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Applying Industrial Ecology Tools to Increase Understanding of Demand-side Water Management in Bangalore, India

Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 2010年第4期7卷 71 - 79页

作者： Matthew J. Eckelman Megha Shenoy Ramesh Ramaswamy Marian R. Chertow Program in Environmental Engineering Yale University 10 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven CT 06520 USACenter for Industrial Ecology Yale University 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA Center for Industrial Ecology Yale University 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USAResource Optimization Initiative No. 66 1st Floor 1st Cross Domlur Layout Bangalore 560 071 India Resource Optimization Initiative No. 66 1st Floor 1st Cross Domlur Layout Bangalore 560 071 India Center for Industrial Ecology Yale University 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USASchool of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA

Water balancing is a useful and increasingly popular tool for assessing stresses and opportunities in urban water systems. A streamlined water balance was constructed for the city of Bangalore, south India, using material flow analysis (MFA) drawn from industrial ecology. An extensive survey of end-users was employed to characterize residential use of water by socioeconomic groups, using housing as a proxy. This was combined with demand and supply-side data for the commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors to create a water balance for the city that is affordable and replicable for other cities that have incomplete datasets. The relationship between water supply and energy is highlighted for Bangalore which sits at a considerable height (500 m) above its main surface water source. The municipal water utility services require approximately 5% of the entire municipal electricity demand for pumping, treating, and distributing water. Bangalore.s municipal water service aims to reduce unaccounted-for water, which includes water leakage through the system as well as siphoned off water, from its current level of 26% to 15% by 2025. Such loss reductions would have a large impact both for water and energy demand for a highly populated and expanding urban landscape.

关键词： Water balance material and energy flow mapping end use survey water leakage

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Pretreatment of wheat straw with a novel oxidant for bioethanol production

Pretreatment of wheat straw with a novel oxidant for bioetha...

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American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2009

作者： Xiu, Shuangning Shahbazi, Abolghasem Luster-Teasley, Stephanie Shirley, Vestel B. Biological Engineering Program Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Design North Carolina AandT State University Greensboro NC United States Department of Civil Architectural Agricultural and Environmental Engineering North Carolina AandT State University Greensboro NC United States Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Design North Carolina AandT State University Greensboro NC United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781615673629

Pretreatment is one of the key factors affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. This study investigated the feasibility of using a novel oxidant as solvent to release fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic materials. The wheat straw at a solid loading rate of 10% was treated with oxidant concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% based on oven dried biomass and retention times of 30 min, 60 min, 180 min and 24 hrs at room temperature. Through a 4x4 full factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design, the effect of oxidant concentration and retention time on the oxidative delignification of straw were determined. The two main fermentable sugar, glucose and xylose, in the prehydrolyzate were analyzed. In addition, the solid residues were hydrolyzed by cellulase with the supplementation of β-Glucosidase to investigate the enzymatic digestibility. The amount of glucose increased with the increase in the oxidant concentration, while retention time did not significantly influence the release of glucose from wheat straw. The oxidant concentration and retention time have no significant effect on the xylose contents in the prehydrolyzate. In comparison with glucose, only small amount of xylose released from wheat straw, indicating hemicellulose was slightly attacked but cellulose was highly attacked. The increased severity of the oxone concentration resulted in more solubilization of cellulose, bur the glucose yield did not appreciably increase beyond 10%. Cellulose remaining in the pretreated feedstock was highly digestable by cellulase. The digestibility is 77.4% higher than the non-pretreated wheat straw.

关键词： Glucose

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Sustainability appraisal of used vehicle trade policy options in sub-Saharan African countries

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environmentalist 2009年第4期29卷 360-370页

作者： Kehbila, Anderson Gwanyebit Ertel, Jürgen Brent, Alan Colin Environmental and Resource Management PhD Program Department of Industrial Sustainability Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany Department of Industrial Sustainability Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany Chair of Life Cycle Engineering Graduate School of Technology Management University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa

This paper examines the structure of contemporary vehicle mitigation commitments after lead gasoline phase out in sub-Sahara Africa. First, this paper reviews some of the leading domestic trade policy proposals (emission reduction actions) with regard to their expected technology impacts. Next, it assesses the options based on establishing benchmarks for measuring policy performance in curbing vehicle emissions simultaneously with core sustainable development priorities. Assessing these options identifies the key variables in designing mitigation commitments, offers criteria for evaluating different approaches and discusses the implications of the leading alternatives. This paper argues that a more pronounced dilemma of synergies exists between vehicle emissions reduction and core development concerns as the major players target emissions too narrowly. Finally, this paper sheds more light on strategies that could be employed simultaneously at the regional and domestic levels to enhance sustainable development as trade continues to grow and evolve. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008.

