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engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Ships environmental regulations engineering ARTICULATED Navy environmental security

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CVN 68 class solid waste flow analysis

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 73-87页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE LCdr. Stephen P. Markely USN:is a career Engineering Duty Oficer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington VA where he is Deputy Directol Environmental Protection Systems Division (SEA 03 LIB). He is responsible for Program Management activities associated with all afloat environmental protection equipment and serves on several teams designed to promote Navy wide awareraess of environmental protection requirements and Navy programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Zchmlogy where he received a Naval Engineering Degree and Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse UniversitylState University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestw where he received a Bachelm of Science degree in Forrest Engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineeriw. LCdr Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Oficer and in submarines through Engineering Duty Dolphin Program. He is a Professional Engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofASNE NSPE ASTM SNAME and SAE. Sean G. Gill:is a Senior Engineer with GEO-CENTERS incorporated in Pittsburgh PA where he provides technical and administrative support to the Naval Sea Systems Command (SEA 03L1) and the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Waflare Center (Code a) principal& on the shipboard and submarine solid waste management programs. Prior to joining GEO-CENTERS incorporated in 1996 he worked for eleven years at the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Warfare Center as a project engineer and a Branch Head. In the former capacity Mr Gill participated in various blackwatel gray watel and oily wastewater treatment projects oversaw the development of the Navy Pulper and was Center's technical team leader for the NAVSEA Solid Waste management program. In 1994 he was assigned to be Branch Head of Code 634 the Solid Waste Management

Through a detailed Research and Development program, the U.S. Navy has developed a suite of shipboard solid waste management equipment enabling compliance with federal and international law. Four major equipment types have been developed to outfit twenty-seven classes of naval surface ships. The major equipment types are: Plastic Waste Processor (PWP), Metal/Glass Shredder (MGS), Large Pulper (LP), and Small Pulper (SP). The Navy is aggressively procuring and installing this equipment aboard all ships of FFG 7 Class and larger. A deadline of December 31, 2000 has been set for completion. engineering analysis and held waste generation studies were conducted to select the specific equipment suite and develop alteration documentation for each ship class. Specific factors in this process were: solid waste generation rates, equipment reliability analysis, ship arrangement considerations, daily equipment operation Limits, and shipboard quality of life issues. A solid waste management study was conducted in the fall of 1997 to validate Navy equipment and ship design parameters onboard the USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74). Generation rates for shipboard solid waste were determined for plastic, metal and glass, food, paper, cardboard, fabric and wood. engineering analysis of data allowed a decrease in CVN 68 Class design waste generation rates. engineering analysis enabled a reduction in the number of PWPs and MGSs required, and fewer spaces for efficient operation. Ship arrangement studies were conducted to optimize efficiency and equipment mix of Solid Waste Processing Rooms (SWPRs) relative to waste generation sites. This paper briefly articulates the process followed by the Navy in responding to regulations governing solid waste management in the marine environment. Evidence validating the engineering procedures followed is presented.

关键词： Ship equipment

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RBCA closure at DNAPL sites (vol 17, pg 78, 1998)

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1998年第4期18卷 196-196页

作者： Sheahan, JW Ball, RO Hahn, PE Hahn, MW Joseph W. Sheahan CPG is president of Ground Water Solutions Inc. (2500 Kerry St. Ste. 202 Lansing MI 48912) 346–5080 346–5179) and developer of Optimal Resource Allocation an interactive PC-based strategic planning and project management system. Sheahan is a hydrogeologist with 20 years experience in ground water quality issues and is a past president of the Michigan Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists. Ground Water Solutions Inc. specializes in the facilitation and management of projects involving subsurface contamination. Other services include analysis and communication of ground water issues peer review and litigation support. Roy O. Ball P.E. Ph.D. received his B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Florida his M.S. in environmental health engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and his Ph.D. in environmental engineering from the University of Delaware. He is a registered professional engineer in Delaware Illinois Indiana Minnesota and Wisconsin. Dr. Ball is currently a principal of ENVIRON International Corp. (750 W. Lake Cook Rd. Ste. 420 Buffalo Grove IL 60089 520–1155 520–9490) in Chicago. He has more than 25 years experience in environmental engineering and consulting primarily for industry. Dr. Ball directs numerous RI/FS and remediation activities at Superfund RCRA Corrective Action and Voluntary Cleanup Program Sites.

