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Heterogeneity of the Dominant Causes of Performance Loss in End-of-Life Cathodes and Their Consequences for Direct Recycling

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Advanced Energy Materials 2025年第0期

作者： Popeil, Melissa Usseglio-Viretta, Francois L.E. Pu, Xiaofei Gasper, Paul Dutta, Nikita Wang, Evelyna Allen, Eva Mangum, John S. Sunderlin, Nathaniel Fink, Kae Allen, Jeffery M. Weddle, Peter J. DeCaluwe, Steven C. Finegan, Donal P. Mines/NREL Advanced Energy Systems Graduate Program Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO80401 United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory GoldenCO80401 United States Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL60439 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO80401 United States

Recycling Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles is critical for reducing costs and supporting the development of a domestic battery supply chain. Direct recycling of cathodes, like LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC), is attractive due to its low cost, energy use, and emissions compared to traditional recycling techniques. However, a comprehensive understanding of the active material properties at end-of-life is needed to guide direct recycling processes and the performance-dependent reuse applications. Here, NMC material from an end-of-life commercial pouch cell is characterized and bench-marked against pristine non-cycled counterparts with respect to capacity, impedance, crystallography, morphology, and microstructure to identify major degradation modes and understand variability in the end-of-life material. The spatial heterogeneity of each property throughout the cell is also quantified. While the degraded material demonstrated similar capacity as the pristine, its impedance and rate capability are severely diminished. Furthermore, samples from the periphery of the electrode layers showed more severe performance loss compared to samples extracted from central regions. The dominant culprit of performance loss is the material microstructure, where the magnitude of particle cracking showed the strongest correlation to the impedance components that are most unfavorably impacted. This work suggests severe cracks in cathode active materials are the primary challenge that direct recycling methods must overcome. © 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Energy Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： battery NMC recycling

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Strategic legislation for the promotion of university–industry collaborations: a case study of Taiwan

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Journal of Technology Transfer 2025年第1期50卷 304-344页

作者： Truong, Thanh Hue Lin, Bou-Wen Tung, Ching-Pin International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development National Taiwan University No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei106 Taiwan Research Center for Future Earth National Taiwan University No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei106 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Business Administration College of Management National Taiwan University No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei106 Taiwan National Applied Research Laboratories No. 106 Sec. 2 Heping E. Rd. Da’an Dist. Taipei City106214 Taiwan Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering National Taiwan University No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei106 Taiwan

The strategic utilization of technology to enhance industrial competitiveness and product quality is pivotal for economic growth. As universities own more inventions, collaborative efforts between industry and academia become essential for regional competitiveness and overall economic advancement. This study explores Taiwan’s systematic approach to upgrading its infrastructure, emphasizing the significance of University–Industry Collaborations (UIC) in realizing Industry 4.0. Government strategies and policy decisions emerge as key drivers in fostering successful collaborative projects between industry and university teams. The relaxation of restrictions, particularly related to part-time teachers and technology transfer, along with the promotion of corporate programs, effective use of public funding, and the development of an innovative digital platform system for UIC, collectively contribute to establishing a robust university–industry cooperation mechanism. This mechanism has contributed to Taiwan’s move towards new digital advances in innovation and entrepreneurship, fostering industrial leadership and efficient governance. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Technology transfer

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Past socio-political transitions away from coal and gas show challenges and opportunities ahead

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Environmental Research Letters 2025年第6期20卷

作者： Xie, Judy Jingwei Brutschin, Elina Rogelj, Joeri Staffell, Iain Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London London United Kingdom Grantham Institute Imperial College London London United Kingdom Energy Climate and Environment Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA United States

Transitioning away from fossil fuels presents substantial challenges, given the growing mismatch between pledges submitted to international climate negotiations and the mitigation strategies that limit warming to below 1.5 °C or 2 °C presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report. The scientific case for phasing out coal-fired electricity is clear, and many countries are progressing towards this. However, despite widespread concerns about risks and trade-offs, natural gas is often considered a bridge fuel, and there is currently no progress towards phasing down its capacity. Previous work on the political feasibility of coal phase-out only considered limited socio-political factors, missing the importance of governance quality and policies supporting the energy transition. There is even more limited understanding of factors associated with gas phase-down, while Europe and North America fall behind trajectories required to limit warming below 1.5 °C. We use multivariate regression and clustering analyses on over four decades of data to investigate the drivers and synergies of coal and gas transitions. This reveals opportunities to overcome fossil fuel lock-in through renewable energy expansion, energy policy reforms, and power market restructuring. Countries with greater reliance on fossil fuel infrastructure and workforce face additional difficulties in phase out. Social factors such as higher belief in climate change are positively linked with more ambitious coal phase-out efforts. However, disentangling these links for gas remains difficult given the limited historical evidence of phase-down progress. We identify four archetypes (Coal Reliance, Gas Reliance, Limited Policy, and Transition Underway) that illustrate different ways countries have transitioned from coal and gas over time. These provide blueprints for potential future transitions in other countries. Recognizing the diverse social, political, and institutional factors

