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Population Density in Nineteenth-Century American urbanism

ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOGRAPHERS 2024年第9期114卷 2104-2131页

作者： Arsen, Celia Baics, Gergely Meisterlin, Leah Mathematica Princeton NJ USA Columbia Univ Barnard Coll Dept Hist New York NY 10027 USA Columbia Univ Barnard Coll Urban Studies Program New York NY USA Columbia Univ Grad Sch Architecture Planning & Preservat New York NY 10027 USA

Population density and size are the most commonly used metrics for defining modern cities and urbanism. Yet unlike size, density has been overlooked in systematic analyses of the historical development of the U.S. urban system. Deploying large-scale geocoded census microdata on forty major cities in 1880, this article contributes to a systematic understanding of density in late-nineteenth-century U.S. urbanism. Methodologically, we make the case for a block-level, population-weighted density measure that reflects the experience of density and is transferable to other urban contexts. Thematically, we use this measure to compare density across cities, outlining regionally distinct patterns in density and identifying the built environment as a contributing factor to high- versus low-density urban development, and to explore density within cities across population subgroups, finding that immigrants, racial minorities, and lower class residents experienced higher densities at a time when high density increased exposure to health risks. Additionally, throughout the article we draw out preliminary findings worthy of future research about density conditions for particular cities, places, and demographic subgroups.

关键词： GIS inequality nineteenth-century cities population density urban history US urban system

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Getting to school on your own: the correlates of independence and modes of active school travel

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JOURNAL OF ASIAN architecture AND BUILDING ENGINEERING 2023年第3期22卷 1430-1443页

作者： Lee, Jong Seon Park, Yunmi Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Korean Intellectual Property Off Trademark & Design Examinat Bur Seo South Korea Ewha Womans Univ Architectural & Urban Syst Engn Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture & Environm Planning Gwanak Ro 1Gwanak guBldg 82Room 222 Seoul 08826 South Korea

Young people's decreased active and independent travel to schools has prompted many countries to devise various policies, initiatives, and programs to counter the associated health detriments. Meanwhile, scholarly studies have identified how children were walking and biking to school benefits physical and mental health, social and cognitive development, and local government finances. Contributing to the broader spectrum of academic research concerning active travel to school, this study explored independent and active school-travel correlates and analyzed the difference between walking and biking. Survey responses from 367 children in North Carolina indicated that walking was sensitive to mixed land use and positive utility while biking was more connected to physical settings. Perceived environmental safety influenced independent active travel, indicating the need for future programs and initiatives to take different actions when targeting modes and independence of active travel to school.

关键词： Independent active travel to school neighborhood design mixed land use sidewalks positive utility subjective safety settings

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Evaluating the Cooling Effects and Building Energy-Saving Potential of Vegetation and Albedo: A Case Study of Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea

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BUILDINGS 2025年第4期15卷 597-597页

作者： Wang, Yuedong Zhang, Yuhan Song, Younkeun Lee, Junga Li, Guanlin Song, Zipeng Zhou, Zhicheng Zhang, Junxue Xu, Jiacong Li, Jingang Li, Yingnan Jiangsu Univ Dept Environm Design Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Environm Design Seoul 08826 South Korea Korea Univ Div Environm Sci & Ecol Engn Seoul 02841 South Korea Jiangsu Univ Sch Environm & Safety Engn Zhenjiang 212013 Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul 08826 South Korea Jiangsu Univ Sci & Technol Sch Civil Engn & Architecture Zhenjiang 212100 Peoples R China Jilin Jianzhu Univ Sch Architecture & Urban Planning Changchun 130119 Peoples R China Korea Univ OJeong Resilience Inst Seoul 02841 South Korea Southeast Univ Sch Architecture Dept Landscape Architecture Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