关键词： Clean air initiative Criteria analysis Sub-Sahara Africa Sustainability appraisal Trade policy Vehicle emissions

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Designing a management framework for strategic environmental assessment of urban plans in China

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Journal of environmental Assessment Policy and Management 2009年第4期11卷 451-470页

作者： Bao, Cun-Kuan Gao, Ying-Wei Zhou, Ying-Lie Ou-Yang, Li Huang, He Jiang, Dahe Brown, A.L. State Key Laboratory on Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China College of Architecture and Urban Planning Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China Urban Research Program Griffith School of Environment Griffith University Brisbane Australia

Based on the revision of the Methods for Urban Plan Formulation and the Technical Guidelines of environmental Impact Assessment for Urban Master Plan (in draft), this paper proposes a management framework for Strategic environmental Assessment (SEA) of Urban Plans. In this context, the urban plan compilation system and the requirements for Urban Plan SEAs are explained. This is followed by the introduction of three types of urban plan SEAs, namely forecasting SEA, monitoring or follow-up SEA, and retrospective SEA. The relationship among the institutions/agencies involved in urban planning SEAs is discussed and three implementation modes are proposed, including an internal-implementation mode, an external-implementation mode and a mixed-implementation mode. Finally, substantive SEA aspects for various types of urban plans are identified. © Imperial College Press.

关键词： Management framework Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) Urban plan

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Abstracts from the 2011 Joint Annual Meeting of the Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology and Washington Chapter of the Wildlife Society, Held at the Wesley Inn, Gig Harbor, Washington, March 23–25, 2011

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Northwestern Naturalist 2011年第2期92卷 136-166页

作者： Michael J. Adams Christopher A. Pearl Jessica Y. Adkins Daniel D. Roby Ladd Bayliss Peter J. Loschl Donald E. Lyons Yasuko Suzuki Hannah E. Anderson Sarah T. Hamman Keith B. Aubry Catherine M. Raley John J. Rohrer Eric C. Lofroth Scott H. Fitkin Michael L. Best Hartwell H. Welsh Jamie B. Bettaso Don T. Ashton Hartwell H. Welsh Scott McBain Lindsay M. Biga Andrew R. Blaustein Susan F. Brady R. Steven Wagner Daniel J. Selski James E. Johnson R. Bruce Bury Wynn W. Cudmore Hartwell H. Welsh Nathan D. Chelgren Tara Chestnut Chaucney W. Anderson Julie Kirshtein Megan T. Cook Tiffany S. Garcia Stephen Corn Erin Muths Amanda Kissel Rick Scherer Eric Delvin Jonathan D. Bakker Peter W. Dunwiddie Diana L. Dishman Deborah A. Duffield Harriet R. Huber Dyanna M. Lambourn Karen M. Dvornich Greg Falxa Gary M. Fellers Patrick M. Kleeman David Miller Brandon Fessler Jason T. Irwin Daniel D. Beck R. Steven Wagner Marc P. Hayes John A. Frew Christian E. Grue Chris R. Friesen Robert T. Mason Stevan J. Arnold Suzanne Estes Tiffany S. Garcia Katie M. Dugger Josh Johnson Mike Rochelle A. J. Kroll Stephanie S. Gervasi Caren S. Goldberg Dan Davis Erica Bree Rosenblum Bill Bosworth Lisette P. Waits Purnima Govindarajulu Gregory A. Green Steve Negri Jennifer R. Griffiths Daniel E. Schindler Christian E. Grue Karen M. Dvornich Adam G. Hansen David A. Beauchamp Casey M. Baldwin Marc P. Hayes Gretchen Padgett-Flohr Blake R. Hossack Winsor H. Lowe Paul Stephen Corn Aaron N. Johnston Kris Kendell Dave Prescott Scott Stevens Peter M. Kiffney Carol Volk Kerensa A. King Christian E. Grue James M. Grassley Andrew J. Kroll Matt Hane Josh Johnston Mike Rochelle Stuart Farber Niels Leuthold Michael J. Adams John P. Hayes Bo Li Michael T. Brett Kent B. Livezey Ilon E. Logan Teresa J. Lorenz Kimberly A. Sullivan Amanda V. Bakian Deanna Lynch Nancy Thomas Krysten Schuler Steven Jeffries Joshua Malt Kelly R. McAllister Joanne P. Schuett-Hames Aimee P. McIntyre Jay E. Jones Eric M. Lund Frithiof T. Waterstrat Jack N. Giovanini Stephen D. Duke Marc P. Hayes US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Olympia WA 98512 kaubry@fs.fed.us US Forest Service Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Methow Valley Ranger District Winthrop WA 98862 British Columbia Ministry of Environment Victoria BC V8W9M1 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Winthrop WA 98862 Humboldt State University 1 Harpst St. Arcata CA 95521 addsmike14@*** US Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station 1700 Bayside Dr. Arcata CA 95521 hwelsh@fs.fed.us US Fish and Wildlife Service Arcata Field Office 1655 Heindon Road Arcata CA 95521 jamie_bettaso@fws.gov Redwood Sciences Laboratory US Forest Service1700 Bayview Drive Arcata CA 99521 dashton@fs.fed.us hwelsh@fs.fed.us McBain &amp Trush 980 7th Street Arcata CA 95521 scott@*** Oregon State University Environmental Sciences Graduate Program Corvallis OR 97331 lindsay.biga@science.oregonstate.edu Oregon State University Department of Zoology Corvallis OR 97331 US Geological Survey Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331 buryb@usgs.gov Life Science Department Chemeketa Community College Salem OR 97309 wynn.cudmore@chemeketa.edu US Forest Service Redwood Sciences Laboratory 1700 Bayview Drive Arcata CA 95521 hwelsh@fs.fed.us USGS Oregon Water Science Center 2130 SW 5th Avenue Portland OR 97207 chestnut@usgs.gov USGS Headquarters 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston VA 20192 US Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute 790 E. Beckwith Avenue Missoula MT 59801 scorn@usgs.gov US Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Avenue Building C Fort Collins CO 80526 Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Colorado State University Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology Fort Collins CO 80523 The Nature Conservancy 120 Union Ave SE Olympia WA 98501 edelvin@tnc.org School of Forest Resources University of Washington Seattle WA

