The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of peer-assisted learning strategies (PALS) and curriculum-based measurement (CBM) on the mathematics performance of secondary students with disabilities. Ten class...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of peer-assisted learning strategies (PALS) and curriculum-based measurement (CBM) on the mathematics performance of secondary students with disabilities. Ten classes with 92 students in Grades 9 through 12 participated. All students were significantly below grade level and received mathematics instruction in self-contained resource rooms. Classrooms were randomly assigned to PALS/CBM or the classroom mathematics program (control), PALS/CBM was implemented twice weekly and CBM was conducted weekly for 15 weeks. PALS/CBM students improved their computation math skills significantly more than control students, but no significant difference was found on concepts/application math skills. On questionnaires, teachers and students indicated that they (a) liked using PALS, (b) felt PALS was helpful in increasing mathematics skills, (c) thought CBM graphs increased motivation to work hard in math, and (d) would like to participate in PALS/CBM again. Results are discussed with respect to research and practice.
Hippocampal slices taken from animals chronically or acutely treated with ethanol exhibit significant inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP). This inhibition appears to be associated with impaired activity of N-me...
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Hippocampal slices taken from animals chronically or acutely treated with ethanol exhibit significant inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP). This inhibition appears to be associated with impaired activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, perhaps via ethanol-induced increases in GABAergic synaptic transmission. Recently, a role for the octapeptide angiotensin II (AngII) in ethanol's inhibition of LTP has been reported. Complementary to these findings our laboratory has shown that the application of the hexapeptide metabolite of AngII, angiotensin IV (AngIV), significantly facilitated normal tetanic-induced LTP in the hippocampal slice. This facilitation is presumably by activation of the angiotensin receptor subtype, AT(4). The present study tested whether an AT(4) receptor agonist could overcome ethanol-induced suppression of LTP. The results indicate that Nle(1)-AngIV could offset ethanol-induced suppression of LTP in the CA(1) region of the hippocampus. Pretreatment with the specific AT(4) receptor antagonist Nle(1),Leual(3)-AngIV blocked this facilitation implicating the involvement of the AT(4) receptor subtype. These results suggest that an AT(4) receptor agonist is effective in overcoming ethanol's suppressing influence on LTP, and encourage further investigation of the cognitive enhancing properties of such compounds. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
We examine the experiences of one Mexican immigrant paraeducator and how these translate into beliefs and teaching. Generally, the concept of "funds of knowledge" has been used with respect to students. We u...
We examine the experiences of one Mexican immigrant paraeducator and how these translate into beliefs and teaching. Generally, the concept of "funds of knowledge" has been used with respect to students. We use this concept more broadly to consider the experiences of teachers as critical to their teaching and as resources for instruction. This paraeducator had markedly different experiences from those of the mainstream teaching force yet numerous factors mitigated against using these for instruction. Our work documents how the multiple sociocultural contexts of teachers' lives and their later beliefs and practices interact in particular institutional settings to impact teaching practices. Increased attention to the study of teachers' cultural beliefs and practices has important implications for the study of schooling and teacher education.
Cortical map formation requires the accurate targeting, synaptogenesis, elaboration and refinement of thalamocortical afferents. Here we demonstrate the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-activated type-I adenylyl cyclase (AC1) ...
Cortical map formation requires the accurate targeting, synaptogenesis, elaboration and refinement of thalamocortical afferents. Here we demonstrate the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-activated type-I adenylyl cyclase (AC1) in regulating the strength of thalamocortical synapses through modulation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) trafficking using barrelless mice, a mutant without AC1 activity or cortical 'barrel' maps. Barrelless synapses are stuck in an immature state that contains few functional AMPARs that are rarely silent (NMDAR-only). Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) at thalamocortical synapses require postsynaptic protein kinase A (PKA) activity and are difficult to induce in barrelless mice, probably due to an inability to properly regulate synaptic AMPAR trafficking. Consistent with this, both the extent of PKA phosphorylation on AMPAR subunit GluR1 and the expression of surface GluR1 are reduced in barrelless neurons. These results suggest that activity-dependent mechanisms operate through an AC1/PKA signaling pathway to target some synapses for consolidation and others for elimination during barrel map formation.
A full day biomedical engineering design education workshop was held on October 22, 2002 in conjunction with the joint IEEE-EMBS/BMES conference in Houston. Attendees were from both University and Industry backgrounds...
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A full day biomedical engineering design education workshop was held on October 22, 2002 in conjunction with the joint IEEE-EMBS/BMES conference in Houston. Attendees were from both University and Industry backgrounds. Eight subject areas relating to the teaching and conduct of design courses were discussed. These topics included placement of the courses in the curriculum, course objectives, solicitation and management of projects, possible sponsored national or international design contests, and industry sponsorship of project groups. Extensive notes and concept maps were generated for each of the topics discussed as the group met as a "committee of the whole." The essence of the discussions provided a good general overview of the need by design instructors for mutual sharing of resources and of industry input to design courses, both in lecture content and in sponsorship of relevant design challenges. The group considers that there are several action items that will need to be addressed as time allows, such as: 1. the development of a communication medium, such as a design oriented section (page) of the IEEE-EMBS magazine, 2. the continued development of design overview web sites, 3. the sharing of design lecture and source material, and 4. the development and sponsorship of a national design competition.
Behavior is often governed by abstract rules or instructions for behavior that can be abstracted from one context and applied to another. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to be important for representing rules, alth...
Behavior is often governed by abstract rules or instructions for behavior that can be abstracted from one context and applied to another. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to be important for representing rules, although the contributions of ventrolateral (VLPFC) and dorsolateral (DLPFC) regions remain under-specified. In the present study, event-related fMRI was used to examine abstract rule representation in humans. Prior to scanning, subjects learned to associate unfamiliar shapes and nonwords with particular rules. During each fMRI trial, presentation of one of these cues was followed by a delay and then by sample and probe stimuli. Match and non-match rules required subjects to indicate whether or not the sample and probe matched;go rules required subjects to make a response that was not contingent on the sample/probe relation. Left VLPFC, parietal cortex, and pre-SMA exhibited sensitivity to rule type during the cue and delay periods. Delay-period activation in these regions, but not DLPFC, was greater when subjects had to maintain response contingencies (match, non-match) relative to when the cue signaled a specific response (go). In contrast, left middle temporal cortex exhibited rule sensitivity during the cue but not delay period. These results support the hypothesis that VLPFC interacts with temporal cortex to retrieve semantic information associated with a cue and with parietal cortex to retrieve and maintain relevant response contingencies across delays. Future investigations of cross-regional interactions will enable full assessment of this account. Collectively, these results demonstrate that multiple, neurally separable processes are recruited during abstract rule representation.
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