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Targeting chondroitin sulfate suppresses macropinocytosis of breast cancer cells by modulating syndecan-1 expression

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Molecular Oncology 2024年第10期18卷 2569-2585页

作者： Yen, Hung-Rong Liao, Wen-Chieh Chen, Chia-Hua Su, Ying-Ai Huang, Ying-Wei Hsiao, Chi Chou, Yu-Lun Chu, Yin-Hung Shih, Pin-Keng Liu, Chiung-Hui Department of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan Chinese Medicine Research Center and School of Chinese Medicine College of Chinese Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Molecular Medicine Research Center Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan College of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan Department of Surgery China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan School of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan

Accumulation of abnormal chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains in breast cancer tissue is correlated with poor prognosis. However, the biological functions of these CS chains in cancer progression remain largely unknown, impeding the development of targeted treatment focused on CS. Previous studies identified chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF;also known as chondroitin sulfate synthase 2) is the critical enzyme regulating CS accumulation in breast cancer tissue. We then assessed the association between CHPF-associated proteoglycans (PGs) and signaling pathways in breast cancer datasets. The regulation between CHPF and syndecan 1 (SDC1) was examined at both the protein and RNA levels. Confocal microscopy and image flow cytometry were employed to quantify macropinocytosis. The effects of the 6-O-sulfated CS-binding peptide (C6S-p) on blocking CS functions were tested in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that the expression of CHPF and SDC1 was tightly associated within primary breast cancer tissue, and high expression of both genes exacerbated patient prognosis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling was implicated in the regulation of CHPF and SDC1 in breast cancer cells. CHPF supported CS–SDC1 stabilization on the cell surface, modulating macropinocytotic activity in breast cancer cells under nutrient-deprived conditions. Furthermore, C6S-p demonstrated the ability to bind CS-SDC1, increase SDC1 degradation, suppress macropinocytosis of breast cancer cells, and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Although other PGs may also be involved in CHPF-regulated breast cancer malignancy, this study provides the first evidence that a CS synthase participates in the regulation of macropinocytosis in cancer cells by supporting SDC1 expression on cancer cells. © 2024 The Authors. Molecular Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

关键词： breast cancer chondroitin sulfate CHPF macropinocytosis syndecan 1

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NIR-Responsive Methotrexate-Modified Iron Selenide Nanorods for Synergistic Magnetic Hyperthermic, Photothermal, and Chemodynamic Therapy

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ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 2024年第20期16卷 25622-25636页

作者： Thirumurugan, Senthilkumar Muthiah, Kayalvizhi Samuvel Lin, Yu-Chien Dhawan, Udesh Liu, Wai-Ching Wang, An-Ni Liu, Xinke Hsiao, Michael Tseng, Ching-Li Chung, Ren-Jei No. 1 Section 3 Zhongxiao East Road Taipei10608 Taiwan Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment Division of Biomedical Engineering James Watt School of Engineering Mazumdar-Shaw Advanced Research Centre University of Glasgow GlasgowG116EW United Kingdom Faculty of Science and Technology Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong Hong Kong New Territories999077 Hong Kong Scrona AG Grubenstrasse 9 Zürich8045 Switzerland College of Materials Science and Engineering Chinese Engineering and Research Institute of Microelectronics Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore117583 Singapore Genomics Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei115 Taiwan Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Research Center of Biomedical Device College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Taipei10608 Taiwan

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with a high mortality rate among women. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel therapies to effectively treat this disease. In this study, iron selenide nanorods (FeSe2 NRs) were designed for use in magnetic hyperthermic, photothermal, and chemodynamic therapy (MHT/PTT/CDT) for breast cancer. To illustrate their efficacy, FeSe2 NRs were modified with the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate (MTX). MTX-modified FeSe2 (FeSe2-MTX) exhibited excellent controlled drug release properties. Fe2+ released from FeSe2 NRs induced the release of •OH from H2O2 via a Fenton/Fenton-like reaction, enhancing the efficacy of CDT. Under alternating magnetic field (AMF) stimulation and 808 nm laser irradiation, FeSe2-MTX exerted potent hyperthermic and photothermal effects by suppressing tumor growth in a breast cancer nude mouse model. In addition, FeSe2 NRs can be used for magnetic resonance imaging in vivo by incorporating their superparamagnetic characteristics into a single nanomaterial. Overall, we presented a novel technique for the precise delivery of functional nanosystems to tumors that can enhance the efficacy of breast cancer treatment. © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

关键词： Magnetic resonance imaging

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Dialysate cyclophilin A as a predictive marker for historical peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis

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Heliyon 2024年第10期10卷 e31021页

作者： Tsai, Shang-Feng Chen, Cheng-Hsu Wu, Ming-Ju Hsieh, Mingli Department of Life Science Tunghai University Taichung Taiwan Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan

Introduction: No markers have been used to diagnose historical peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is associated with glucose toxicity and inflammation. We hypothesize that dialysate CypA can be a marker for historical peritonitis (at least 3 months free from peritonitis). Method: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to measure the concentration of dialysate CypA. Clinical and laboratory data were collected to correlate with historical peritonitis. Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test were used for analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate predictive power. Results: Out of a total of 31 patients who had undergone PD for at least 2 years, 18 had no history of PD-related peritonitis, while 13 had experienced PD-related peritonitis at least once. Overall, the patients in this population were in good health (normal white blood cell count, no anemia, normal electrolyte and serum albumin levels). There were no significant differences between patients with and without a history of peritonitis, except for blood white blood cell count (5650.6 ± 1848.4 vs. 7154.6 ± 2056.8, p = 0.032) and dialysate CypA value (24.27 ± 22.715 vs. 54.41 ± 45.63, p = 0.020). In the univariate analysis, only the dialysate CypA level showed a statistically significant association with historical peritonitis (HR = 1.030, 95 % CI = 1.010–1.062, p = 0.046). The AUC for dialysate CypA (>34.83 ng/mL) was 0.748, with a sensitivity of 0.615 and specificity of 0.833. Conclusion: PD peritonitis poses a significant threat to the long-term use of peritoneal dialysis. Based on our study, even in the absence of concurrent infection, dialysate CypA can serve as a predictive marker for historical peritonitis, demonstrating high predictive power along with fair sensitivity and good specificity. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： cyclophilin A Historical peritonitis Peritoneal dialysis Prediction

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Injectable citrate-based polyurethane-urea as a tug-of-war-inspired bioactive self-expansive and planar-fixing screw augmented bone-tendon healing

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Bioactive Materials 2024年第11期41卷 108-126页

作者： Meihan Tao Zhou Fang Yuting Zhu Yan Ju Zhiguo Hou Meimei Fu Zhihui Lu Daozhang Cai Jian Yang Jinshan Guo Department of Orthopedic Surgery Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration DiseasesThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510630PR China Department of Histology and Embryology NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515PR China Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Repair Material Research Center Huangpu Institute of MaterialsGuangzhou New Materials Science CenterChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences88 Yonglong Avenue of Xinlong TownGuangzhou511363PR China Research Center for Industries of the Future Biomedical Engineering ProgramSchool of EngineeringWestlake UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310030PR China CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022PR China

Inspired by tug-of-war,a game-changing bone-tendon fixation paradigm was ***,injectable citrate-based bioactive self-expansive and planar-fixing screw(iCSP-Scr)consisting of reactive isocyanate(NCO)terminalized citrate-based polyurethane,proanthocyanidin modified hydroxyapatite(HAp)and water(with/without porogen)was developed and administrated in the bone-tendon *** of the“point to point”tendon fixation by traditional interface screws,along with the moisture-induced crosslinking and expansion of iCSP-Scr within the confined space of the irregularly shaped bone-tendon gap,the tendon graft was evenly squeezed into the bone tunnel in a“surface to surface”manner to realize strong and stable bone-tendon fixation via physical expansion,mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding(between–NCO and the–NH2,–SH groups on bone matrix).The optimized iCSP-Scr exhibited rapid crosslinking,moderate expansion rate,high porosity after crosslinking,as well as tunable elasticity and *** iCSP-Scr possessed favorable biodegradability,biocompatibility,and osteoinductivity derived from citrate,PC and HAp,it was able to promote osteogenesis and new bone growth inward of bone tunnel thus further enhanced the bone/iCSP-Scr mechanical interlock,ultimately leading to stronger tendon fixation(pull-out force 106.15±23.15 N)comparing to titanium screws(93.76±17.89 N)after 14 weeks’ACL reconstruction in a rabbit *** iCSP-Scr not only can be used as a self-expansive screw facilitating bone-tendon healing,but also can be expanded into other osteogenic application scenarios.

关键词： Polyurethane Injectable Self-expansive Planar-fixing Citrate

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Research trends in alopecia areata: a cross-sectional bibliometric analysis of the top cited studies

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Archives of Dermatological Research 2024年第6期316卷 1-8页

作者： Chang, Hui-Chin Chiu, Tsu-Man Lee, Chien-Ying Chen, Shiu-Jau Liao, Wen-Chieh Gau, Shuo-Yan Evidence-Based Medicine Center Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan Library Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University No.110 Sec.1 Jianguo N.Rd. Taichung 40201 Taiwan Department of Dermatology Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan Department of Pharmacology Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan Department of Pharmacy Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan Department of Medicine Mackay Medical College New Taipei Taiwan Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University 145 Xingda Rd. South Dist. Taichung 40227 Taiwan Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Department of Neurosurgery Mackay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan Orthopedics Department Chi-Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan

In the field of alopecia areata research, various focuses including risk factors, epidemiology, molecular pathways, and treatment were constantly improving. However, to date, a bibliometric analysis summarizing the research trend is not available to date. The main objective of this study was to provide researchers with an overview of the research trend on alopecia areata in the past two decades. In Web of Science database, screening and extraction of studies related to alopecia areata has been performed. Within studies related to alopecia areata, the most cited 100 studies were appraised and the information of articles, including the citation amounts, keywords and publication types, was extracted for analyses. On average, each study in the top 100 list was cited 104.72 times. Within the top 100 list, the most focused fields were on the management of alopecia areata (34%), molecular mechanisms (28%) and epidemiological issues (23%). Approximately one third of the management-associated studies focused on Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (10 studies) and 5 studies focused on the efficacy of corticosteroids for alopecia areata. According to the results of the keyword analysis, JAK inhibitors had become the most mentioned keywords in the field of alopecia areata research since 2016. The top 100 most referenced papers in the field of alopecia areata mostly focused on essential aspects such as treatment options, pathogenesis, risk factors, and comorbidities. The results of the current study could be considered a potential resource for future research and patient care information. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Alopecia areata Bibliometric analysis Dermatology Immunology

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Limocitrin induced cellular death through ERK pathways in human oral squamous cell cancer

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Scientific Reports 2025年第1期15卷 1-10页

作者： Velmurugan, Bharath Kumar Lin, Chia-Chieh Kao, Min-Yun Ho, Hsin-Yu Lo, Yu-Sheng Chuang, Yi-Ching Hsieh, Ming-Ju Maitocon Laboratory Tirupur 641604 India Oral Cancer Research Center Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua 50006 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402202 Taiwan Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences China Medical University Taichung 404 Taiwan

This study sought to investigate the anticancer efficacy of limocitrin on two distinct human oral cancer cell lines. At first, we evaluated the effect of limocitrin on the proliferation of OSCC cells (SCC-9 and SCC-47) using MTT and colony formation assays. Limocitrin treatment increased cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, induced caspase-related apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and PARP expression) in OSCC cells. Limocitrin treatment inhibited Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and induced Bax, Bak expression in both SCC-9 and SCC-47 cell lines. Limocitrin treatment inhibited cyclin E1, E2, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 and increased p21 expression. Limocitrin also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2 and JNK in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, pretreatment of oral cancer cells with U0126 resulted in increased cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8 and PARP expression. Furthermore, limocitrin treatment decreased XIAP, cIAP1, HSP27 protein expression than control group. Combined treatment with limocitrin and si-XIAP significantly increased cleaved PARP, caspase-3 and -8 expressions in SCC-9 cells. Overall, this evidence indicates that limocitrin may serve as an effective anticancer agent for the treatment of oral cancer. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： AKT Apoptosis ERK JNK Limocitrin Mitochondria OSCC

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Genetically Modified Soybean Detection Using a Biosensor Electrode with a Self-Assembled Monolayer of Gold Nanoparticles

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Chou, Cheng-Chi Lin, Ying-Ting Kuznetsova, Iren Wang, Gou-Jen Department of Mechanical Engineering National Chung-Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine National Chung-Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics Russian Academy of Science Russia Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Chung-Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan

In this study, we proposed a genosensor that can qualitatively and quantitatively detect genetically modified soybeans using a simple electrode with evenly distributed single layer gold nanoparticles. The DNA sensing electrode is made by sputtering a gold film on the substrate, and then sequentially depositing 1,6-hexanedithiol and gold nanoparticles with sulfur groups on the substrate. Then, the complementary to the CaMV 35S promoter (P35S) was used as the capture probe. The DNA segments directly extracted from the genetically modified soybeans rather than the synthesized DNA segments were used to construct the detection standard curve. The experimental results showed that our genosensor could directly detect genetically modified genes extracted from soybeans. The gold nanoparticle sensing electrode developed in this research is suitable for qualitative and quantitative detection of genetically modified soybeans and can be further applied to the detection of other genetically modified crops in the future. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gold nanoparticles

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Macrophage-mediated controlled release of cysteine protease inhibitor from PLGA-PEG/hydroxyapatite microspheres for targeting cathepsin S in Alzheimer's disease

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European Polymer Journal 2024年 214卷

作者： Yang, I-Hsuan Kuan, Che-Yung Zhang, Sheng-Long Chen, Zhi-Yu Li, Chi-Han Liang, Ya-Jyun Kuo, Wei-Ting Chang, Chia-Ting Lin, Jason Hsieh, Hsing-Pang Chang, Jang-Yang Lin, Feng-Huei Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County Taiwan Department of Materials Science and Engineering National United University Miaoli County Taiwan Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine and College of Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County Taiwan Taipei Cancer Center Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei Taiwan TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan

The cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown;however, studies have indicated the increased expression of cathepsin S (CTSS) in AD brains. Cathepsin S acts as a β-secretase, prompting the release of amyloid-β peptides and stimulating microglial cell activation, causing microglial migration, and contributing to neuroinflammation and disease progression. In this study, CT001, an inhibitor of the cysteine protease CTSS, was encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol microspheres combined with hydroxyapatite microspheres (CPPMs/HAMs) to achieve a constant and long-term drug release for AD. The results showed that CPPMs/HAMs had a uniform diameter of approximately 1 μm, enabling macrophage endocytosis and facilitating sustained CT001 release into the bloodstream, ultimately reaching the brain for AD treatment. The developed CPPMs/HAMs demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory properties and mitigated CTSS expression in an in vitro inflammation microglial model. Intramuscular administration of CPPMs/HAMs improved learning and memory in AD mice during behavioral assessments. Furthermore, CPPMs/HAMs reduced CTSS expression, amyloid-beta accumulation, and deposition in vivo. This study demonstrated the potential of CT001 delivered via CPPMs/HAMs as a promising approach for managing AD in patients. © 2024

关键词： Peptides

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Injectable cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels with epigallocatechin gallate loading as vitreous substitutes

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024年第Part1期275卷 133467页

作者： Chen, Huai-An Tai, Yi-Ning Hsieh, Erh-Hsuan Thacker, Minal Lin, I-Chan Tseng, Ching-Li Lin, Feng-Huei Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Campus New Taipei City Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine & College of Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei City Taiwan 17W Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong Department of Ophthalmology Wan Fang Hospital Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Campus New Taipei City Taiwan Research Center of Biomedical Device College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan International Ph. D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County Taiwan

Hyaluronic acid (HA) serves as a vitreous substitute owing to its ability to mimic the physical functions of native vitreous humor. However, pure HA hydrogels alone do not provide sufficient protection against potential inflammatory risks following vitrectomy. In this study, HA was crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) to form HA hydrogels (HB). Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory agent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was added to the hydrogel (HBE) for ophthalmic applications as a vitreous substitute. The characterization results indicated the successful preparation of HB with transparency, refractive index, and osmolality similar to those of native vitreous humor, and with good injectability. The anti-inflammatory ability of HBE was also confirmed by the reduced expression of inflammatory genes in retinal pigment epithelial cells treated with HBE compared with those treated with HB. In a New Zealand white rabbit model undergoing vitreous substitution treatment, HBE 50 (EGCG 50 μM addition) exhibited positive results at 28 days post-surgery. These outcomes included restored intraocular pressure, improved electroretinogram responses, minimal increase in corneal thickness, and no inflammation during histological examination. This study demonstrated the potential of an injectable HA-BDDE cross-linked hydrogel containing EGCG as a vitreous substitute for vitrectomy applications, offering prolonged degradation time and anti-inflammatory effects postoperatively. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Hyaluronic acid

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Hellebrigenin induces oral cancer cell apoptosis by modulating MAPK signalling and XIAP expression

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Journal of Cellular and Molecular medicine 2024年第2期28卷 e18071-e18071页

作者： Hsieh, Ming-Ju Lin, Chia-Chieh Lo, Yu-Sheng Ho, Hsin-Yu Chuang, Yi-Ching Chen, Mu-Kuan Oral Cancer Research Center Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua Taiwan Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences China Medical University Taichung Taiwan Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua Taiwan

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts for 90% of all oral cancers, has become a public health crisis worldwide. despite advances in therapeutic interventions, the prognosis remains poor for advanced-stage OSCC. In this study, we investigate the anticancer activity and the mode of action of hellebrigenin in human OSCC. The findings demonstrated that hellebrigenin exerted cytotoxic effects in OSCC cells through cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and downregulation of cell cycle-related proteins (cyclins A2, B1 and D3, Cdc2, CDK4 and CDK6). Moreover, hellebrigenin caused activation of PARP and caspase 3, 8 and 9, followed by downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) and upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bak). The hellebrigenin treatment also increased Fas, DR5, DcR2 and DcR3 expressions in oral cancer cells, indicating the compound causes oral cancer cell apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Regarding upstream signalling, hellebrigenin was found to reduce the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK, indicating that hellebrigenin triggers caspase-mediated apoptosis by downregulating MAPK signalling pathway. Finally, the human apoptosis array findings revealed that hellebrigenin specifically suppressed the expression of XIAP to execute its pro-apoptotic activities. Taken together, the study suggests that hellebrigenin can act as a potent anticancer compound in human OSCC. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

关键词： apoptosis hellebrigenin oral squamous cell carcinoma XIAP

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