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Retraction notice to "Toxicity assessment of SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides in combination with a mix of pollutants on zebrafish adults: A perspective study of behavioral, biometric, mutagenic, and biochemical toxicity" [Sci. Total Environ. 858 Part 2 (2023) 159838]

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The Science of the total environment 2024年 957卷 177710页

作者： Ítalo Nascimento Freitas Amanda Vieira Dourado Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo Sindoval Silva de Souza Thiarlen Marinho da Luz Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães Alex Rodrigues Gomes Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam Md Mostafizur Rahman Andrés Hugo Arias Davoodbasha Mubarak Ali Chinnasamy Ragavendran Chinnaperumal Kamaraj Guilherme Malafaia Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Sciences Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Begum Rokeya University Department of Disaster Management Rangpur 5404 Bangladesh. Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar University Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO) Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET Florida 8000 Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca Edificio E1 B8000BFW Bahía Blanca Argentina. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410 Brunei Darussalam. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai India. Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) Directorate of Research and Virtual Education SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) Kattankulathur 603203 Tamil Nadu India. Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil

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Cellulose microcrystalline: A promising ecofriendly approach to control Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

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The Science of the total environment 2023年 901卷 165952页

作者： Sindoval Silva de Souza Alex Rodrigues Gomes Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues Letícia Paiva de Matos Juliana Dos Santos Mendonça Thiarlen Marinho da Luz Stênio Gonçalves da Silva Matos M Safiur Rahman Chinnasamy Ragavendran Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan Ajay Guru Md Refat Jahan Rakib Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak Md Mostafizur Rahman Thiago Lopes Rocha Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam Guilherme Malafaia Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento 25 km Zona Rural Urutaí GO Brazil. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento 25 km Zona Rural Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali 3814 Bangladesh. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals (SIMATS) Saveetha University Chennai Tamil Nadu India. Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu 627 412 India. Department of Cariology Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals SIMATS Chennai 600 077 Tamil Nadu India. Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410 Brunei Darussalam Department of Biosciences Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India. Jahangirnagar University Dhaka-1342 Bangladesh. Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health Federal University of Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil. Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh. Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural

The growing use of synthetic chemical compounds/substances in vector control of mosquitoes, associated with their adverse effects on the environment and non-target organisms, has demanded the development of eco-friendly alternatives. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal action of different cellulose microcrystalline (CMs) concentrations and investigate their toxicity mechanisms in Culex quinquefasciatus fourth instar larvae as a model species. Probit analysis revealed that the median lethal concentrations (LC) for 24 h and 36 h exposure were 100 and 58.29 mg/L, respectively. We also showed that such concentrations induced a redox imbalance in the larvae, marked by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as a reduction in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, different alterations in the external morphology of the larvae were associated with the ingestion of CMs. On the other hand, exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to LC24h and LC36h for seven days did not induce any behavioral changes or alterations mutagenic, genotoxic, biochemical, or in the production of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10. Thus, taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that the use of CMs can constitute a promising strategy in the control of C. quinquefasciatus larvae, combining insecticidal efficiency with an "eco-friendly" approach in the fight against an important mosquito vector of several human diseases.

关键词： Eco-friendly particles Ecotoxicity Larvicide assay Mosquitoes Vector control Zebrafish

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Retraction notice to "Managing the invisible threat of microplastics in marine ecosystems: Lessons from coast of the Bay of Bengal" [Sci. Total Environ. 889 (2023) 164224]

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The Science of the total environment 2024年 957卷 177730页

作者： Al-Nure Mubin Shahoriar Arefin Md Sonir Mia Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam A B M Mainul Bari Md Saiful Islam Mir Mohammad Ali Md Abu Bakar Siddique M Safiur Rahman Venkatramanan Senapathi Abubakr M Idris Guilherme Malafaia Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh. Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh Department of Development Studies Daffodil International University Dhaka 1216 Bangladesh. Department of Industrial and Production Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh. Department of Soil Science Patuakhali Science and Technology University Dumki Patuakhali 8602 Bangladesh. Department of Aquaculture Sher - e - Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh. Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS) Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Chemistry Division Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka (AECD) Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh. Department of Disaster Management Alagappa University Karaikudi Tamilnadu India. Department of Chemistry College of Science King Khalid University Abha 62529 Saudi Arabia Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS) King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil.