The closure of sites with identified or suspected DNAPL (dense nonaqueous phase liquids) under the requirements of the resources Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), or the Comprehensive environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) has not been well defined. With respect to RCRA, the U.S. environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has required that all contamination must be removed at closure such that no residual risk to human health or the environment remains. Therefore, even though many states administering the RCRA program have adopted or are considering Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) procedures (including the statistical methods described in SW-846) for RCRA closure, the treatment of DNAPL is, at best, challenging. The methodology for closure in CERCLA is described in “Risk Assessment Guidelines for Super-fund (RAGS),” which requires that risks above the National Contingency Plan criteria must be remediated, preferably by on-site or in situ destruction. Most risk-based Brownfield or voluntary cleanup programs do not provide any explicit allowance for DNAPL. However, while the ASTM methodology for RBCA in E1739-95 (ASTM 1995) does not explicitly treat the problem of DNAPL, a basic framework for DNAPL assessment is implicitly provided. A uniform methodology for RBCA closure of VOC (volatile organic compounds) DNAPL sites can be used to achieve the program objectives of RCRA, CERCLA, and Brownfield or voluntary cleanup programs. The regulatory acceptance of the application of RBCA methods to DNAPL sites will require education and discussion, but the use of a uniform methodology should facilitate acceptance.

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MAGNETIC SURVEYING FOR BURIED METALLIC OBJECTS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1990年第3期10卷 204-211页

作者： BARROWS, L ROCCHIO, JE Larry Barrows received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines in 1973 and 1978 respectively. He has worked as a systems engineer on Skylab remote-sensing experiments and as an exploration geophysicist in frontier areas of Alaska. Since 1979 he has specialized in geophysical surveying for ground water and hazardous waste site investigations first as the project geophysicist on a radioactive waste disposal program and then as a research scientist for the U.S. EPA. In 1988 he joined Earth Science and Engineering Inc. and LaCoste and Romberg Gravity Meters Inc. (4807 Spicewood Springs Rd. Bldg. 2 Austin TX 78759). Current projects include using microgravity to detect solution conduits in karst terrains and using seismicgroundroll to determine near-surface shear moduli. Judith E. Rocchio is the future air resource specialist on the Stanislaus National Forest (1977 Greenley Rd. Sonora CA 95370). She will obtain the position upon completion of her M.A. degree in air resource management at Colorado State University Department of Natural Resources (1990). She was with Lockheed Engineering Management Services Co. Las Vegas Nevada prior to attending CSU where she was involved in several environmental monitoring programs and coauthored the paper with Dr. Barrows. From 1981 to 1986 Rocchio was a project geologist for Gower Oil Co. and Consolidation Coal Co. Denver Colorado. She received her B.S. in geology (1981) from the University of Nevada Las Vegas.

Field tests were conducted to determine representative total-intensity magnetic anomalies due to the presence of underground storage tanks and 55-gallon steel drums. Three different drums were suspended from a non-magnetic tripod and the underlying field surveyed with each drum in an upright and a flipped plus rotated orientation. At drum-to-sensor separations of 11 feet, the anomalies had peak values of around 50 gammas and half-widths about equal to the drum-to-sensor separation. Remanent and induced magnetizations were comparable; crushing one of the drums significantly reduced both. A profile over a single underground storage tank had a 1000-gamma anomaly, which was similar to the modeled anomaly due to an infinitely long cylinder horizontally magnetized perpendicular to its axis. A profile over two adjacent tanks had a smooth 350-gamma single-peak anomaly even though models of two tanks produced dual-peaked anomalies. Demagnetization could explain why crushing a drum reduced its induced magnetization and why two adjacent tanks produced a single-peak anomaly. A 40-acre abandoned landfill was surveyed on a 50- by 100-foot rectangular grid and along several detailed profiles. The observed field had broad positive and negative anomalies that were similar to modeled anomalies due to thickness variations in a layer of uniformly magnetized material. It was not comparable to the anomalies due to induced magnetization in multiple, randomly located, randomly sized, independent spheres, suggesting that demagnetization may have limited the effective susceptibility of the landfill material. A different 6-acre site survey conducted on a 10- by 10-foot grid was analyzed to determine the maximum station spacing and line separation that could have been used. Essentially, all of the anomalies at this site would have been resolved by a survey conducted on a 20- by 20-foot grid and the larger anomalies would have been detected by a 50- by 50-foot grid.

