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Numerical analysis of Ga gradient effects in ACIGS absorbers for high-efficiency tandem solar cells

Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第3期57卷 1-19页

作者： Boukortt, Nour El I. Loureiro, Antonio Garcia Almutairi, Ohood A. Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain Department of Electronics and Information Systems Ghent University Technology Park 126 Zwijnaarde Belgium Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom Energy Systems Program College of Engineering & Energy Abdullah Al Salem University Khaldiya Kuwait

Ag-alloyed Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (ACIGS) is a promising material for the bottom subcell in tandem solar cell structures, offering a tunable bandgap that spans the optimal range for maximum efficiency;however, the bandgap widening of ACIGS thin films poses a significant challenge in enhancing their photocurrent. This paper investigates the impact of different grading profiles, specifically focusing on the 'hockey stick'/V-like Ga gradient–induced (GGI) profiles, on the performance of thin-film ACIGS cells. To enhance the physical understanding of these grading profiles we have used Silvaco TCAD tools to analyze how these profiles' depths, notch position, and slope affect the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The optimized ACIGS cell achieves a PCE of 25.80%, compared to 23.60% for the reference device. For the tandem configuration, we pair the optimized ACIGS bottom cell (double grading profile) with a perovskite top cell (band gap ~ 1.66 eV), achieving an overall efficiency of 30.26% under AM1.5G illumination. The obtained results highlight the critical role of Ga gradient profiles in enhancing the bottom cell's performance and stability. Additionally, we compare our results with existing studies to evaluate the broader impact of Ga compositional optimization on ACIGS-based solar cells. This work provides valuable insights into advanced grading strategies and helps us understand the physical behaviour of these high-performance tandem solar cells. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Silver alloys

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Assessing the Potential of Robo-Advisors in Transforming Indonesia’s Insurance Sector

Assessing the Potential of Robo-Advisors in Transforming Ind...

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International Scientific-Professional Conference on Information Technology (IT)

作者： Daniel Yosia Arbi Anderes Gui Information Systems Management Department BINUS Graduate Program-Master of Information System Management Jakarta Indonesia

ISBN: (数字)9798331517649

ISBN: (纸本)9798331517656

This study aims to investigate the adoption of robo-advisors in the Indonesian insurance sector, focusing on key factors influencing their acceptance, such as trust, anxiety, performance expectancy, preference for human advisors, attitude, and perceived privacy. The research employed a quantitative approach using a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique through Partial Least Squares (PLS). Data were collected via a Google Forms survey distributed to 442 valid respondents using purposive sampling, with the study conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia. The findings revealed that performance expectancy, anxiety, preference for human advisors, and perceived privacy significantly impact the intention to use robo-advisors, whereas trust and attitude showed limited influence. The study concludes that while robo-advisors hold potential in enhancing efficiency and personalization, concerns such as user privacy and the need for human interaction remain critical. Insurance companies should prioritize robust data privacy measures and consider hybrid models combining robo-advisors with human advisors to enhance user trust and satisfaction. Implications for practice include fostering user trust through transparent data handling policies and providing educational resources to mitigate technology-related anxiety. Limitations of this research include its focus on respondents in a single geographic region and its reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce biases. Future research should explore the application of robo-advisors in broader insurance markets and examine their long-term impact on user behavior and financial decision-making.

关键词： Surveys Privacy Numerical analysis Anxiety disorders Insurance Focusing Distributed databases Mathematical models Internet Information technology

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Analysing protein complexes in plant science: insights and limitation with AlphaFold 3

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Botanical Studies 2025年第1期66卷 1-12页

作者： Lin, Pei-Yu Huang, Shiang-Chin Chen, Kuan-Lin Huang, Yu-Chun Liao, Chia-Yu Lin, Guan-Jun Lee, HueyTyng Chen, Pao-Yang Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Institute of Plant Biology National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Bioinformatics Program Institute of Statistical Science Taiwan International Graduate Program Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Bioinformatics Program Taiwan International Graduate Program National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan

