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In Search of Legitimacy: Toward An Empirical Analysis

Law & Policy 1986年第3期8卷 257-273页

作者： McEWEN, CRAIG A. MAIMAN, RICHARD J. Associate Professor of Sociology and Assistant Dean of the Faculty at Bowdoin College. His research interests include juvenile corrections tax compliance and mediation in civil courts. His recent collaborative work with Richard Maiman has been published in the Maine Law Review Policy Studies Journal and Law & Society Review Professor of Political Science at the University of Southern Maine where he teaches courses in the Law School and Public Policy Program as well as in the undergraduate curriculum. His research interests include juvenile courts civil liberties and constitutional law and mediation in civil courts *Research for this paper has been supported by grants from the Law and Social Sciences Program of the National Science Foundation (SES-7908872 SES-8310393 and SES-8310451). The points of view expressed in this paper are the authors' alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the National Science Foundation. We would like to thank Gloria Penney Robert Briggs Helen Kincaid and Scott Lauze for their invaluable contributions in collecting and coding the data reported in this paper.

Legitimacy is a much used concept in the social sciences. However, the absence of precise operational meaning has prompted questions about its utility as an explanation of compliance with social norms. Most recently, Alan Hyde has argued that legitimacy cannot be disentangled from other explanations of compliance such as coercion and self‐interest and should, therefore, be abandoned. However, institutional, attitudinal, and behavioral dimensions of legitimacy can be operationalized. As part of our research on small claims courts we examined variations in institutional processes and legitimacy, gathered data on levels of voluntary compliance, and questioned defendants about their reasons for paying claims against them. We conclude that institutional legitimacy is related to voluntary compliance, and that the “language of obligation” is an important part of normal discourse. Operational meanings for legitimacy are available and empirical research about legitimacy should be a prominent part of the social science research agenda. Copyright © 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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ARCTIC TRAFFICABILITY program - A REVIEW

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第3期96卷 169-175页

作者： VOELKER, R GLEN, IF SEIBOLD, F BAYLY, I Richard Voelker:is Vice President of ARCTEC Incorporated a firm specializing in cold regions technology. He has been responsible for the management of thePolarClass Traffic-ability Program since its inception and annually participates in the field data collection in the Arctic. His prior experience includes positions with the U.S. Coast Guard in the icebreaker design project the Military Sealift Command and at Newport News Shipbuilding. He is a graduate of N. Y.S. Maritime College and has a MS degree from the University of Michigan. I.F. Glen:received his professional degrees in naval architecture from the Royal Naval Engineering College Manadon Plymouth and RN College Greenwich London entering the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors in 1967. After serving as a Constructor Lieutenant in the Royal Navy's Far East Fleet for a short period he joined the Polaris submarine project team in Bath England in 1968. In 1971 he was seconded to the Canadian Department of National Defense in Ottawa as a Constructor Lieutenant Commander under NATO exchange arrangements where he had responsibilities initially for conventional submarines and latterly for computer aided conceptual design. He ventured to Bath England in 1974 and joined Forward Design Group. In 1975 he took a position as a civilian engineer in the Canadian Defense Department and was Head of Hull Systems Engineering from 1977 to 1979. He joined ARCTEC CANADA LIMITED in 1980 and in addition to managing ice model testing projects and full scale trials has specialized in structural response of ships to ice impact. He headed ARCTEC's Kanata Laboratory from 1981 to 1983 when he was promoted to president. Frederick Seibold:is a research program manager with the Maritime Administration's Office of Advanced Ship Development and Technology. He is responsible for the marine science program which includes research in the areas of ship powering structures and propeller performance and Arctic technology. Mr. Seibold has been employed by Mar Ad since 1961 having hel

This paper describes a multiyear program to make an operational assessment on the feasibility of a year-round Arctic marine transportation system to serve Alaska. Specifically, the three objectives were to: collect meteorological and ice data along potential marine routes; instrument the hull and propulsion machinery to improve design critera for ice-worthy ships; and demonstrate that ships can operate in midwinter Alaskan Arctic ice conditions. The U.S. Coast Guard's Polar class icebreakers were used to make the operational assessment by annually extending the route northward and by operating throughout the winter season. This paper reviews some of the operational and technical achievements to date, as well as plans for future Arctic deployments.