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Book reviews

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Estuaries 1988年第1期11卷 73-77页

作者： McElroy, Anne E. Tennenbaum, Stephen Felley, James D. Hobbs, Carl H. Stuckey, Irene H. Chao, Ning Labbish Environmental Sciences Program University of Massachusetts/Boston Boston Department of Environmental Engineering University of Florida Gainesville Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences McNeese State University Lake Charles School of Marine Science Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point College of Resource Development University of Rhode Island Kingston Departamento de Oceanografia Fundacao Universidade do Rio Grande Rio Grande Brasil

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OXYGEN-TRANSFER THROUGH FLEXIBLE TUBING AND ITS EFFECTS ON GROUND-WATER SAMPLING RESULTS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1988年第3期8卷 83-89页

作者： HOLM, TR GEORGE, GK BARCELONA, MJ Thomas R. Holm is an associate chemist in the Aquatic Chemistry Section of the Illinois State Water Survey (2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign IL 61820-7495) a division of the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. His research interests include ground water geochemistry trace-metal speciation and arsenic chemistry. Prior to joining the Water Survey he was a research assistant prof essor at the University of Minnesota (Twin Cities) where he studied the geochemistry of aquifer thermal energy storage. Before that he was a postdoctoral research associate in the Water Chemistry Program of the University of Wisconsin (Madison) where he investigated arsenic speciation and cycling in fresh water sediments. He received his B.S. in chemistry from Portland State University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in environmental engineering science from the California Institute of Technology. Gregory K. George is' an assistant chemist in the Aquatic Chemistry Section of the Illinois State Water Survey (2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign IL 61820-7495). His research work has focused on evaluation and improvement of analytical methods for naturally occurring aquatic organic matter and on the development and validation of analytical and sampling methods for ground water oxidants. He was previously a research technician with the University of Illinois Institute for Environmental Studies where he determined dissolved 226Ra for a ground water treatment project. He received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign). Michael J. Barcelona is the head of the Aquatic Chemistry Section of the Illinois State Water Survey (2204 Griffith Dr. Champaign IL 61820-7495). His research interests include ground water geochemistry contaminant detection monitoring and verification techniques with an emphasis on ground water resource protection and management. He has been involved in various aspects of ground water research and policy matters extensively in the past eight years. He has a B.A. in chemistry from St. Mary's

A model for the diffusion of gases through polymeric tubing was derived which predicts that the amount of gas transferred is proportional to the tubing length and inversely proportional to the pumping rate. The model was experimentally tested and confirmed for oxygen transfer through fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer (FEP) tubing using tubing lengths and flow rates typical of ground water sampling. Diffusion can introduce measurable concentrations of oxygen into initially anoxic water. Diffusive loss of carbon dioxide from water that is oversaturated with respect to atmospheric CO 2 does not measurably affect pH under similar usage conditions.

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CATALYTIC INCINERATION OF EMISSIONS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION.

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Plant/operations progress 1983年第3期2卷 182-184页

作者： Kenson, Robert E. Met-Pro Corp. Harleysville Pa. 19438 He has over fifteen years' experience in chemical process engineering including petrochemicals fertilizers synfuels energy recovery and polution control processes. In his present position he is responsible for all research/development design and project management activities in pollution control and energy/resource conservation systems for Met-Pro's Systems Division. The author of numerous publications he has presented papers before national meetings of WWEMA APCA AIChE Catalysis Society ACS and AIChE. Ph.D. from Purdue University and an AB from Boston University. He is a member of AIChE APCA AMA and Sigma Xi. As a member of AIChE he has been active as session chairman national program coordinator programming committee member and task force member for the Environmental Division.

The article demonstrates that catalytic incineration is often economically attractive as an alternative to thermal incineration for petroleum and petrochemical process organic emissions. Even where the initial cost of the catalytic incinerator is greater than a comparable-performance thermal incinerator, the lower fuel costs of the catalytic incinerator pay this cost differential back very quickly (1/2 to 2 years). Catalytic incineration can not only be used for pollution control, but also for energy recovery from streams containing combustible gases.