AlphaFold 3 (AF3), an artificial intelligence (AI)-based software for protein complex structure prediction, represents a significant advancement in structural biology. Its flexibility and enhanced scalability have unlocked new applications in various fields, specifically in plant science, including improving crop resilience and predicting the structures of plant-specific proteins involved in stress responses, signalling pathways, and immune responses. Comparisons with existing tools, such as ClusPro and AlphaPulldown, highlight AF3’s unique strengths in sequence-based interaction predictions and its greater adaptability to various biomolecular structures. However, limitations persist, including challenges in modelling large complexes, protein dynamics, and structures from underrepresented plant proteins with limited evolutionary data. Additionally, AF3 encounters difficulties in predicting mutation effects on protein interactions and DNA binding, which can be improved with molecular dynamics and experimental validation. This review presents an overview of AF3’s advancements, using examples in plant and fungal research, and comparisons with existing tools. It also discusses current limitations and offers perspectives on integrating molecular dynamics and experimental validation to enhance its capabilities.

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Placement Refinement Strategies for Security Closure

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IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and systems 2025年

作者： Danigno, Marcelo Fogaca, Mateus Schvittz, Rafael Butzen, Paulo Microelectronic Graduate Program Porto Alegre Brazil Cadence Design Systems Inc United States Computer Science Center Rio Grande Brazil

The security closure of integrated circuits (ICs) is an emerging area of research within the very large scale integration (VLSI) community. Malicious third parties, referred to as "attackers", can employ various techniques to leak, alter, or manipulate the logic of a circuit. When targeting a completed layout, their primary goal is often the insertion of hardware trojans. In this work, we present algorithms that strengthen placement solutions against hardware trojan attacks. While state-of-the-art methods rely on exhaustive placement algorithms, we propose a clustering-based placement approach that reduces the number of moved cells by up to 17%. Additionally, we introduce a cell movement heuristic aimed at preventing increases in wirelength. Our methods reduce vulnerable placement sites by up to 78% while maintaining minimal impact on design performance. Compared to other approaches, our solution decreases the amount of moved cells to an average of 8%, mitigating the impact on wirelength to an average of 0.5%. © 1982-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Electronic design automation

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Solar Simulator Prototype With Halogen and Light-Emitting Diode Sources

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Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 2025年第4期147卷 041005页

作者： da Cruz, Gustavo P. C. Barreto, Gabriel L. Gómez-Malagón, Luis A. de Lima, Ricardo A. Vital, Caio V. P. Program in Systems Engineering Polytechnic School of Pernambuco https://***/00gtcbp88University of Pernambuco Recife 50720-001PE Brazil Program in Systems Engineering Polytechnic School of Pernambuco University of Pernambuco Recife 50720-001PE Brazil Polytechnic School of Pernambuco University of Pernambuco Recife 50720-001PE Brazil

Hybrid solar simulators (SS) using halogen lamps and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), classified as A for spectral match (SM) and temporal instability (TI), are primarily reported for characterizing small solar cells (⁠160cm2⁠). However, spatial nonuniformity (SNU) reports are rare. This article presents the characterization of a large-area hybrid SS capable of simulating sunlight intensity and spectrum using a combination of ten white LEDs, six halogen lamps, and 12 power LEDs being three blue (⁠450nm⁠), three magenta (⁠750nm⁠), and three infrared (⁠850nm⁠). This setup ensures homogeneous light distribution over a600cm2surface. The proposed SS was characterized according to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 60904-9) standard, analyzing SM, SNU, and TI. The obtained values (SM = 1.29, SNU = 1.5%, and TI = 0.17%) classify the simulator as BAA. Electrical characterization of a 5W solar panel (⁠300cm2⁠) was performed via current–voltage (⁠I–V⁠) and power–voltage (⁠P–V⁠) curves under indoor and outdoor conditions. A relative error of less than 4% was found compared to outdoor measurements, making it suitable for photovoltaic device testing. The results demonstrate the feasibility of developing a low-cost SS using incandescent and semiconductor light sources, with the potential for characterizing commercial photovoltaic devices.

关键词： Photovoltaic panels Solar energy Light sources Light-emitting diodes spatial nonuniformity spectral matching photovoltaic characterization Engineering prototypes hybrid solar simulator Wavelength Sunlight temporal instability

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Contributions to DC fault ride-through in MTDC meshed grids with MMC stations in grid-forming control considering impacts on AC system stability

Contributions to DC fault ride-through in MTDC meshed grids ...

