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Comparing trends of crop and pasture in future land-use scenarios for climate change mitigation

Geography and Sustainability 2024年第3期5卷 470-481页

作者： Maxime Malbranque Xiangping Hu Francesco Cherubini Industrial Ecology Program Department of Energy and Process EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyN-7491TrondheimNorway

Revegetation of former agricultural land is a key option for climate change mitigation and nature *** and abandonment of agricultural land is typically influenced by trends in diets and agricultural inten-sification,which are two key parameters in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs).Datasets mapping future land dynamics under different SSPs and climate change mitigation targets stem from different scenario assump-tions,land data and modelling *** study aims to determine the role that these three factors play in the estimates of the evolution of cropland and pastureland in future SSPs under different climate scenarios from four main datasets largely used in the climate and land surface *** datasets largely agree with the rep-resentation of cropland at present-day conditions,but the identification of pastureland is ambiguous and shows large discrepancies due to the lack of a unique land-use *** occur with future projections,even for the same SSP and climate *** for CO_(2)sequestration from revegetation of abandoned agri-cultural land and CO_(2)emissions from forest clearance due to agricultural expansion shows a net reduction in vegetation carbon stock for most SSPs considered,except ***,different datasets give differences in estimates,even when representative of the same *** SSP1,the cumulative increase in carbon stock until 2050 is 3.3 GtC for one dataset,and more than double for *** study calls for a common classifica-tion system with improved detection of pastureland to harmonize projections and reduce variability of outcomes in environmental studies.

关键词： Natural forest regrowth Scenarios Agriculture Climate change mitigation

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A NEWBORN EMBODIED TURING TEST FOR COMPARING OBJECT SEGMENTATION ACROSS ANIMALS AND MACHINES 12

A NEWBORN EMBODIED TURING TEST FOR COMPARING OBJECT SEGMENTA...

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12th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2024

作者： Garimella, Manjulata Pak, Denizhan Wood, Justin N. Wood, Samantha M.W. Department of Informatics School of Informatics Computing & Engineering Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences Cognitive Science Program Program in Neuroscience

Newborn brains rapidly learn to solve challenging object perception tasks, including segmenting objects from backgrounds and recognizing objects across new viewing situations. Conversely, modern machine learning (ML) algorithms are "data hungry," requiring more training data than brains to reach similar performance levels. How do we close this learning gap between brains and machines? Here, we introduce a new benchmark-a Newborn Embodied Turing Test (NETT) for object segmentation-in which newborn animals and machines are raised in the same environments and tested with the same tasks, permitting direct comparison of their learning. First, newborn chicks were raised in controlled environments containing a single object rotating on a single background, then their recognition performance was tested across new backgrounds and viewpoints. Second, we performed "digital twin" experiments in which artificial agents were reared and tested in virtual environments that mimicked the rearing and testing conditions of the chicks. We inserted a variety of ML "brains" into the artificial agents and measured whether those algorithms learned common object recognition behavior as chicks. All newborn chicks solved this one-shot object segmentation task, successfully learning background-invariant object representations that generalized across new backgrounds and viewpoints. In contrast, none of the artificial agents solved the task, instead learning background-dependent representations that failed to generalize across new backgrounds and viewpoints. This digital twin design exposes core limitations in current ML algorithms in developing brain-like object perception. Our NETT is publicly available for comparing ML algorithms with newborn chicks. We argue that NETT benchmarks can help researchers build embodied AI systems that learn as efficiently and robustly as newborn brains. © 2024 12th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2024. All rights reserved.

关键词： Animals

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Recent Developments in Materials and Chemistries for Redox Flow Batteries

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ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2023年第11期5卷 3007-3009页

作者： Zhang, Leyuan Yu, Guihua Materials Science and Engineering Program Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 United States

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Computing grain boundary“phase”diagrams

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Interdisciplinary Materials 2023年第1期2卷 137-160页

作者： Jian Luo Department of Nanoengineering Program of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA

Grain boundaries(GBs)can be treated as two-dimensional(2-D)interfacial phases(also called“complexions”)that can undergo interfacial phase-like *** bulk phase diagrams and calculation of phase diagram(CALPHAD)methods serve as a foundation for modern materials science,we propose to extend them to GBs to have equally significant *** perspective article reviews a series of studies to compute the GB counterparts to bulk phase ***,a phenomenological interfacial thermodynamic model was developed to construct GB lambda diagrams to forecast high-temperature GB disordering and related trends in sintering and other properties for both metallic and ceramic *** parallel,an Ising-type lattice statistical thermodynamic model was utilized to construct GB adsorption(segregation)diagrams,which predicted first-order GB adsorption transitions and critical *** two simplified thermodynamic models emphasize the GB structural(disordering)and chemical(adsorption)aspects,***,hybrid Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics atomistic simulations were used to compute more rigorous and accurate GB“phase”*** GB diagrams of thermodynamic and structural properties were further extended to include mechanical ***,machine learning algorithms were combined with atomistic simulations to predict GB properties as functions of four independent compositional variables and temperature in a 5-D space for a given GB in high-entropy alloys or as functions of five GB macroscopic(crystallographic)degrees of freedom plus temperature and composition for a binary alloy in a 7-D *** relevant studies are also *** perspective and outlook,including two emerging fields of high-entropy grain boundaries(HEGBs)and electrically(or electrochemically)induced GB transitions,are discussed.