Numerous studies have explored the cooling and energy-saving effects of vegetation and reflective materials under extreme heat conditions in urban residential areas. However, few have explored the synergistic effects of vegetation and albedo, particularly in low-rise, high-density residential areas. Therefore, this study selected six typical low-rise, high-density residential areas in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, based on the neighborhood characteristics. This study investigated the cooling effects and energy-saving potential of vegetation and cooling materials through the development of five simulation scenarios. These included original conditions, the application of highly reflective cooling materials, increased vegetation cover, the removal of vegetation cover, and a comprehensive strategy combining cooling materials with enhanced vegetation. These scenarios were analyzed using ENVI-met and DesignBuilder to evaluate their impact on the microclimate and building energy consumption. The results reveal the following: (1) Cooling materials can lower air temperatures by 1.9 degrees C, saving 10.37% in energy consumption during the summer, demonstrating a greater efficiency in reducing air temperature and energy use. (2) Vegetation slightly reduces daytime air temperatures but hampers nighttime cooling in dense low-rise areas, increasing energy demand. Shrubs or grass are preferable to tall trees. (3) Cooling materials had a stronger correlation with energy consumption reduction compared to vegetation. Hence, combining cooling materials with strategically placed vegetation and controlling vegetation size maximized cooling and energy-saving benefits. This study provides valuable insights for urban planners and designers, offering guidance for improving urban microclimates, reducing building energy use, and achieving carbon neutrality goals.

关键词： detached residence microclimate energy consumption cooling material vegetation cover

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Improving Global planning Education by Centering the Experience of International Students in US and Canadian planning Schools

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JOURNAL OF planning EDUCATION AND RESEARCH 2022年第3期42卷 260-267页

作者： Fan, Yingling Hoey, Lesli Das, Ashok Irazabal, Clara Stiftel, Bruce Shatkin, Gavin Owusu, Francis Doan, Petra Fang, Yiping Rumbach, Andrew Univ Minnesota Humphrey Sch Publ Affairs Urban & Reg Planning Minneapolis MN USA Univ Michigan Urban & Reg Planning Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Univ Hawaii Manoa Dept Urban & Reg Planning Honolulu HI 96822 USA Univ Maryland Sch Architecture Planning & Preservat Urban Studies & Planning Program College Pk MD 20742 USA Georgia Inst Technol City & Reg Planning Atlanta GA 30332 USA Northeastern Univ Sch Publ Policy Urban Affairs Boston MA 02115 USA Northeastern Univ Sch Architecture Boston MA 02115 USA Iowa State Univ Dept Community & Reg Planning Ames IA USA Florida State Univ Urban & Reg Planning Tallahassee FL 32306 USA Portland State Univ Toulan Sch Urban Studies Planning Urban & Reg Planning Portland OR 97207 USA Texas A&M Univ Urban Planning College Stn TX USA

This report examines ways to better support international students in U.S. and Canadian planning schools based on a survey and focus groups conducted by the Association of Collegiate Schools of planning Global planning Education Committee (GPEC). Findings show that international students often face alienation and structural barriers to navigating universities and living in an unfamiliar culture, along with identity ambiguity, inadequate career services, and narrowly focused urban planning curricula. This suggests the need for greater mentorship;explicit recognition in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts;tailored professional development;and more holistic support systems.

关键词： education international planning diversity equity student experience

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Migration and integration of middle-class Venezuelans in Costa Rica: Drivers, capitals, and livelihoods

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WELLBEING SPACE AND SOCIETY 2023年 5卷

作者： Mcmanus, Sophie Iraz, Clara Univ Maryland Sch Architecture Planning & Preservat Urban Studies & Planning Program College Pk MD 20742 USA