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22nd IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC Global 2025)

作者： Filipe Perez Jesús Castellanos Juan-Carlos Gonzalez Abdelkrim Benchaib Lie Xu Architectures & Systems Program Supergrid Institute Lyon France Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK

ISBN: (数字)9781837242634

DC faults in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems can significantly impact AC grid stability, especially in Multiterminal DC (MTDC) grids. Effective DC Fault Ride-Through (FRT) analysis is crucial for maintaining AC system stability. Initially, a DC fault may manifest as a sudden loss of power input, prompting primary control to restore balance using reserves like FCR and inertia. However, HVDC protection often blocks converters during current peaks, failing to address power imbalances on the AC side. This necessitates coordinated AC-DC grid actions to sustain stability. Grid-Forming (GFM) control in Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) enhances system operation by providing inertia, voltage support, and reactive power control. However, the role of GFM in DC FRT is underexplored. This paper evaluates DC faults in MTDC systems with GFM converters, considering AC grid characteristics alongside DC-side impacts like submodule energy control and DC voltage regulation. An outer energy control loop and a shift from GFM to Grid-Following (GFL) control are proposed solutions in this paper to improve DC FRT capability and to assure stable operation against DC faults. The findings provide key recommendations for enhancing DC FRT in MTDC grids with GFM converters, emphasizing control and protection integration.

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Expanding the measurement capabilities of the mARC II arc-jet to map the operating envelope for high-enthalpy air flows

Expanding the measurement capabilities of the mARC II arc-je...

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AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2025

作者： Rodrigues, Jocelino Macdonald, Megan E. Haw, Magnus A. Martinez, Ramon Philippidis, Daniel Colom, Sebastian Chung, Ryan Hartman, Joe NASA Postdoctoral Program NASA Ames Research Center Thermophysics Facilities Branch Entry Systems and Technology Division Moffett FieldCA94035 United States Thermophysics Facilities Branch Entry Systems and Technology Division NASA Ames Research Center Moffett FieldCA94035 United States AMA Inc. NASA Ames Research Center Thermal Protection Materials Branch Entry Systems and Technology Division Moffett FieldCA94035 United States Sierra Lobo Inc. Thermophysics Facilities Branch Entry Systems and Technology Division NASA Ames Research Center Moffett FieldCA94035 United States

ISBN: (数字)9781624107238

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107238

The mARCIIis a30kWarc-jet facility at NASA Ames Research Center developed to pro duce high-enthalpy flows for low-cost technology development purposes. In this work, we intro ducenewmeasurementcapabilitiesfollowing the latest facility upgrades and begin characteriz ing theoperatingenvelopeforthetwo-diskarc-heaterconfigurationwithairastheworkinggas. The lower bound of the envelope corresponds to the lowest set current and the farthest sensor distancefromthenozzle(Iset =40A, Z =69mm),whiletheupperboundcorrespondstothehigh est current and closest sensor distance (Iset = 200 A, Z = 2 mm). Stagnation point heat flux was measured using a water-cooled Gardon gauge (Ø 4.76 mm, 3/16'' hemispherical), with values ranging from 15 ≤ q0 ≤ 900 W/cm2. Stagnation pressure was measured using a water-cooled Pitot probe( 4.76mm,3/16''hemispherical),withvaluesrangingfrom18≤ p0 ≤1100Pa. The upgraded vacuum system is demonstrated to significantly extend the lower end of the operat ing envelope of the mARC II. Additionally, measurements of bulk enthalpy (3 ≤ h ≤ 13 MJ/kg) andstagnationenthalpy(4 ≤ h0 ≤34MJ/kg)demonstratethemARCIIfacility’shigh-enthalpy capabilities. Completion of the operating envelope characterization is ongoing in tandem with the development of complementary diagnostic capabilities and numerical simulations. © 2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.

