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Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists 2024年第1期5卷

作者： S. R. Shaver A. R. Smith S. S. Babu Y. Baruah M. Bauer V. Chaturmutha H. Chen B. Dalal G. B. Dias da Silva T. Eddy G. González S. Gu E. Gülay A. P. Hoffmann O. R. Idolor R. Khan Y. Liou N. Liu X. Lyu A. Maharana D. K. V. Radhakrishnan O. M. Romeo P. O. C. Silva H. M. Salah C. Thibeault A. Weiss Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder CO USA Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks AK USA Department of Physics University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada Department of Physical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India Center of Excellence in Space Sciences India Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India Austrian Space Weather Office GeoSphere Austria Graz Austria Department of Physics & Astronomy Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL USA Space and Atmospheric Sciences Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad Gujarat India National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São Paulo Brazil Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Space Sciences Laboratory University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA Department of Physics University of Texas at Dallas Richardson TX USA Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkiye Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bangalore Karnataka India Department of Engineering Physics Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach FL USA New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven Belgium University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA Physics Department Faculty of Science Space Weather Monitoring Center Helwan University Cairo Egypt Université de Montréal Montréal QC Canada NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD USA

The field of heliophysics encompasses a diverse range of research areas and rich plasma environments, from the solar dynamo and solar wind turbulence, to the complex terrestrial thermosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere (TIM) system, to investigations of both induced and intrinsic magnetospheres across the solar system. This perspective paper delves into the experiences and outcomes of a summer school held in person in Boulder, Colorado, USA, from 7–11 August, which offered a platform for interdisciplinary learning and collaboration. The event, supported by NASA's Living with a Star program and hosted by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and Cooperative programs for the Advancement of Earth System science, assembled a cohort of 26 graduate students and postdoctoral researchers from around the world, all engaged in heliophysics research. The summer school included a series of lectures, interactive activities, and a culminating capstone project. The participants' diverse backgrounds enriched discussions and encouraged novel approaches to traditional problems. The capstone projects spanned an array of topics, including investigating the origins of solar wind switchbacks, dissecting the sequence of events from solar eruptions and their corresponding terrestrial consequences, investigating the energy transfer from solar coronal mass ejections to Earth's magnetosphere, and advocating for the exploration of Coulomb collisions in understanding large-scale global systems. Through this perspective, we shed light on the value of international and interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing heliophysics research. This perspective paper encapsulates the ethos of the summer school, serving as a testament to the continuing and collective pursuit of unraveling the mysteries of the heliosphere. Cooperative programs for the Advancement of Earth System science/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research held the seventeenth annual NASA Heliophysics Summer School bot

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Pre-training of deep bidirectional protein sequence representations with structural information

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Min, Seonwoo Park, Seunghyun Kim, Siwon Choi, Hyun-Soo Lee, Byunghan Yoon, Sungroh Department of Electrical and Computer engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of LG AI Research Seoul07796 Korea Republic of Clova AI Research NAVER Corp. Seongnam13561 Korea Republic of Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kangwon National University Chuncheon24341 Korea Republic of Department of Electronic and IT Media Engineering Seoul National University of Science and Technology Seoul01811 Korea Republic of Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence ASRI INMC Institute of Engineering Research Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Bridging the exponentially growing gap between the numbers of unlabeled and labeled protein sequences, several studies adopted semi-supervised learning for protein sequence modeling. In these studies, models were pre-trained with a substantial amount of unlabeled data, and the representations were transferred to various downstream tasks. Most pre-training methods solely rely on language modeling and often exhibit limited performance. In this paper, we introduce a novel pre-training scheme called PLUS, which stands for Protein sequence representations Learned Using Structural information. PLUS consists of masked language modeling and a complementary protein-specific pre-training task, namely same-family prediction. PLUS can be used to pre-train various model architectures. In this work, we use PLUS to pre-train a bidirectional recurrent neural network and refer to the resulting model as PLUS-RNN. Our experiment results demonstrate that PLUS-RNN outperforms other models of similar size solely pre-trained with the language modeling in six out of seven widely used protein biology tasks. Furthermore, we present the results from our qualitative interpretation analyses to illustrate the strengths of PLUS-RNN. PLUS provides a novel way to exploit evolutionary relationships among unlabeled proteins and is broadly applicable across a variety of protein biology tasks. We expect that the gap between the numbers of unlabeled and labeled proteins will continue to grow exponentially, and the proposed pre-training method will play a larger role. All the data and codes used in this study are available at https://***/mswzeus/PLUS. © 2019, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Proteins

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Computationally designed proteins mimic antibody immune evasion in viral evolution

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Immunity 2025年第6期58卷 1411-1421.e6页