关键词： K-means clustering

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Synergetic effects of multiple junction and surface hydroxyl in Cu/CuO/Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructures towards highly efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen generation

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Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2025年 8卷 131-142页

作者： Subagyo, Riki Anindika, Garcelina Rizky Aufkani, Afif Akmal Zhang, Lei Ardhyananta, Hosta Burhan, R.Y. Perry Nugraheni, Zjahra Vianita Akhlus, Syafsir Bahruji, Hasliza Prasetyoko, Didik Wellia, Diana Vanda Ivansyah, Atthar Luqman Arramel Kusumawati, Yuly Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Analytic Data Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya60111 Indonesia Center of Excellence Applied Physics and Chemistry Nano Center Indonesia Jl PUSPIPTEK South Tangerang Banten15314 Indonesia Department of Physics National University of Singapore Singapore117551 Singapore Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya60111 Indonesia Centre of Advanced Material and Energy Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam Jalan Tungku Link BE 1410 Brunei Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Andalas Padang25163 Indonesia Master Program in Computational Science Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha No. 10 Bandung40132 Indonesia Instrumentation and Computational Physics Research Group Department of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha No.10 West Java Bandung40132 Indonesia

The implementation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a photocatalyst material in hydrogen (H2) evolution reaction (HER) has embarked renewed interest in the past decade. Rapid electron-hole pairs recombination and wide band gap of a photo-sensitive material of TiO2 are detrimental toward the targeted catalytical reaction. In this study, we present the rational design, fabrication, photocatalytic performance of TiO2-Cu/CuO/Cu2O heterostructures (CuTi) using viable chemical reduction method. The Z-scheme and S-scheme are succesfully generated across the TiO2/CuO/Cu2O interfaces, while the Schottky junction arises on the Cu perimeters. This is evidenced from the blue shifted about 0.3 eV of Cu 2p core level determined by using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), in combination with the formation of inverse V-shape of the Mott-Schottky plots. In addition, we find that Cu/CuO/Cu2O facilitates photon absorption range up to the visible region. The multiple heterojunction and the large number of OHsurface enhanced charge carrier transfer are associated to the suppression of photoluminescence (PL) intensity, high surface hydroxyl (OHsurface) density in CuTi probed by XPS, and fast electron transfer based on the electrochemical measurements. The presence of OHsurface inhibits the recombination of electron. A significant H2 photogeneration rate enhancement is achieved when an optimized 5 wt% Cu/CuO/Cu2O concentration is used on TiO2 to achieve 7,157.19 μmol·g−1 (1,789.30 μmol·g−1·h−1). Based on this finding, zero emission energy innitiative could be materialized under multiple heterojunctions in photocatalytic process is beneficial for enhancing the H2 production. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Titanium dioxide

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A Zero Harmonic Distortion Grid-Connected Grid-Forming Converter for Battery Energy Storage System Applications

A Zero Harmonic Distortion Grid-Connected Grid-Forming Conve...

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Annual IEEE Conference on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Gabriel V. Ramos Thiago M. Parreiras Fangzhou Zhao Xiongfei Wang Braz de J. C. Filho Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Department of Electrical Engineering Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil Department of Energy Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark Division of Electric Power and Energy Systems KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden Department of Electrical Engineering Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil

ISBN: (数字)9798331516116

ISBN: (纸本)9798331516123

The work proposes the Zero Harmonic Distortion Converter (ZHD) as a grid-connected grid-forming (GFM) converter due to its unique sinusoidal characteristic without capacitive filters, low parts count, and off-the-shelf power circuitry with a simple open-loop control structure that does not contribute to possible control interaction and resonances in grid-connected mode. These characteristic are reached by a harmonic cancellation in a three-winding transformer along with harmonic elimination using the Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHE PWM). The ZHD GFM converter is a compelling alternative for GFM battery energy storage systems (BESS) in medium-voltage applications.