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Retraction notice to "Cellulose microcrystalline: A promising ecofriendly approach to control Culex quinquefasciatus larvae" [STOTEN 901 (2023) 165952]

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The Science of the total environment 2024年 957卷 177685页

作者： Sindoval Silva de Souza Alex Rodrigues Gomes Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues Letícia Paiva de Matos Juliana Dos Santos Mendonça Thiarlen Marinho da Luz Stênio Gonçalves da Silva Matos M Safiur Rahman Chinnasamy Ragavendran Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan Ajay Guru Md Refat Jahan Rakib Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak Md Mostafizur Rahman Thiago Lopes Rocha Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam Guilherme Malafaia Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goi'as Goiânia GO Brazil Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento 25 km Zona Rural Urutaí GO Brazil. Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento 25 km Zona Rural Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil. Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali 3814 Bangladesh. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals (SIMATS) Saveetha University Chennai Tamil Nadu India. Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu 627 412 India. Department of Cariology Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals SIMATS Chennai 600 077 Tamil Nadu India. Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410 Brunei Darussalam Department of Biosciences Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India. Jahangirnagar University Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh. Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health Federal University of Goiás Goiânia Goiás Brazil. Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh. Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil

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Managing the invisible threat of microplastics in marine ecosystems: Lessons from coast of the Bay of Bengal

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The Science of the total environment 2023年 889卷 164224页

作者： Al-Nure Mubin Shahoriar Arefin Md Sonir Mia Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam A B M Mainul Bari Md Saiful Islam Mir Mohammad Ali Md Abu Bakar Siddique M Safiur Rahman Venkatramanan Senapathi Abubakr M Idris Guilherme Malafaia Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh. Department of Disaster Management Begum Rokeya University Rangpur 5400 Bangladesh Department of Development Studies Daffodil International University Dhaka 1216 Bangladesh. Electronic address: towfiq_dm@brur.ac.bd. Department of Industrial and Production Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh. Department of Soil Science Patuakhali Science and Technology University Dumki Patuakhali 8602 Bangladesh. Department of Aquaculture Sher - e - Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh. Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS) Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Chemistry Division Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka (AECD) Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh. Department of Disaster Management Alagappa University Karaikudi Tamilnadu India. Department of Chemistry College of Science King Khalid University Abha 62529 Saudi Arabia Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS) King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia. Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources Goiano Federal Institute Urutaí GO Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Ecology Conservation and Biodiversity Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia MG Brazil Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity Federal University of Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil. Electronic address: guilhermeifgoiano@***.

Invisible microplastics (MP) have become a significant problem worldwide in recent years. Although many studies have highlighted the sources, effects, and fate of MPs pollution on various ecosystems in developed countries, there is limited information on MPs in the marine ecosystem along the northeastern coast of the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Coastal ecosystems along the BoB coasts are critical to a biodiverse ecology that supports human survival and resource extraction. However, the multi-environmental hotspots, ecotoxicity effects, transport mechanisms, fates, and intervention measures to control MP pollution initiatives along the BoB coasts have received little attention. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the multi-environmental hotspots, ecotoxicity effects, sources, fates, and intervention measures of MP in the northeastern BoB to understand how MP spreads in the nearshore marine ecosystem. This study critically evaluates the hotspots and ecotoxic effects of pollution from MP on the coastal multi-environment, e.g., soil, sediment, salt, water, and fish, as well as current intervention measures and additional mitigation recommendations. This study identified the northeastern part of the BoB as a hotspot for MP. In addition, the transport mechanisms and fate of MP in different environmental compartments are highlighted, as are research gaps and potential future research areas. Research on the ecotoxic effects of MP on BoB marine ecosystems must be a top priority, given the increasing use of plastics and the presence of significant marine products worldwide. The knowledge gained from this study would inform decision-makers and stakeholders in a way that could reduce the impact of the legacy of micro- and nanoplastics in the area. This study also proposes structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the effects of MPs and promote sustainable management.

关键词： Bay of Bengal coast Marine ecosystem Marine pollution Microplastic Sustainable management

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Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

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Science Advances 2024年第6期10卷 eadj5778页