作者： Youssef, Noor Gurev, Sarah Ghantous, Fadi Brock, Kelly P. Jaimes, Javier A. Thadani, Nicole N. Dauphin, Ann Sherman, Amy C. Yurkovetskiy, Leonid Soto, Daria Estanboulieh, Ralph Kotzen, Ben Notin, Pascal Kollasch, Aaron W. Cohen, Alexander A. Dross, Sandra E. Erasmus, Jesse Fuller, Deborah H. Bjorkman, Pamela J. Lemieux, Jacob E. Luban, Jeremy Seaman, Michael S. Marks, Debora S. Department of Systems Biology Harvard Medical School Boston 02115 MA United States Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge 02139 MA United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT Cambridge 02139 MA United States Center for Virology and Vaccine Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston 02215 MA United States Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Worcester 01655 MA United States Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston 02115 MA United States Massachusetts General Hospital Boston 02114 MA United States Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena 91125 CA United States Department of Microbiology University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States National Primate Research Center Seattle 98109 WA United States HDT Bio Seattle 98109 WA United States Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness Boston 02115 MA United States Ragon Institute of MGH MIT and Harvard Cambridge 02139 MA United States

Recurrent waves of viral infection necessitate vaccines and therapeutics that remain effective against emerging viruses. Our ability to evaluate interventions is currently limited to assessments against past or circulating variants, which likely differ in their immune escape potential compared with future variants. To address this, we developed EVE-Vax, a computational method for designing antigens that foreshadow immune escape observed in future viral variants. We designed 83 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins that transduced ACE2-positive cells and displayed neutralization resistance comparable to variants that emerged up to 12 months later in the COVID-19 pandemic. Designed spikes foretold antibody escape from B.1-BA.4/5 bivalent booster sera seen in later variants. The designed constructs also highlighted the increased neutralization breadth elicited by nanoparticle-based, compared with mRNA-based, boosters in non-human primates. Our approach offers targeted panels of synthetic proteins that map the immune landscape for early vaccine and therapeutic evaluation against future viral strains. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： antibody escape generative protein models immune landscape machine learning protein design vaccine evaluation viral evolution

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N-type doping strategies for InGaAs

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materials science in Semiconductor Processing 2017年 57卷 39-47页

作者： Aldridge, Henry Lind, Aaron G. Bomberger, Cory C. Puzyrev, Yevgeniy Zide, Joshua M.O. Pantelides, Sokrates T. Law, Mark E. Jones, Kevin S. Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Florida GainesvilleFL32611 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Delaware NewarkDE19716 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vanderbilt University NashvilleTN37235 United States

Significant research effort has been placed into the use of III–V compound semiconductors, including InGaAs as channel materials in CMOS logic devices due to their superior electron mobilities compared to Si and other more conventional semiconductor materials. One of the major factors preventing industrial adoption of InGaAs as a channel material involves the minimization of source and drain contact resistances. To understand challenges to minimization of contact resistance, this work will outline the effectiveness of several doping approaches that have been attempted for n-type InGaAs including the use of silicon as a dopant and the effectiveness of each approach in achieving the highest level of activation possible. Previous and recently reported dopant diffusion behaviors are also included and discussed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Semiconducting indium gallium arsenide

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A potential neurophysiological correlate of electric-acoustic pitch matching in adult cochlear implant users: Pilot data

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Cochlear Implants International 2018年第4期19卷 198-209页

作者： Tan, Chin-Tuan Martin, Brett A. Svirsky, Mario A. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Behavioral and Brain Science (Callier Center for Communication Disorders) University of Texas at Dallas Richardson TX United States Program in Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences and Program in Audiology Graduate Center City University of New York New York NY United States Department of Otolaryngology New York University New York NY United States

The overall goal of this study was to identify an objective physiological correlate of electric-acoustic pitch matching in unilaterally implanted cochlear implant (CI) participants with residual hearing in the non-implanted ear. electrical and acoustic stimuli were presented in a continuously alternating fashion across ears. The acoustic stimulus and the electrical stimulus were either matched or mismatched in pitch. Auditory evoked potentials were obtained from nine CI users. Results indicated that N1 latency was stimulus-dependent, decreasing when the acoustic frequency of the tone presented to the non-implanted ear was increased. More importantly, there was an additional decrease in N1 latency in the pitch-matched condition. These results indicate the potential utility of N1 latency as an index of pitch matching in CI users. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Auditory evoked potential Electric-acoustic pitch matching N1 latency

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A Lorenz gauge formulation for TDDFT

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Gabay, Dor Yilmaz, Ali Lomakin, Vitaliy Boag, Amir Natan, Amir Department of Physical Electronics Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv69978 Israel Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences University of Texas at Austin TX United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California San Diego CA United States Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv69978 Israel

We describe the inclusion of electrodynamic fields in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) by incorporating both the induced scalar and vector potentials within the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation. The Hamiltonian is described in both the Coulomb and Lorenz gauges, and the advantages of the latter are outlined. Integral expressions are defined for the retarded potentials of each gauge and a methodological approach to evaluate these nontrivial expressions with low computational cost is adopted. Various molecular structures of relatively small sizes are studied, including water, benzene, and conductive carbon chains. Absorption cross sections resulting from both pulse and boost excitations suggest a preserved gauge-invariance of the proposed formal approach to TDDFT in the weak magnetic field limit. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gages

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Iridium enabled field-free spin-orbit torque switching of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction device