关键词： Filters Battery energy storage system Medium voltage Pulse width modulation Harmonic analysis Harmonic distortion Voltage control Power harmonic filters Grid forming Voltage-source converters

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Numerical study of cavitating flow in orifices and its effect on spray characteristics

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2018年第5期30卷 908-919页

作者： Morteza Ghorbani Mechatronics Engineering Program Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Sabanci University Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems KTH Royal Institute of Technology

The bubbly flow regime inside orifices has significant effects on several applications, and studying its trend along an orifice could be helpful in identifying the flow mechanism in various situations. The flow regime inside an orifice depends on the situation which has been specified for the orifice. Orifice geometry has a considerable effect on bubbly flow in injectors. Meanwhile, spray characteristics are influenced by the fuel flow inside an orifice, which has strong effects on the mixture of fuel-air. In this study, spray characteristics are studied for different values of the orifice angle. The cavitation phenomenon which occurs inside an orifice varies in intensity and patterns at different angles of the orifice and consequently has diverse effects on spray characteristics. The governing equations are solved by the SIMPLE algorithm. The spray flow is modeled by the discrete droplet method（DDM）, the droplet breakup is modeled by the WAVE model, and the primary breakup is modeled by the DIESEL BREAK UP model. In order to generate cavitation phenomenon inside orifices and investigate its effect on spray characteristics, the angle of orifice with respect to the injector body is varied and the problem is studied for different angles of orifice.

关键词： Cavitation iinjector angle microchannel spray

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Survey of the Tsuzuraozaki Underwater Archaeological Site Using Hovering Type Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Survey of the Tsuzuraozaki Underwater Archaeological Site Us...

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International Symposium on Underwater Technology

作者： Ryo Miyakawa Issei Odasaki Kenichi Yano Michio Kumagai Harumi Sugimatsu Shogo Inoue Yuya Nishida Dept. of Life Science and Systems Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Kitakyushu Japan Dept. of Human Inteligence Systems Kyushu Institute of Technology Kitakyushu Japan College of Letters Japanese History Program Ritsumeikan University Kyoto Japan Research Organization of Science and Technology Ritsumeikan University Kyoto Japan Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo Meguro Japan Ocean Research Department IDEA Consultants Inc. Setagaya Japan

ISBN: (数字)9798331534189

ISBN: (纸本)9798331534196

Many pottery have been discovered in the waters around Tsuzuraozaki, which is located on the northern shore of Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture. However the cause of the archaeological site has not yet been determined, because of the depth and high turbidity of the water, it is difficult for divers to investigate the area. Therefore, in December 2023, we conducted an observation survey of the lake bed by mounting a camera on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Tuna-Sand2. We created a mosaic image by enhancing the image with Malti-Scale Retinex and pasting it along the trajectory of the AUV. The survey results showed the location of the pottery-like objects and the surrounding terrain. However, it is difficult to determine from the image whether the object is pottery or not, and in which period it was made. In future research, we aim to delve deeper into the intricacies of the objects found in this survey. In addition, it is also essential to have a technology that can remove floating matter from images of water with high turbidity.

关键词： Surveys Autonomous underwater vehicles Navigation Turbidity Grasping Lakes Cameras Trajectory Sediments Underwater technology

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Relativistic Quantum Simulation of Hydrogen Sulfide for Hydrogen Energy via Hybrid Quantum-Classical Algorithms

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Hwang, Chi-Chuan Su, Cheng-Fang Yang, Jung-Fan Department of Engineering Science National Cheng Kung University Tainan City701 Taiwan Department of Applied Mathematics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30010 Taiwan Undergraduate Degree Program of Systems Engineering and Technology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu City30010 Taiwan Chung Cheng Institute of Technology National Defense University Taoyuan City33551 Taiwan

We present a hybrid quantum-classical computational framework for simulating relativistic quantum chemical systems using the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). Our approach integrates relativistic electron integrals derived from the Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian with quantum circuit models constructed via Jordan–Wigner transformation. By employing both heuristic and chemistry-inspired ansätze, we compute ground-state energies and potential energy surfaces (PES) for benchmark molecules including H2, H2O, and H2S. Active-space reduction and Hartree–Fock embedding techniques are used to minimize the number of qubits and Pauli terms, enabling efficient simulation on near-term quantum devices. Our results demonstrate that VQE can reproduce classical full-configuration-interaction energies with millihartree-level accuracy, even under relativistic Hamiltonians. We observe consistent relativistic energy shifts and orbital contraction effects, particularly for the sulfur-containing H2S molecule. The constructed PES allow for equilibrium geometry prediction and activation energy analysis. This work highlights the feasibility and scalability of applying quantum algorithms to relativistic electronic structure problems, paving the way for future simulations of heavier-element systems in quantum chemistry. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Molecular orbitals