关键词： PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS

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Abstracts

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environmental Management 1978年第5期2卷 459-472页

作者： Wilson, M. P. Crockett, P. W. Davidson, M. Grether, D. Wilcox, K. Brown, L. R. Botts, R. P. Grooms, D. W. Roesijadi, G. Anderson, J. W. Giam, S. S. Nicol, J. A. C. Donohue, W. H. Wang, R. T. Winters, K. Haliburton, T. A. Durham, G. N. Brown, K. W. Peters, R. E. Delaney, T. B. Griffin, L. F. Calder, J. A. Harrison, E. A. Owens, E. H. Whitmore, F. C. Hundemann, A. S. Lager, J. A. Smith, W. G. Tchobanoglous, G. Cavagnaro, D. M. Brown, R. J. Kugler, B. A. Rentz, P. E. Pope, L. D. Anderson, G. S. Commins, D. E. Frazier, N. A. Maase, D. L. Clark, R. Baker, J. Bowlin, M. Hansberger, C. Hanson, P. Colwell, R. R. Sayler, G. S. Olivieri, V. P. Kruse, C. W. Kawata, K. Biggs, R. B. Carvey, K. Farrar, D. R. Glenn-Lewin, D. C. Sanborn, J. R. Francis, B. Magnus Metcalf, R. L. Vigon, B. W. Armstrong, D. E. Phillips, R. A. Lynch, C. S. Carlile, B. L. Stewart, J. M. Hamdy, M. K. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Rhode Island Univ. Kingston National Technical Information Service Springfield Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Energy Research and Development Administration California Univ. Berkeley Mississippi State Univ USA Corvallis Environmental Research Lab. Oregon Texas A and M Univ. College Station National Science Foundation Washington D.C. Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration USA Marine Science Inst. Texas Univ. at Austin Port Arnasas 0ffice for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration USA Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg Miss Florida State Univ. Tallahassee Dept. of Oceanography National Science Foundation Washington D.C. Coastal Studies Inst. Louisiana State Univ Baton Rouge USA Versar Inc. Springfield Office of Toxic Substances Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C. Wetcalf and Eddy Inc. Palo Alto Hydro Research Science Santa Clara Municipal Environmental Research Lab. Cincinnati Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. Canoga Park American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Washington D.C. Transportation Research Board Washington D.C. Battelle Columbus Labs. Industrial Environmental Research Lab. Cincinnati Resource Extraction and Handling Div. USA Boise Ctr. for Urban Research Idaho League of Cities-Conference of Mayors Inc. Washington D.C. Department of Housing & Urban Dev. Asst. Sec. for Policy Dev. & Research Washington D.C. Dept. of Biology Maryland Univ. College Park Environmental Research Lab. Gulf Breeze Johns Hopkins Univ. Baltimore School of Hygiene & Public Health Mun. Env. Res. Lab. Cincinnati Coll. of Marine Studies Delaware Univ. Newark Office of Sea Grant National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville Energy and Mineral Resources Research Inst. Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology Ames Illinois Natural History Survey Urbana Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Div. Municipal Environmental Research Lab. Cincinnati Wiscon

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environmental Management 1977年第1期1卷 67-96页