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Liu, Yang Zhou, Bing Dai, Zhengkun Zhang, Enbo Zhu, Jian-Gang Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue PittsburghPA15213 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue PittsburghPA15213 United States Data Storage Systems Center Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue PittsburghPA15213 United States

Writing magnetic bits by spin-orbit torques (SOTs) arising from spin Hall effect creates new possibilities for ultrafast and low-power magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM). For perpendicular MRAM, an extra in-plane field is required to break the symmetry for the deterministic SOT writing of the perpendicular storage layer. Although schemes have been demonstrated in external-field-free SOT switching of a perpendicular layer, practically integrating them with perpendicular MTJs still appears to be challenging. Here, we present experimental demonstration of spin-orbit torques (SOTs) switching a perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) device without applying an external magnetic field. An Ir layer is used to serve dual-purpose of both injecting the pure spin current via spin Hall effect and mediating an in-plane exchange field to the perpendicular free layer of the MTJ. Robust field-free SOT switching with pulsed write path current is demonstrated for various MTJ sizes ranging from 50 nm to 500 nm. The effect of MTJ size and pulse width on the critical switching current is studied. Combined micromagnetic simulations are carried out to provide in-depth analysis of the switching dynamics as well as the thermal effect on the switching. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： MRAM devices

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Homogenous inxGa1-xN alloys on ZnO substrates: A new approach for high performance thermoelectric materials

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Feng, Yining Witkoske, Evan Kucukgok, Bahadir Koh, Yee Rui Shakouri, Ali Ferguson, Ian T. Lu, Na Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907 United States Applied Materials Division Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL60439 United States School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907 United States Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907 United States Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Virginia CharlottesvilleVA22904 United States Electrical and Computer Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology RollaMO65409 United States School of Materials Engineering Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907 United States

High performance thermoelectric materials for wide-range temperature applications still remains a challenge. In this study, we have produced high-quality homogeneous In0.32Ga0.68N on ZnO substrates, with no phase separation at high Indium content, using metal organic chemical vapor deposition for thermoelectric applications. A record high room temperature figure of merit zT is obtained of 0.86, which is five times larger than that of SiGe, the current state of the art high temperature thermoelectric material. These materials are shown to have a nearly perfect doping concentration to maximize zT regardless of the scattering mechanism. This almost one order of magnitude increase in zT is due to large electrical conductivities from oxygen co-doping as well as low thermal conductivities from alloy scattering. The maximum power factor reached was 77.98×10-4 W/mK2 at 300K for In0.32Ga0.68N alloys at a carrier concentration ~6.25×1020 cm-3. This work indicates that InxGa1-xN alloys have great potential for thermoelectric applications especially at a high temperature range. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Thermoelectric equipment

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Merging Deep Learning, Chemistry, and Diffraction for High-Throughput Material Structure Prediction

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Microscopy and Microanalysis 2019年第S2期25卷 168-169页

作者： Matthew L. Gong Brandon D. Miller Ray R. Unocic Khallid Hattar Bryan Reed Dan Masiel Tolga Tasdizen Jeffery A. Aguiar Idaho National Laboratory Nuclear Materials Department Idaho Falls IdahoUSA. University of Utah Scientific Computing Imaging Institute Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Salt Lake City UtahUSA. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Nanophase Materials Science Oak Ridge TennesseeUSA. Sandia National Laboratories Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies Albuquerque New MexicoUSA. Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions Pleasanton CaliforniaUSA.

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Modelling of adaptive power management circuit with feedback for self-powered IoT

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2020年第1期1595卷

作者： A Aripriharta A Firmansah M Yazid I D Wahyono Muladi G J Horng Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Malang Indonesia Centre of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy (CAMRY) Universitas Negeri Malang Indonesia Postgraduate Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Malang Indonesia Department of Biomedical Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya Indonesia. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology Tainan City Taiwan

In general, self-powered sensor networks/Internet of Things (IoT) are equipped with a power management system and use a timer as a reference for the device's actives time, both using an internal timer and an external timer. The system is less efficient because it requires that there are parts that continue to function when the device is in sleep mode. In addition, the amount of harvested energy also influenced by many factors with an uncertain amount. An IoT self-powered system that uses a timer as an active interval reference will encounter problems when the amount of system energy demand is greater than the harvested energy. This paper presents an adaptive power management system equipped with feedback for self-powered IoT for room temperature and humidity monitoring applications. The power management system can provide adaptive active intervals based on the harvested energy capacity. Microcontrollers send feedback to the power management circuit at the end of each cycle. The power management circuit immediately disconnects the controller circuit from the energy storage's component (supercapacitor) so that energy used efficiently. Several methods of minimizing the energy consumption of the device are also applied to provide optimal results. The research method begins with system modelling, including an energy harvester circuit, power management, and controller. The research scenarios include energy harvester performance tests, calculating the energy requirements of the power management and controller circuit, and validating research results. Overall, the system can work well, the active interval/data transmission of 14.41 seconds to 22.34 seconds in a room with a light intensity of 800 lux to 1000 lux.

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