关键词： CALPHAD grain boundary interfacial transition phase diagram

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Back-end-of-line integration of 2D materials on silicon microchips

Back-end-of-line integration of 2D materials on silicon micr...

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2023 International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM 2023

作者： Lanza, M. Pazos, S. Zhu, K. Yuan, Y. Shen, Y. Alharbi, O. Zheng, W. Zhang, X. Alshareef, H.N. Materials Science and Engineering Program Physical Science and Engineering Division Thuwal23955-6900 Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350327670

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have excellent electronic and thermal properties that could help to improve the performance of electronic devices and circuits. However, scalable 2D materials synthesis and their integration in silicon microchips (with, for example, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, CMOS) transistors presents some challenges, mainly related to the presence of local defects that degrade device/circuit performance. In this invited article, we discuss the integration of 2D materials in silicon microchips. We analyze the type of materials and their properties, the main synthesis and manipulation methods, the type of circuits fabricated, the electronic performance achieved, as well as the future challenges and solutions. We focus on microchips with pre-patterned CMOS circuits on which the 2D material is deposited at the back-end-of-line (BEOL). © 2023 IEEE.

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Characterization of H2-air detonations with high-speed (2.5 MHz) Rayleigh scattering and single-shot planar laser-induced fluorescence of nitric oxide

Characterization of H2-air detonations with high-speed (2.5 ...

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AIAA science and Technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2025

作者： Chatelain, Karl P. Alicherif, Mhedine Guiberti, Thibault F. Lacoste, Deanna A. Mechanical Engineering Program Physical Science and Engineering Division PO box 4700 Thuwal23955-6900 Saudi Arabia

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107238

This study characterizes a CJ hydrogen-air detonation using high-speed Rayleigh scattering and single-shot planar laser-induced fluorescence of nitric oxide (NO-PLIF). Firstly, we demonstrate that a Nd:YAG laser cluster can be employed to conduct high-speed Rayleigh scattering visualizations of hydrogen-air detonations at 25 kPa, achieving effective visualization frequencies of 2.5MHz in this study. This multipulse Rayleigh scattering diagnostic is complementary to the existing techniques: (i) it enables the characterization of any detonation, from CJ detonations in large aspect ratio channel to marginal detonations in narrow channels;(ii) it is significantly less expensive than typical burst-mode lasers;(iii) it has adjustable visualization frequency, which can go beyond 10MHz with the same energy per pulse. This makes this diagnostic even more suitable for high-pressure detonations or for undiluted conditions, where structures are smaller and detonations faster, respectively;(iv) it is easily applicable to higher initial pressures since the Rayleigh signal scales with number density. Secondly, we combine this multipulse Rayleigh scattering with NO-PLIF to complement the average speed and speed decay measurements with local induction zone length (δi) measurements. This five-beam configuration provides measurement capabilities similar to our previous three beam configuration, outside of the local speed decay. Furthermore, an experimental and numerical assessment reveals that δi measurements cannot be achieved from Rayleigh scattering, as they are significantly underestimated—by approximately 25%—compared to those from NO-PLIF. Hence, NO-PLIF is recommended over Rayleigh scattering for accurate δi measurements in future studies. © 2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.

关键词： Rayleigh scattering

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Automating selective area electron diffraction phase identification using machine learning

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Journal of Materiomics 2024年第4期10卷 896-905页

作者： M.Mika N.Tomczak C.Finney J.Carter A.Aitkaliyeva Nuclear Engineering Program in Department of Materials Science University of Florida100 Rhines HallGainesville32611FLUSA Department of Materials Science&Engineering Case Western Reserve University2111 Martin Luther King Jr DrCleveland44106OHUSA

Selective area electron diffraction(SAED)patterns can provide valuable insight into the structure of a ***,the manual identification of collected patterns can be a significant bottleneck in the overall phase classification *** this work,we utilize the recent advances in computer vision and machine learning(ML)to automate the indexing of SAED *** performance of six different ML algorithms is demonstrated using metallic plutonium-zirconium *** most successful approach trained a neural network(NN)to make a classification of the phase and zone axis,and then utilized a second NN to synthesize multiple independent predictions of different tilts in a single sample to make an overall phase *** results demonstrate that automated SAED phase identification using ML is a viable route to accelerate materials characterization.

