restoration planning focused on both vegetational and hydrogeomorphological parameters. Recolonization by Spartina spp. and other desirable taxa will be promoted by returning a natural hydroperiod and drainage configuration to two types of degraded salt marsh: diked salt hay (Spartina patens) farms and brackish marsh dominated by Phragmites australis. The criteria for success of the project address two questions: What is the "bound of expectation" for restoration success, and how long will it take to get there? Measurements to be made are macrophyte production, vegetation composition, benthic algal production, and drainage features including stream order, drainage density, channel length, bifurcation ratios and sinuosity. A method for combining these individual parameters into a single success index is also presented. Finally, we developed adaptive management thresholds and corrective measures to guide the restoration process.

关键词： Restoration Success criteria Wetlands

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Response to Comment on “Off-Site Forensic Determination of Airborne Elemental Emissions by Multi-Media Analysis: A Case Study at Two Secondary Lead Smelters

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environmental science & Technology 1996年第7期30卷 2419页

作者： David Eugene Kimbrough I. H. Suffet Castaic Lake Water Agency 27234 Bouquet Canyon Road Santa Clarita California 91350 School of Public Health Environmental Science & Engineering Program University of California Los Angles Los Angeles California 90095-1772

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Affordability, logistics R&D and fleet systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第3期108卷 199-213页

作者： Schulte, DP Skolnick, A He has supported the development and operation of several naval systems including advanced component selection for Trident II fire control and navigation systems. He served as branch manager of the Surface Ship ASW Combat System Branch which acted as the acquisition engineering agent for the AN/SQQ-89 Surface Ship Anti-Submarine Warfare Weapon System. He was then selected to manage the Module Engineering Department which provided engineering support to numerous naval systems including the AN/BSY-1 Submarine Combat System and the Trident II fire control and navigation system. He then served as the deputy program manager for NAVSEA Progressive Maintenance (2M/ATE). He holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and currently is pursuing a Maste's degree in Public Environmental Affairs at Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis. He served at Applied Physics Laboratory/The Johns Hopkins University in missile development then aboard USS Boston (CAG-1) and played leading roles in several weapon system developments (Regulus Terrier Tartar Talos) inertial navigation (Polaris) deep submergence (DSRV) and advanced ship designs (SES). He later was director Combat System Integration Naval Sea Systems Command and head Combat Projects Naval Ship Engineering Center. He led the Navy's High Energy Lasers and Directed Energy Weapons development efforts. He was vice president advanced technology at Operations Research Inc. and vice president maritime engineering at Defense Group Inc. before starting SSC in 1991. Dr. Skolnick holds a B.S. degree in Mathematics and Economics Queens College an M.A. degree in Mathematics and Philosophy Columbia University an M.S. degree in Electrical/Aeronautical Engineering U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics from Polytechnic University in New York. He is the author of many published papers on engineering design issues source selection procedures and large-scale complex technology problems

The Fleet continues to require high performance systems that can operate with dependability in the seas' unforgiving environments and under hostile action. Those demands are not new. What has changed is the urgent priority formerly assigned to national defense issues. The arguments for continued superpower military strength are now roiled in politics along with unsettled budgets and uncertain force level projections. Current expectations revolve about indefinite fiscal and operational issues (difficult funding constraints and broadband threats). In the actual event of ''doing more with less,'' a practical response is to apply the creative power available from sound engineering judgement and the crucible of experience to the immediate needs of the Fleet. The attempt to shorten the path between advanced development effort and Fleet use has been tried occasionally in the past, often, without exemplary results. The Sustainable Hardware and Affordable Readiness Practices (SHARP) program, is a generic R&D effort under OpNav sponsorship that has been working steadily on sensible solutions to product engineering problems. Armed today with fast-time, large-scale computation abilities and modern tools for technical problem solving coupled with specialized engineering knowledge, it has been refreshed and is underway satisfying existing Fleet needs. The relationship between fully responsive engineering services and current operational needs is always demanding. The connection between advanced engineering development (6.3 category funds) and immediate Fleet usage brings added complexity and challenge, both technical and organizational. Illustrative examples of affordable engineering solutions to ''retain, revise, replace or retire'' questions are presented within the context of both Fleet realities and budgetary limitations. The discussion covers legacy system support, civil/military considerations and Fleet maintenance issues. It describes the substantial and critical payoffs i

关键词： Warships

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