The complex interplay of proteins and other molecules, often in the form of large transitory assemblies, are critical to cellular function. Today, X-ray crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) are routi...
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Environmental factors may affect gene expression through epigenetic modifications of histones and transcription factors. Here, we report that cellular uptake of sorbate, a common food preservative, induces lysine sorb...
Environmental factors may affect gene expression through epigenetic modifications of histones and transcription factors. Here, we report that cellular uptake of sorbate, a common food preservative, induces lysine sorbylation (Ksor) in mammalian cells and tissue mediated by the noncanonical activities of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1-3). We demonstrated that HDAC1-3 catalyze sorbylation upon sorbate uptake and desorbylation in the absence of sorbate both in vitro and in cells. Sorbate uptake in mice livers significantly induced histone Ksor, correlating with decreased expressions of inflammation-response genes. Accordingly, sorbate treatment in macrophage RAW264.7 cells upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation dose-dependently down-regulated proinflammatory gene expressions and nitric oxide production. Proteomic profiling identified RelA, a component of the NF-κB complex, and its interacting proteins as bona fide Ksor targets and sorbate treatment significantly decreased NF-κB transcriptional activities in response to LPS stimulation in RAW264.7 cells. Together, our study demonstrated a noncanonical mechanism of sorbate uptake in regulating epigenetic histone modifications and inflammatory gene expression.
In general, an elevated expression of β3-galactosyltrans-ferase (β3GalT) activity contributed by β3GalT5 correlates well with increased biosynthesis and expression of type 1 chain (Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-) derivatives s...
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T cell recognition of foreign peptide antigen and toler-ance to self peptides is key to the proper function of the immune ***,in the thymus T cells that rec-ognize self MHC+self peptides are deleted and those with the...
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T cell recognition of foreign peptide antigen and toler-ance to self peptides is key to the proper function of the immune ***,in the thymus T cells that rec-ognize self MHC+self peptides are deleted and those with the potential to recognize self MHC+foreign pep-tides are selected to *** there are excep-tions to these *** and allergy are two of the most common immune diseases that can be related to recognition of *** genes work together to lead to *** those,particular MHC alleles are the most strongly associated,reflecting the key importance of MHC presentation of self peptides in autoimmunity.T cells specific for combinations of self MHC and self pep-tides may escape thymus deletion,and thus be able to drive autoimmunity,for several reasons:the relevant self peptide may be presented at low abundance in the thy-mus but at high level in particular peripheral tissues;the relevant self peptide may bind to MHC in an unusual register,not present in the thymus but apparent else-where;finally the relevant self peptide may be post translationally modified in a tissue specific *** some types of allergy,the peptide+MHC combination may also be fully derived from *** the combi-nation in question may be modified by the presence of other ligands,such as small drug molecules or metal *** these types of allergies may act like the post translationally modified peptides involved some types of autoimmunity.
We present a method to identify and extract virus particle images from noisy spot-scan electron cryomicroscopy images. We use a template matching algorithm to identify virus particles. Due to the high spatial variatio...
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We present a method to identify and extract virus particle images from noisy spot-scan electron cryomicroscopy images. We use a template matching algorithm to identify virus particles. Due to the high spatial variation and low contrast of these images we employ a series of preprocessing operations before performing the template matching. These preprocessing operations detect and remove the black areas present in spot-scan images using spatial histogram operations and binary mathematical morphology. Following the detailed description of our method we discuss the consistency and accuracy of particle selection.
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