The current Venezuelan crisis has spurred one of the largest mass migrations in Latin American history, with estimates of more than 7 million migrants leaving Venezuela (UNHCR, 2023). Most Venezuelans leaving the country are economically disenfranchised migrants fleeing to neighboring countries with limited economic re-sources. However, there are upper-and middle-class well-educated Venezuelans migrating to other parts of Latin America whose socio-economic status allows for a different migration experience. This paper draws on quali-tative research conducted in 2020-2022 which investigated the dynamics of the upper-and middle-class Ven-ezuelan diaspora settled in the suburbs of San Jose ', Costa Rica. Specifically, the research focused on the migration and integration experiences of Venezuelans in Escazu and Santa Ana, modern, upscale suburbs, due to their rapid increase of Venezuelan population. This paper draws on 14 semi-structured interviews in an effort to contribute to the theoretical understanding of the migration and integration process and answer the questions: (1) What are the factors influencing migrants' decisions to migrate;(2) what capitals do migrants have and how do they mobilize them;and (3) what do the personal accounts of migration decisions and experiences reveal about the overall well-being of migrants? We build on the Push/Pull Plus Migration Drivers (Van Hear et al., 2018) and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (Sen, 1981;Chambers, 1983) as analytical frameworks. Findings suggest that our composite framework provides a useful lens through which to understand the decision to migrate for upper and middle class Venezuelan migrants to Costa Rica, and sheds light on the initial stages of their integration process. The addition of cultural and political capitals as assets relevant for understanding migration livelihoods is critical in migratory contexts and shed light on the ways in which migrants navigate the formal and informal integration proc

关键词： Migration Integration Venezuelans Costa Rica Livelihoods Drivers Capitals

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Beyond Desakota: the urbanization process and spatial restructuring in contemporary Vietnam

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urban RESEARCH & PRACTICE 2023年第4期16卷 582-604页

作者： Hong, Nami Kim, Saehoon Seoul Natl Univ Interdisciplinary Program Urban Design Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Dept Landscape Architecture Urban Design Concentrat Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Integrated Major Smart City Global Convergence Seoul South Korea

This study explored Vietnam's urbanization process and spatial restructuring over the last 30 years to conceptualize a new phenomenon challenging the concept of desakota. We constructed socioeconomic and urban land cover data from 1987 to 2018. Furthermore, we compared the urbanization process with the economic transition and mapped urban land growth patterns. The study found the following urbanization features: (1) fluctuating process of urbanization by development stage in a transitional economy, (2) formation of heterogeneous spatial patterns in metropolitan regions, (3) dramatic landscape changes caused by capitalistic property developments, and (4) functional reordering among urban centers and newly urbanized areas.

关键词： Spatial urbanization urban land growth desakota Vietnam developing countries Southeast Asia

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Predicting Changes in the Built Environment in the era of Vehicular Automation: A Review

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JOURNAL OF planning LITERATURE 2023年第2期38卷 215-228页

作者： Jeong, Jindo Lee, Juhyun Gim, Tae-Hyoung Tommy Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Seoul South Korea Xian Jiaotong Liverpool Univ Dept Urban Planning & Design RChina Suzhou Peoples R China Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Seoul South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture Gwanak ro 1Bldg 82Room 222 Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Gwanak ro 1Bldg 82Room 222 Seoul 08826 South Korea

We conducted a comprehensive investigation into the relationship between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and the built environment (BE). We explored how various potential changes in transportation by AVs may influence the BE using the D-variables: density, diversity, design, and destination accessibility. Our review revealed that AVs could cause drastic changes to all aspects of the BE;however, the extent of these changes strongly depends on uncertainties in technology, policy, and transportation modes. Further research into AVs-BE relationships should focus on developing comprehensive scenarios, accounting for these uncertainties and regional and social characteristics.

关键词： autonomous vehicles density diversity design destination accessibility land use-transportation interaction urban transportation

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An Investigation of Socio-Spatial Equality in Blue-Green Space at the Setu Babakan Area, Jakarta

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Aristyowati Ellisa, Evawani Gamal, Ahmad Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia Indonesia Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia Graduate Program of Urban & Regional Planning Universitas Indonesia SMART CITY Center Indonesia