关键词： Selective area electron diffraction Machine learning Phase identification Metallic fuels Pu alloys

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Entropy-modulated and interlayer-doped transition metal layered oxides enable high-energy-density sodium-ion capacitors

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 8785-8793页

作者： Tiansheng Wang Yadong Li Zhengyuan Chen Qingshan Liu Jian Lang Langyuan Wu Wendi Dong Zhengyu Ju Hongsen Li Xiaogang Zhang Guihua Yu College of Physics Qingdao UniversityQingdao 266071China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Storage College of Materials Science and TechnologyNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 210016China Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Texas at AustinAustin 78712USA

In recent years,sodium-ion capacitors have attracted attention due to their cost-effectiveness,high power density and similar manufacturing process to lithium-ion ***,the utilization of oxide electrodes in traditional sodium-ion capacitors restricts their further advancement due to the inherent low operating voltage and electrolyte consumption based on their energy storage *** address these challenges,we incorporated Zn,Cu,Ti,and other elements into Na_(0.67)Ni_(0.33)Mn_(0.67)O_(2) to synthesize P2-type Na_(0.7)Ni_(0.28)Mn_(0.6)Zn_(0.05)Cu_(0.02)Ti_(0.05)O_(2) with a modulated entropy and pillaring *** the synergistic interplay between the interlayer pillar and the entropy modulation within the layers,the material exhibits exceptional toughness,effectively shielding it from detrimental phase transitions at elevated voltage *** a result,the material showcases outstanding kinetic properties and long-term cycling stability across the voltage *** integrating these materials with hierarchical porous carbon nanospheres to form a"rocking chair"sodium-ion capacitor,the hybrid full device delivers a high energy density(171 Wh·kg^(-1))and high power density(5245 W·kg^(-1)),as well as outstanding cycling stability(77% capacity retention after 3000 cycles).This work provides an effective material development route to realize simultaneously high energy and power for next-generation sodium-ion capacitors.

关键词： sodium-ion capacitors entropy modulation high power density long-term cycling layered oxide

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Synergistic effect of silicon availability and salinity on metal adsorption in a common estuarine diatom

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Journal of Environmental sciences 2025年第2期148卷 364-374页

作者： Fengyuan Chen Jie Ma Ke Pan SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering Institute for Advanced StudyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Department of Ocean Science The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong 999077China

Increasing nitrogen and phosphorus discharge and decreasing sediment input have made silicon(Si)a limiting element for diatoms in *** in nutrient structure and salinity fluctuation can greatly affect metal uptake by estuarine ***,the combined effects of Si and salinity on metal accumulation in these diatoms have not been *** this study,we aimed to investigate how salinity and Si availability combine to influence the adsorption of metals by a widely distributed diatom Phaeodactylum *** data indicate that replete Si and low salinity in seawater can enhance cadmium and copper adsorption onto the diatom *** the single-cell level,surface potential was a dominant factor determining metal adsorption,while surface roughness also contributed to the highermetal loading capacity at lower *** a combination of noninvasive micro-test technology,atomic force microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,we demonstrate that the diversity and abundance of the functional groups embedded in diatom cell walls vary with salinity and Si *** results in a change in the cell surface potential and transient metal *** study provides novel mechanisms to explain the highly variable metal adsorption capacity of a model estuarine diatom.

关键词： Diatom Metal adsorption Silicon Salinity Functional group Surface potential

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Climate change effect on water temperature and evaporation in Lake Qarun

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Water science 2023年第1期37卷 1-10页

作者： Seif, Elaf Shokr, Hamad Youssef, Adhm M. Sharaf Eddeen, Mohammed Diab, Yasmeen Imam, Yehya E. Environmental Engineering Program University of Science and Technology Zewail City of Science Technology and Innovation Giza Egypt

Climate change can have significant effects on the water and heat budgets of lakes and reservoirs. This study examined the effect of climate change on Lake Qarun through analyzing the temporal variation in lake surface temperature and evaporation from the lake. The analysis was based on the remote-sensing dataset MOD11A1 and the ERA5 climate reanalysis dataset. Daily surface temperatures for 1-km MOD11A1 pixels were filtered to remove outliers, averaged to obtain mean lake temperature, and then aggregated to compute the monthly average lake temperature. Lake evaporation was estimated by applying an un-mixing algorithm to ERA5 evaporation fluxes for mixed land-lake pixels and land-only pixels. The resulting monthly evaporation from the lake was corrected using a regression model based on evaporation estimates available in the literature for Lake Qarun. The regression model performance was confirmed through the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, correlation coefficient, and root mean square error. Over the period 1980 to 2019, findings show that annual evaporation ranged between 140 and 190 cm/year. Maximum average monthly evaporation for the study period is 21 cm in July while the minimum is 6.7 cm in February from 1980 to 2019. For the average lake surface temperature, it varied between ~31.9 and 33.9°C over the period 2000 to 2019. For the same time period, average maximum and minimum monthly temperatures were 44°C in August and 20.1°C in January. It is concluded that the average increase in evaporation and lake surface temperature is 37 mm/decade and 0.4°C/decade, respectively. The increase in both lake surface temperature and evaporation is likely due to climate change effects. However, using datasets with a larger temporal record for lake surface temperature, further studies can be applied for confirmation. Also, further confirmation can be obtained by applying the same analysis to other lakes in Egypt. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited,

关键词： Climate change ERA5 evaporation Lake Qarun MOD11A1

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