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Site specific farming, environmental concerns, and associated advanced technologies, provide a platform for active learning and research at a land grant university

Site specific farming, environmental concerns, and associate...

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2008 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition

作者： Nagchaudhuri, Abhijit Mitra, Madhumi Marsh, Lurline Daughtry, Craig Earle, Tracy Schwarz, Jurgen University of Maryland Eastern Shore Department of Engineering and Aviation Sciences University of Maryland Eastern Shore Department of Biology and Environmental Science University of Maryland Eastern Shore Biology Education Program UMES Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences University of Maryland Eastern Shore United States Department of Agriculture USDA-ARS Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory Beltsville MD United States Dept of Agriculture UMES Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences Program in Food Science and Technology

A course titled "Advanced Technologies in Agriculture and environmental Sciences" was offered for the first time at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in spring of 2007. The course was conceived to develop a broader student base for the "Precision Agriculture" related activities that have been ongoing at UMES for the past few years, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Maryland Space Grant Consortium (MDSGC), and as such has been opened to all Science, Technology, engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) seniors and graduate students on campus. In an effort to diffuse the compartmentalization of knowledge and rigid disciplinary boundaries within academia, the course has been designed to be a multi-instructor course. Faculty and staff from Agriculture, Natural Sciences, engineering, Aviation Sciences, and collaborators from USDA, NASA, and representatives from a local industry involved in "Precision Farming" have worked together to plan and deliver the course. The course content spans over the fundamentals of global positioning systems (GPS), yield monitoring, soil testing, variable rate applicators, fundamentals of plant physiology and agronomy, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), statistics and data analysis, aerial imaging and remote sensing, & nutrient and watershed management. Significant field work using various field sensors, including a chlorophyll meter, pH meter, and other instrumentation to measure leaf area index (LAI) in conjunction with hand held GPS units, is integrated with the course. Funds from USDA will cover at least four summer interns who will be selected from the course participants each year, while the grant is active (2009) to continue experiential learning and research activities initiated in spring as an integral part of the course, during the summer months. © American Society for engineering Education, 2008.

关键词： Global positioning system

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Performance evaluation of structural BMPs: Drain Inlet Inserts (Fossil Filter™ and StreamGuard™) and oil/water separator

Performance evaluation of structural BMPs: Drain Inlet Inser...

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World Water and environmental resources Congress 2001

作者： Othmer Jr., Edward F. Friedman, Gary Borroum, J. Steven Currier, Brian K. Law Engineering and Environmental Services Inc. 9177 Sky Park Court San Diego CA 92123 United States California Department of Transportation Environmental Program United States Center of Environmental and Water Resource Engineering University of California Davis United States

ISBN: (纸本)0784405697

The performance of Drain Inlet Inserts (Fossil Filter™ and StreamGuard™) in treating runoff from three California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) maintenance stations was evaluated as part of the Best Management Practice (BMP) Retrofit Pilot program. Additionally, the effectiveness of an oil/water separator was evaluated at one Caltrans maintenance station. The study included 1) retrofitting the structural BMPs in existing maintenance stations and documenting those costs;2) estimating percent pollutant removal efficiencies;3) assessing the causes and frequency of flow bypass;and 4) documenting the type and level of effort required to maintain the structural BMPs. Drain Inlet Insert results to date show that reductions in metals, hydrocarbons, and solids are consistent with expectations for the technology;however, frequent flow bypass required more maintenance than anticipated. Oil/water separator results show no discernable difference between influent and effluent hydrocarbon concentrations at the low levels measured. Copyright ASCE 2004.