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A COMPUTER-MODEL FOR SHIPBOARD ENERGY ANALYSIS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第5期96卷 33-45页

作者： DETOLLA, JP FLEMING, JR Joseph DeTolla:is a ship systems engineer in the Ship Systems Engineering Division SEA 56D5 at the Naval Sea Systems Command. His career with the Navy started in 1965 at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Design Division. In 1971 he transferred to the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He has held positions as a fluid systems design engineer and auxiliary systems design integration engineer. Mr. DeTolla has worked extensively in the synthesis and analysis of total energy systems notably the design development of the FFG-7 class waste heat recovery system. He is NA VSEA's machinery group computer supported design project coordinator and is managing the development of a machinery systems data base load forecasting algorithms and design analysis computer programs. Mr. DeTolla has a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Drexel University and a master of engineering administration degree from George Washington University. He is a registered professional engineer in the District of Columbia and has written several technical papers on waste heat recovery and energy conservation. Jeffrey Fleming:is a senior project engineer in the Energy R&D Office at the David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center. In his current position as group leader for the future fleet energy conservation portion of the Navy's energy R&D program he is responsible for the identification and development of advanced components and subsystems which will lead to reductions in the fossil fuel consumption of future ships. Over the past several years he has also directed the development and application of total energy computer analysis techniques for the assessment of conventional and advanced shipboard machinery concepts. Mr. Fleming is a 1971 graduate electrical engineer of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and received his MS in electrical engineering from Johns Hopkins University in 1975. Mr. Fleming has authored various technical publications and was the recipient of the Severn Technical Society's “Best Technical Paper of the Year” award in 1

In support of the Navy's efforts to improve the energy usage of future ships and thereby to reduce fleet operating costs, a large scale computer model has been developed by the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center (DTNSRDC) to analyze the performance of shipboard energy systems for applications other than nuclear or oil-fired steam propulsion plants. This paper discusses the applications and utility of this computer program as a performance analysis tool for design of ship machinery systems. The program is a simulation model that performs a complete thermodynamic analysis of a user-specified energy system. It offers considerable flexibility in analyzing a variety of propulsion, electrical, and auxiliary plant configurations through a component building block structure. Component subroutines that model the performance of shipboard equipment such as engines, boilers, generators, and compressors are available from the program library. Component subroutines are selected and linked in the program to model the desired machinery plant functional configurations. The operation of the defined shipboard energy system may then be simulated over a user-specified scenario of temperature, time, and load profiles. The program output furnishes information on component operating characteristics and fuel demands, which allows evaluation of the total system performance.

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AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

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BIO-TECHNOLOGY 1983年第1期1卷 33-36页

作者： ZABORSKY, OR Oskar R. Zaborsky Ph.D. is program director at the National Science Foundation and founding editor of Biotechnology Patent Digest.REFERENCES Quantitative data given in this paper are derived from patents reported in the biweekly periodical Biotechnology Patent Digest OMEC Publishing Co. McLean VA.Science Indicators 1980 National Science Foundation p. 18-21 1981.The percentages given do not include U.S. inventors assigning their rights to foreign organizations.While there are examples of foreign inventors assigning the rights to U.S. corporations in the 1982 biotechnology patents covered the practice is not significant (less than 10 examples). Also equal examples exist of U.S. inventors assigning their rights to foreign corporations. Again the total number is not significant.Merck and Miles are identified as U. S. companies because the patents issued to them were assigned to the U.S. organization. However Merck is also based in West Germany and Miles is a subsidiary of Bayer AG a West German company.The author recognizes that some patents from the new genetic engineering companies may have been filed but not yet issued. Indeed a few have been filed at other patent offices especially the European Patent Office. Also the U.S. PTO has been quite efficient in issuing most biotechnology patents within 2 years after filing. Some patents have been issued in less than a year but there are also cases which required a longer time period.