作者： Frankenfeld, John W. Schulz, Wolfgang McMurty, George J. Petersen, Gary W. May, G. A. Hering, F. S. Schwartz, J. I. Heywood, J. B. Chigier, N. A. Grohse, E. W. Walker, J. D. Colwell, R. R. Petrakis, L. Pergament, H. S. Thorpe, R. D. Schoepf, Richard W. Krzyczkowski, Roman Henneman, Suzanne S. Hudson, Charles L. Putnam, Evelyn S. Thiesen, Donna J. Parks, G. A. McCarty, Perry L. Leckie, J. O. Schrumpf, Barry J. Simonson, G. H. Paine, D. P. Lawrence, R. D. Pyott, W. T. Leh, M. Elders, W. Combs, J. Caplen, T. Harrison, F. L. Wong, K. M. Heft., R. E. Charnell, Robert L. Lehmann, Edward J. Mallon, Lawrence G. Hatfield, Cecile Adams, Gerald H. Johanning, James Talvitie, Antti Noll, Kenneth E. Miller, Terry Smiarowski, Joseph F. Willis, Cleve E. Foster, John H. Schlesinger, Benjamin Daetz, Douglas Lear, Donald U. Smith, Mona F. Hundemann, Audrey S. Crockett, Pernell W. Werner, Kirk G. Carroll, Thomas E. Maase, David L. Genco, Joseph E. Ifeadi, Christopher N. Lowman, F. G. Christensen, S. W. Van Winkle, W. Mattice, J. S. Harrison, Elizabeth A. Barker, James C. Chesness, Jerry L. Smith, Ralph E. Shaheeen, Donald G. Raney, R. Keith Borton, T. Wezernak, C. T. Raney, R. K. Sherwani, Jabbor K. Moreau, David H. Eisenberg, Norman A. Lynch, Cornelius J. Breeding, Roger J. Johnson, J. D. Foster, K. E. Mouat, D. A. Clark, R. Hyden, John William Owen, Wilfred Bayfield, Neil G. Barrow, Graham C. Stolz, Stephanie B. Wienckowski, Louis A. Brown, Betram S. Keyfitz, Nathan Wilson, W. L. Newman, Peter W. G. Bammi, Deepak Bammi, Dalip Goddard, James E. Chisholm, Tony Walsh, Cliff Brennan, Geoffrey Thompson, K. S. Richardson, R. Jensen, Clayton E. Brown, Dail W. Mirabito, John A. Cowing, Thomas G. Binghamton, Suny Siehl, George H. Albrecht, O. W. Alexander, Ariel Barde, Jean -Philippe Darby, William P. McMichael, Francis Clay Dunlap, Robert W. Muckleston, Keith W. Frankenhoff, Charles A. Giulini, Lorenzo T. Wyatt, T. Black, Peter E. Keating, William Thomas Leonard, M. E. Fisher, E. L. Brunelle, M. F. Dickinson, J. E. Pethig, Rudiger Clapham Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Linden Government Research Lab Coast Guard Washington D.C. Department of Transportation Washington D.C. Office For Remote Sensing of Earth Resources. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Pennsylvania State University Washington D.C. Department of the Navy Washington D.C. Cambridge. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Inst. of Technology USA Huntsville. School of Graduate Studies and Research Alabama Univ. USA Dept. of Microbiology. Office of Naval Research Maryland Univ. Arlington Research and Development Co. Pittsburgh AeroChem Research Labs. Inc. Princeton Dept. of the Interior Office of Library Services. Bibliographic Series (Final) Washington D.C. Interplan Corp. Santa Barbara Urban Mass Transportation Adm. Washington D.C. Naval Underwater Systems Center Newport Calif. Mercury Project. National Science Found Stanford Univ Washington D.C. Div. of Advanced Environmental Research & Tech. USA Corvallis. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Oregon State Univ. Washington D.C. Riverside. Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics National Science Foundation California Univ. Washington D.C. Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab. California Univ. USA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami National Technical Information Service Springfield Miami Univ. Coral Gables School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville National Academy of Sciences Office of Sea Grant Washington D. C. School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant. Rockville Norman. Dept. of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science. Urban Mass Transportation Administration Oklahoma Univ. Washington D. C. Knoxville.Dept. of Civil Engineering. Federal Highway Administration Tennessee Univ. Washington D. C. Amherst.Water Resources Research Center. Office of Water Research and Technology Massachusetts Univ. Washington D. C. Calif. Dept. of Industria

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Modes and Mechanisms of Pacific Decadal-Scale Variability

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Marine Science 1000年第1期15卷 249-275页

作者： E. Di Lorenzo T. Xu Y. Zhao M. Newman A. Capotondi S. Stevenson D.J. Amaya B.T. Anderson R. Ding J.C. Furtado Y. Joh G. Liguori J. Lou A.J. Miller G. Navarra N. Schneider D.J. Vimont S. Wu H. Zhang 1Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary Sciences Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA email: e.dilorenzo@brown.edu 2Physical Sciences Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA 3Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China 4Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA 5Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA 6Department of Earth and Environment Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA 7State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Beijing China 8School of Meteorology University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA 9Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA 11School of Earth Atmosphere and Environment Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia 10Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Bologna Italy 12Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA 13Program in Ocean Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA 14International Pacific Research Center and Department of Oceanography University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii USA 15Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA 16Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing China 17Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston Houston Texas USA

The modes of Pacific decadal-scale variability (PDV), traditionally defined as statistical patterns of variance, reflect to first order the ocean's integration (i.e., reddening) of atmospheric forcing that arises from both a shift and a change in strength of the climatological (time-mean) atmospheric circulation. While these patterns concisely describe PDV, they do not distinguish among the key dynamical processes driving the evolution of PDV anomalies, including atmospheric and ocean teleconnections and coupled feedbacks with similar spatial structures that operate on different timescales. In this review, we synthesize past analysis using an empirical dynamical model constructed from monthly ocean surface anomalies drawn from several reanalysis products, showing that the PDV modes of variance result from two fundamental low-frequency dynamical eigenmodes: the North Pacific–central Pacific (NP-CP) and Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE) modes. Both eigenmodes highlight how two-way tropical–extratropical teleconnection dynamics are the primary mechanisms energizing and synchronizing the basin-scale footprint of PDV. While the NP-CP mode captures interannual- to decadal-scale variability, the KOE mode is linked to the basin-scale expression of PDV on decadal to multidecadal timescales, including contributions from the South Pacific.

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