关键词： NASA

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Spatiotemporal variations of aquatic vegetation in Maracaibo Lake: Remote sensing and machine learning approach with Google Earth Engine

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Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 2025年第2期28卷 214-227页

作者： Escalona, Karen Abarca-del-Río, Rodrigo Pedreros-Guarda, María Parra, Oscar Department of Physics Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences University of Concepcion Concepción4070386 Chile Basic Sciences Department Faculty of Sciences Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán3780000 Chile Department of Geophysics Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences University of Concepcion Concepción4070386 Chile Environmental Sciences with Mention in Continental Aquatic Systems PhD Program Aquatic Systems Department University of Concepción Concepción4070386 Chile EULA-Chile and Faculty of Environmental Sciences University of Concepción Concepción4070386 Chile

Aquatic plant invasions endanger lake biodiversity and ecosystem services, resulting in significant economic losses for local communities. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately delineate the extent and frequency of development, but traditional methods are costly and in remote areas. Cost-effective methods, such as satellite monitoring are required. This study uses a Random Forest classification model in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) with Landsat 7 and 8 images to monitoring aquatic vegetation invasion in freshwater ecosystems. The methodology automates the selection of training samples through a dynamic adjustment that incorporates the Otsu-Canny Edge algorithms applied to a vegetation index, allowing for monthly updates while minimizing human bias. Applying this methodology to Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, between 2013 and 2021, there was a significant increase in floating aquatic vegetation cover, from ≤10 % in 2013 to 25.63 % in 2021, particularly along the northwest coast and the Strait of Maracaibo. This increase could be attributed to a combination of natural processes like precipitation patterns and increased anthropogenic inputs from human activities. The model achieved high accuracy (>0.80), as evidenced by the confusion matrix and cross-sensor comparison. This approach provides a tool for continuous long-term monitoring that can be applied to other eutrophic lakes, improving our understanding of the effects of invasive vegetation, and assisting resource managers and policymakers in developing sustainable management strategies. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Lakes

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Achieving success for the development of a systems engineering degree program

Achieving success for the development of a systems engineeri...

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114th Annual ASEE Conference and Exposition, 2007

作者： Teng, S. Gary Ozelkan, Ertunga Sireli, Yesim Elmore, Karen University of North Carolina Charlotte United States Engineering Management Program Center for Lean Logistics and Engineered Systems University of North Carolina Charlotte United States Department of Engineering Management United States Engineering Management Program University of North Carolina Charlotte United States ASEE IEEE Engineering Management Society Decision Sciences Institute United States ASEM Korea Republic of Marketing Science Institute United States Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi United States

Due to the changing global business environment, the operations of engineering companies in the U.S. are moving from self sufficient engineering operations toward the integration of various engineering operations, including design, production and manufacturing, logistics, sales, and services, at global locations and companies. The education of future engineers has to reflect this changing trend and demand. systems Engineering (SE) discipline provides this critical need of education to handle the increasing demands for systems efficiency, effectiveness, and integration in engineering and business operations. This paper intends to discuss the process in the design of a Bachelor of Science in SE curriculum. The design is based on an analysis of skill requirements in industry under the current global market environment and global supply chain operations. This paper discusses industry needs in skills and demonstrates the match of skills to various SE courses and the completed curriculum design for a Bachelor of Science in SE program. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2007.

关键词： systems engineering

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Assessing the Usability and User Acceptance of an E-Commerce Application Through a Combined SUMI and TAM Framework

Assessing the Usability and User Acceptance of an E-Commerce...

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Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computing Technology (EECT), International Conference on

作者： Jason Immanuel Thoyyibah T Information Systems Management Department BINUS Graduate Program-Master of Information System Management Bina Nusantara University Jakarta Indonesia

ISBN: (数字)9798331541545

ISBN: (纸本)9798331541552

In this study, a combined approach using the Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is employed to evaluate an e-commerce application's usability and user acceptance. Usability plays a significant role in shaping consumer satisfaction, while user acceptance is crucial for the application's success in a competitive market. This research explores how users interact with the platform, aiming to identify usability issues and factors influencing user acceptance. Key usability criteria, including visual appeal, information clarity, and ease of navigation, are analyzed alongside TAM constructs such as perceived usefulness and ease of use. The study's primary objective is to uncover the platform's strengths and weaknesses, providing insights into functionality, design, and user acceptance. By addressing identified usability concerns and understanding the factors driving user adoption, the research aims to enhance customer satisfaction and engagement. Ultimately, the findings are expected to guide the development of a more user-friendly interface, improving the e-commerce platform's overall effectiveness, user experience, and market competitiveness.

关键词： Visualization Technology acceptance model Navigation Customer satisfaction Electric variables measurement User experience Software Electronic commerce Software measurement Usability

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