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RUDDER ROLL STABILIZATION FOR COAST GUARD CUTTERS AND FRIGATES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第3期95卷 267-282页

作者： BAITIS, E WOOLAVER, DA BECK, TA Dr. Erich Baitis: a native of Germany came to the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center in 1957 as a co-operative student/trainee and received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute. As a 32-year-old naval architect in 1971 he received both the VietnamHonorServiceMedaland the Navy'sMeritoriousCivilianServiceAwardfor his eight months as liaison with the Vietnamese NAVVS ferro-cement ship program. As head of the Seakeeping and Stabilization Group of the Surface Ship Dynamics Branch his work has led to the development of a new standard Ship Motion Computer Program and the application of ship motions to ship habitability operability and survivability problems. A major area of this work has been the ship/aircraft interface which is particularly sensitive to ship motions wind and other environmental factors. Mr. Dennis A. Woolaver:has been employed as a Naval Architect at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center since 1965 where his work has resulted in numerous patents. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering from George Washington University where he also completed graduate work in Communication Theory. Additional fields of study include Computer Science and Personnel Management. Current efforts are directed toward surface ship motion mitigation data acquisition and statistical analysis. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Lt. Tom A. Beck USCG: joined the UnitedStatesCoastGuardin 1966 where he trained as an Electronics Technician. He received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering from Columbia University in 1978. From 1978 to 1979 he was an Electronics Project Officer at the CoastGuardElectronics Laboratory in Alexandria Virginia. Since 1980 he has been a Research and Development Project Officer in the Sensor Technology Branch of the CoastGuardsOffice of Research and Development. Lt. Beck is a member of the Institute of Electronic and Elect

The potential use of rudders as anti-roll devices has long been recognized. However, the possible interference of this secondary function of the rudder with its primary role as the steering mechanism has prevented, for many years, the development of practical rudder roll stabilizers. The practical feasibility of rudder roll stabilization has, however, in recent years been demonstrated by two systems designed and developed for operational evaluation aboard two different U.S. C oast G uard Cutters, i.e., Jarvis and Mellon of the 3,000-ton, 378-foot HAMILTON Class. The authors describe the major components of the rudder roll stabilization (RRS) system, along with the design goals and methodology as applied to these first two prototypes. In addition, a brief history of the hardware development is provided in order to show some of the lessons learned. The near flawless performance of the prototypes over the past four years of operational use in the North Pacific is documented. Results from various sea trials and reports of the ship operators are cited and discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the costs and benefits of roll stabilization achieved using both a modern anti-roll fin system, as well as two different performance level RRS systems. The benefits of roll stabilization are demonstrated by the relative expansion in the operational envelopes of the USS OLIVER HAZARD PERRY (FFG-7) Class. The varying levels of roll stabilization suggest that the merits of fins and RRS systems are strongly dependent on mission requirements and the environment. The demonstrated performance of the reliable RRS system offers the naval ship acquisition manager a good economical stabilization system.

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EMERGING ROLES OF NIH AND EPA IN THE REGULATION OF RDNA TECHNOLOGY

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BIO-TECHNOLOGY 1983年第9期1卷 757-768页

作者： KORWEK, EL Edward L. Korwek Ph.D. J.D. is associated with the law offices of Keller and Heckman 1150 17th St. N.W. Washington D.C. 20036.REFERENCES Committee on Recombinant DNA "Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules" Nature250: 175 (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.71: 2593 (1974) Science185: 303 (1974).|Article|Fed. Regist.48: 24556 (1983).Milewski E. Editor's Note. Recombinant DNA Tech. Bull.4: i (1981).Inside EPA 4 1 (1983). EPA has already held a meeting and published a draft report on the subject of its regulation of this area under the TSCA. EPA "Administrator's Toxic Substances Advisory Committee Meeting" Fed. Regist.48: 8342 (1983) Regulation of Genetically Engineered Substances Under TSCA Chemical Control Division Office of Toxic Substances Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C. (March 1982). Congress also recently held a hearing on the subject of existing federal authority over the release of R-DNA-containing organisms into environment. M. Sun Science221: 136 (1983).Sects. 2-30 15 U.S. Code sects. 2601-2629 (1976 and Supp. V 1981). Hereinafter all references in the text to TSCA refer to the section numbers as enacted and not to the corresponding U.S. Code sections.The Administrative Procedure Act specifically states that the reviewing court shall "hold unlawful and set aside agency action findings and conclusions found to be hellip in excess of statutory jurisdiction authority or limitations or short of statutory right. hellip " 5 U.S. Code sect. 706(2)(C) (1976).PHS Act 42 U.S. Code sects. 217a and 241 (1976) Charter Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee Department of Health and Human Services (1982).Korwek E. Food Drug and Cosm. L. J.35: 633 (1980) p. 636.Although DHHS has some authority under Section 361 of the PHS Act to regulate R-DNA materials that cause human disease and are communicable most types of experimentation would not fall into this category. Because of this limitation the Sub committee of the Federal

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THE OVERSELLING OF GENETIC ANXIETY

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HASTINGS CENTER REPORT 1982年第5期12卷 20-27页

作者： GOODMAN, MJ GOODMAN, LE MadeleineJ. Goodman Ph.D.is Director Women's Studies Program and associate professor General Science and Women's Studies University of Hawaii. She is also principal data analyst of the Hawaii Breast Cancer Detection Project. LennE. Goodman D. Phil.is professor of philosophy University of Hawaii. His most recent book isMonotheism: A Philosophic Inquiry into the Foundations of Natural Theology and Ethics.