This research focuses on the dynamic interplay between blue-green public spaces, urban food environments, and cultural place branding in the Setu Babakan area of Jakarta, home to the Betawi Cultural Village. While the area functions as a multi-faceted public asset, encompassing both Green Open Space (GOS) and Blue Open Space (BOS), the actual utilization of these spaces reveals disparities. Employing mixed methods, this study aims to holistically capture the complexities surrounding utilizing Setu Babakan’s blue-green spaces from the vantage points of visitor perceptions, street vendors, and governmental policies. The study found that both visitors and local traders were highlighting the need for equitable access to this vital public amenity. Factors such as accessibility and the density of local traders complicate the quest for socio-spatial equality. The presence of 6 (six) distinct types of warungs or street vendor stalls, which spontaneously emerge in the transitional zones between blue-green public spaces and private community lands, underscores the local government’s challenge in crafting policies that achieve legal and inclusive socio-spatial fairness. This study suggests that Setu Babakan embodies a unique confluence of cultural, social, and environmental values, offering a blueprint for how multifunctional public spaces can cater to diverse urban needs while fostering community well-being. As such, it calls for regulatory clarity, suggesting implementing formalized guidelines like temporary permits or designated zones to harmonize the competing demands of the informal economy and environmental sustainability. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Sustainable development

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Spaces Eliciting Negative and Positive Emotions in Shrinking Neighbourhoods: a Study in Seoul, South Korea, Using EEG (Electroencephalography)

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JOURNAL OF urban HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 2022年第2期99卷 245-259页

作者： Cho, Hyung Rae Kim, Saehoon Lee, Jae Seung Seoul Natl Univ Grad Sch Environm Studies Interdisciplinary Program Landscape Architecture 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Grad Sch Environm Studies 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Environm Planning Inst Urban Design Concentrat 1 Gwanak Ro Seoul 08826 South Korea

Although shrinking neighbourhoods are places where urban citizens experience negative emotions, some evidence suggests that people in some shrinking neighbourhoods feel less negative emotions than in other areas. Nevertheless, empirical studies that analyse environmental and personal elements that affect people's emotions in a shrinking neighbourhood remain insufficient. This is rather surprising, considering an increasing interest in the effects of negative emotions on individuals' health. Thus, this study used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the impacts of environmental and personal characteristics on people's emotional levels in a shrinking area of Seoul, South Korea. A multilinear regression model was used to analyse emotional valence levels between sites with different urban designs and management levels. The results revealed that people felt positive emotions at sites where both urban design factors and their management were both satisfactory at appropriate levels. The results also found that people who had lived or worked in the neighbourhood for a long time and were women experienced more positive emotions than visitors and men. This finding implies that a shrinking neighbourhood can maintain a sense of satisfaction as long as the area is carefully managed. Revealing the emotional effects of environmental and personal characteristics in a shrinking neighbourhood can be used for planning practices and policy-making to create healthy and liveable urban neighbourhoods.

关键词： urban shrinkage urban design Emotion Health Neighbourhood disorder Electroencephalography (EEG)

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Gating Tegucigalpa, Honduras: The paradoxical effects of ?Safer Barrios?

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JOURNAL OF urban AFFAIRS 2022年第1期44卷 57-79页

作者： Handal, Cristina Irazabal, Clara New Sch 72 Fifth Ave New York NY 10011 USA Univ Missouri Latinx & Latin Amer Studies Program Kansas City MO 64110 USA Univ Missouri Planning Dept Architecture Urban Planning & Design AUPD Kansas City MO 64110 USA

This paper analyzes the paradoxical political and socio-spatial dynamics created by ?Safer Barrios,? a security program that redefines notions of citizenship, governance, participation, and space in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The rapid proliferation of street gates sanctioned by the state under this program is producing understudied effects both within and outside the gates throughout the city, a phenomenon that this study qualitatively analyzes. The findings reveal that these newly gated residential areas demand a more nuanced analysis than that which traditional gated communities have received in the past;this stems from their different constitution and consequences, particularly the program?s unique relationship to and sponsorship by the local government. The program paradoxically fosters a greater sense of community and safety for participants while negatively affecting mobility and sociability for the rest of city residents. The findings hold critical implications for city design, planning, and policymaking.

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