作者： Vlasceanu, Madalina Doell, Kimberly C. Bak-Coleman, Joseph B. Todorova, Boryana Berkebile-Weinberg, Michael M. Grayson, Samantha J. Patel, Yash Goldwert, Danielle Pei, Yifei Chakroff, Alek Pronizius, Ekaterina van den Broek, Karlijn L. Vlasceanu, Denisa Constantino, Sara Morais, Michael J. Schumann, Philipp Rathje, Steve Fang, Ke Aglioti, Salvatore Maria Alfano, Mark Alvarado-Yepez, Andy J. Andersen, Angélica Anseel, Frederik Apps, Matthew A.J. Asadli, Chillar Awuor, Fonda Jane Azevedo, Flavio Basaglia, Piero Bélanger, Jocelyn J. Berger, Sebastian Bertin, Paul Bialek, Michal Bialobrzeska, Olga Blaya-Burgo, Michelle Bleize, Daniëlle N.M. Bø, Simen Boecker, Lea Boggio, Paulo S. Borau, Sylvie Bos, Björn Bouguettaya, Ayoub Brauer, Markus Brick, Cameron Brik, Tymofii Briker, Roman Brosch, Tobias Buchel, Ondrej Buonauro, Daniel Butalia, Radhika Carvacho, Héctor Chamberlain, Sarah A.E. Chan, Hang-Yee Chow, Dawn Chung, Dongil Cian, Luca Cohen-Eick, Noa Contreras-Huerta, Luis Sebastian Contu, Davide Cristea, Vladimir Cutler, Jo D'Ottone, Silvana De Keersmaecker, Jonas Delcourt, Sarah Delouvée, Sylvain Diel, Kathi Douglas, Benjamin D. Drupp, Moritz A. Dubey, Shreya Ekmanis, Jānis Elbaek, Christian T. Elsherif, Mahmoud Engelhard, Iris M. Escher, Yannik A. Etienne, Tom W. Farage, Laura Farias, Ana Rita Feuerriegel, Stefan Findor, Andrej Freira, Lucia Friese, Malte Gains, Neil Philip Gallyamova, Albina Geiger, Sandra J. Genschow, Oliver Gjoneska, Biljana Gkinopoulos, Theofilos Goldberg, Beth Goldenberg, Amit Gradidge, Sarah Grassini, Simone Gray, Kurt Grelle, Sonja Griffin, Siobhán M. Grigoryan, Lusine Grigoryan, Ani Grigoryev, Dmitry Gruber, June Guilaran, Johnrev Hadar, Britt Hahnel, Ulf J.J. Halperin, Eran Harvey, Annelie J. Haugestad, Christian A.P. Herman, Aleksandra M. Hershfield, Hal E. Himichi, Toshiyuki Hine, Donald W. Hofmann, Wilhelm Howe, Lauren Huaman-Chulluncuy, Enma T. Huang, Guanxiong Ishii, Tatsunori Ito, Ayahito Jia, Fanli Jost, John T. Jovanović, Veljko Jurgiel, Dominika Kácha, Ondřej Kankaanpää, Reeta Kant Department of Psychology New York University New YorkNY10003 United States Department of cognition emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna1010 Austria Craig newmark center for Journalism ethics and Security Columbia University New YorkNY10018 United States Institute for Rebooting Social Media Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Psychology Stanford University StanfordcA94305 United States San luis Obispo cA93405 United States Copernicus institute of Sustainable development Utrecht University Utrecht3584 cB Netherlands Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Psychology Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Amazon SeattleWA98109 United States Department of Psychology Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Oldenburg26129 Germany Santa lucia Foundation IRccS Rome179 Italy Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome185 Italy Department of Philosophy Macquarie University SydneynSW2000 Australia Universidad Peruana cayetano heredia San Martín de Porres15102 Peru Post-Graduation Program in linguistics Federal University of Paraná Curitiba80060150 Brazil UnSW Business School University of new South Wales SydneynSW2052 Australia Centre for human Brain health School of Psychology University of Birmingham BirminghamB15 2tt United Kingdom Psychology Scientific Research institute Baku Azerbaijan Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research institute Kisumu1881-40100 Kenya Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen9712tS Netherlands Department of economics University of hamburg Hamburg20146 Germany De-partment of Psychology New York University Abu dhabi Abu dhabi129188 United Arab Emirates Department of Sociology University of Bern Bern3012 Switzerland LAPcOS Univers

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors. © 2024 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved.

关键词： Climate change

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Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18: a modelling study

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第6期8卷 e363-e375页

作者： Sartorius, Benn VanderHeide, John D. Yang, Mingyou Goosmann, Erik A. Hon, Julia Haeuser, Emily Cork, Michael A. Perkins, Samantha Jahagirdar, Deepa Schaeffer, Lauren E. Serfes, Audrey L. LeGrand, Kate E. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abebo, Zeleke Hailemariam Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou Adebayo, Oladimeji M. Adegbosin, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Akalu, Yonas Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Aklilu, Addis Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Noore Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw Alanzi, Turki M. Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Tilahun Alipour, Vahid Amini, Saeed Ancuceanu, Robert Ansari, Fereshteh Anteneh, Zelalem Alamrew Anvari, Davood Anwer, Razique Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Asemahagn, Mulusew A. Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asmare, Wondwossen Niguse Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atreya, Alok Ausloos, Marcel Awedew, Atalel Fentahun Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din Baig, Atif Amin Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Basu, Sanjay Bayati, Mohsen Bedi, Neeraj Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M. Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bibi, Sadia Bikbov, Boris Birhan, Tsegaye Adane Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Bockarie, Moses John Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath Butt, Zahid A. Cárdenas, Rosario Carvalho, Felix Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Cook, Aubrey J. Cormier, Natalie Maria Cowden, Richard G. Culquichicon, Carlos Dagnew, Baye Dahlawi, Saad M.A. D Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Insights Program Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle WA United States Global Programs Medical Teams International Seattle WA United States Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA United States Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia College of Medicine and Health Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Biomedical Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Brehan

Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique,

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