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U.S. INDUSTRIAL, EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS BY RACE AND SEX: 1960–1970

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Metroeconomica 1979年第2期31卷 195-210页

作者： Schmidt, Peter Strauss, Robert P. Michigan State and Carnegie-Mellon University respectively. The authors wish to thank the Social Science Data Library University of North Carolina for access to the 1960 and 1970 Public Use Samples and the Data and Program Library Service University of Wisconsin for an efficient version of the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity. Financial support from the U. S. Department of Labor is gratefully acknowledged.

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SHIPBOARD data MULTIPLEX SYSTEM - NEW CONCEPT FOR WARSHIP ELECTRONIC SYSTEM INTEGRATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1979年第4期91卷 51-61页

作者： WAPNER, M THE AUTHOR graduated from the City College of the City University of New York from which he received both his Bachelor and Masters degrees in Electrical Engineering. He joined the Naval Applied Science Laboratory in 1961 where he served as Project Engineer for Ships Inertial Navigation Systems (SINS) and related equipments. Since 1967 he has been employed by the Naval Sea Systems Command (formerly NAVSHIPS) Research and Technology Directorate. initially as Navigation and Interior Communications Program Manager and currently as Director Combat Support Systems R&D Office. In addition to being the Program Manager for the Shipboard Data Multiplex System. his responsibilities include supervising research and development in areas of surveillance. fire control command and control and related command support functions. He is active in a number of U.S. Navy and foreign government information exchange programs has authored several technical papers and is a member of the Institute of Navigation and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.

The Shipboard data Multiplex System (SDMS) is a general purpose information transfer system directed toward fulfilling the internal data Intercommunication requirements of a variety of naval combatant ships and submarines in the 1980–1990 time frame. The need for a modern data transfer system of the size and capability of SDMS has been increase in unison with the sophistication of shipboard electronic equipment and the associated magnitude of equipment-to-equipment signal traffic. Instead of the miles of unique cabling that must be specifically designed for each ship, SDMS will meet information transfer needs with general-purpose multiplex cable that will be Installed according to a standard plan that does not vary with changes to the ship's electronics suite. Perhaps the greatest impact of SDMS will be the decoupling of ship subsystems from each other and from the ship. Standard multiplex interfaces will avoid the cost and delay of modifying subsystems to make them compatible. The ability to wire a new ship according to a standard multiplex cable plan, long before the ship subsystems are fully defined, frees both the ship and the subsystems to develop at their own pace, will allow compression of the development schedules and will provide ships with more advanced subsystems. This paper describes the SDMS system currently being developed by the U.S. Navy.

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The Qualitative Description, Interpretation, and Evaluation of Counseling

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Journal of Counseling & Development 1978年第10期56卷

作者： David H. Frey Henry E. Ranting Frances M. Frey Professor of Educational Psychology Coordinator Professor of Educational Psychology and Coordinator of the Community Counseling Program at California State University Hayward. He has been Assignment Editor of the P&Q Journal for the past three years. Recent study in mental health epidemiology and behavioral medicine triggered his need to explore alternative models for research and evaluation since many popular models do not adequately deal with complex phenomena. Clinical Psychologist with a background in counseling and education. Currently he is employed in a community mental health setting where he provides traditional diagnostic and therapeutic services to patients in addition to providing special programs for adolescents and young adults including the design of mental health curricula for their parents. This article is one in a series written with David Frey regarding the taxonomic classification of counseling goals and techniques. Stanford University where her studies are concentrated in curriculum program design and educational evaluation. Along with others at Stanford's School of Education she is carefully analyzing modes of educational inquiry especially qualitative evaluation. Her background in the visual arts philosophy of science and school psychology serve her well in the search for data that more clearly illuminate social science phenomena.

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