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Change in Magnetic Order in NiPS3 Single Crystals Induced by a Molecular Intercalation

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Chemistry of Materials 2025年第10期37卷 3594-3607页

作者： Chakraborty, Nirman Harchol, Adi Arnold, Beatriz Costa Sharma, Kusha Prabhu Gaonkar, Diksha Abu-Hariri, Azhar Yadav, Rajesh Kumar Dawod, Muhamed Eyal, Anna Amouyal, Yaron Brumme, Thomas Heine, Thomas Naveh, Doron Lifshitz, Efrat Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Solid State Institute Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute Grand Program for Energy and the Helen Diller Quantum Center Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa3200003 Israel Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Bautzner Landstr. 400 Dresden01328 Germany Center for Advanced Systems Understanding CASUS Untermarkt 20 Gorlitz02826 Germany Faculty of Engineering Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan5290002 Israel Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan5290002 Israel Department of Materials Science and Engineering Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa3200003 Israel Department of Physics Technion Haifa3200003 Israel Department of Theoretical Chemistry Technische Universität Dresden Bergstrasse 66 Dresden01069 Germany Yonsei University and ibs-cnm Seoul120-749 Korea Republic of

Intercalation is a robust method for tuning the physical properties of a vast number of van der Waals (vdW) materials. However, the prospects of using intercalation to modify magnetism in van der Waals (vdW) systems and the associated mechanisms have not been adequately studied. In this work, we modulated magnetic order in XY antiferromagnet NiPS3 single crystals by introducing pyridine molecules into the vdW’s gap under different thermal conditions. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated pronounced changes in the lattice parameter β, while magnetization measurements at in-plane and out-of-plane configurations exposed reversal trends in the crystals’ Néel temperatures through intercalation/deintercalation processes. The changes in magnetic ordering were also supported by three-dimensional thermal diffusivity experiments. The preferred orientation of the pyridine dipoles within the vdW gaps was deciphered via polarized Raman spectroscopy. The results highlighted the relationship between the preferential alignment of the intercalants, thermal transport, and crystallographic disorder, along with the modulation of anisotropy in the magnetic order. DFT + U calculations indicated that the varying interlayer exchange interactions, regulated by intercalants, were responsible for modulating samples’ magnetic ordering. The study uncovers the possible merit of intercalation for manipulating spin orientations in spin electronics and advanced quantum devices. © 2025 American Chemical Society.

关键词： Magnetization reversal

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A Two-stage Reconfiguration in Network Function Virtualization: Toward Service Function Chain Optimization

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IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management 2025年

作者： Assis, Karcius D. R. Almeida, Raul C. Baghban, Hojjat Santos, Alex F. Boutaba, Raouf Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Salvador Brazil University of Waterloo David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science Canada Department of Electronics and Systems Recife Brazil Chang Gung University Department of Artificial Intelligence Taiwan Chang Gung University College of Intelligent Computing Taiwan Center of Science and Technology in Energy and Sustainability Brazil Postgraduate Program in Computer Science Bahia Brazil

Network Function Virtualization (NFV), as a promising paradigm, speeds up the service deployment by separating network functions from proprietary devices and deploying them on common servers in the form of software. Any service in NFV-enabled networks is achieved as a Service Function Chain (SFC) which consists of a series of ordered Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). However, migration of VNFs for more flexible services within a dynamic NFV-enabled network is a key challenge to be addressed. Current VNF migration studies mainly focus on single VNF migration decisions without considering the sharing and concurrent migration of VNF instances. In this paper, we assume that each deployed VNF is used by multiple SFCs and deal with the optimal placement for the contemporaneous migration of VNFs based on the actual network situation. We formalize the VNF migration and SFC reconfiguration problem as a mathematical model, which aims to minimize the VNF migration between nodes or the total number of core changes per node. The approach is a two-stage MILP based on optimal order to solve the reconfiguration. Extensive evaluation shows that the proposed approach can reduce the change in terms of location or number of cores per node in a 6-node and 14-node networks while ensuring network latency compared with the model without reconfiguration. © 2004-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Network function virtualization

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