关键词： Hydrocarbons

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Benzene and lead exposure assessment among occupational bus drivers in Bangkok traffic

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2004年第1期16卷 61-66页

作者： SHING TET LEONG PREECHA LAORTANAKUL Research Lab Supervisor Urban Environmental Engineering and Management ProgramSchool of EnvironmentResource and DevelopmentAsian Institute of TechnologyAffiliated Research Associate G.P.O. Box 4 Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand216 Soi Satsana 5 Phya Thai Bangkok 10400 Thailand

Four environmental and biological monitoring sites were strategically established to evaluate benzene and lead exposure assessment at various traffic zones of Bangkok Metropolitan Region(BMR). Biological measurement of 48 non air-conditioned, male bus drivers was carried to study the relationship between individual exposure levels and exposure biomarkers. The study group was further sub-divided into four age groups(16—25, 26—35, 36—45 and 46—55 years old) to monitor the age—related exposure effects. A total of 12 unexposed persons were deliberately chosen as the control group. Measurement of unmetobolized benzene in blood and analysis of urinary tt-Muconic acid urine and urinary creatinine are recommended as biomarkers of benzene exposure. Measurement of lead in blood and urine is also recommended for the biological monitoring of lead exposure. During the monitoring period, benzene and lead levels at Yaowarat Road was C_6H_6: 42.46±3.88 μg/m 3, Pb: 0.29±0.03 μg/m 3 and decreased to C_6H_6: 33.5±1.35 μg/m 3, Pb: 0.13±0.01 μg/m 3 at Phahonyothin Road. Significant difference was established between the nonsmoking exposed group and nonsmoking control group for blood benzene concentrations ( P <0.001, two-tailed, Mann-Whiteney U test). Strong correlations were also found between trans-trans-Muconic acid concentrations in post shift samples and atmospheric benzene concentrations. Similarly, good correlation between all of biomarkers and lead level in air is established from automobile *** analysis revealed that among the occupational population in the urban sites, the driver groups were found to have the highest risk of benzene and lead exposures derived from automobile emission.

关键词： benzene and lead measurement biomarkers exposure assessment human biomonitoring unleaded gasoline

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An analysis of possible scenarios of medical waste management in Bangladesh

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Management of environmental Quality: An International Journal 2003年第2期14卷 242-255页

作者： Akter, Nasima Tränkler, Josef Environmental Technology and Management Urban Environmental Engineering Program School of Environment Resource and Development Asian Institute of Technology KlongLuang Thailand Urban Environmental Engineering Program School of Environment Resource and Development Asian Institute of Technology KlongLuang Thailand

This study investigated medical waste management (MWM) practices in Bangladesh: its present constraints, the health effect of existing practices, and the weaknesses of the current system. Suggestions for improvement of the MWM situation have also been offered. Those interviewed included hospital staff, waste pickers and local residents. In-depth field observations and a questionnaire survey were conducted in June-July 2000 and March 2001. Laboratory analyses of medical waste were done on different occasions from 1998-2001. Analyses of medical waste showed severe contamination of pathogenic microorganism and respondents suffered from various infectious diseases. The study identified the absence of rigorous laws related to MWM practices. It is a necessity to improve the handling and disposal methods of medical waste in almost all the available medical facilities. © 2003, MCB UP Limited

关键词： Bangladesh Health care Management Medical products Waste

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Urban cover mapping using digital, high-spatial resolution aerial imagery

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Urban Ecosystems 2001年第4期5卷 243-256页

作者： Myeong, Soojeong Nowak, David J. Hopkins, Paul F. Brock, Robert H. Program in Environmental and Resource Engineering SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse USA USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse USA

High-spatial resolution digital color-infrared aerial imagery of Syracuse, NY was analyzed to test methods for developing land cover classifications for an urban area. Five cover types were mapped: tree/shrub, grass/herbaceous, bare soil, water and impervious surface. Challenges in high-spatial resolution imagery such as shadow effect and similarity in spectral response between classes were found. Classification confusion among objects with similar spectral responses occurred between water and dark impervious surfaces, concrete and bare-soil, and grass/herbaceous and trees/shrub. Methods of incorporating texture, band ratios, masking of water objects, sieve functions, and majority filters were evaluated for their potential to improve the classification accuracy. After combining these various techniques, overall cover accuracy for the study area was 81.75%. Highest accuracies occurred for water (100%), tree/shrub (86.2%) and impervious surfaces (82.6%); lowest accuracy were for grass/herbaceous (69.3%) and bare soil (40.0%). Methods of improving cover map accuracy are discussed.

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