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An analysis of legislation and policies governing the working conditions of sanitation workers in Zimbabwe

Safety in Extreme Environments 2024年第1期6卷 71-77页

作者： Chinyama, Annatoria Macherera, Margaret Kativhu, Tendai Department of Construction and Civil Engineering University of Zimbabwe Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Lupane State University Lupane Zimbabwe Department of Environmental Science National University of Science and Technology Ascot Bulawayo Zimbabwe

Sanitation workers are at high risk of occupational and health hazards associated with exposure to faecal sludge as they clean public toilets, empty septic tanks, repair sewerage pipelines and operate wastewater treatment facilities. They can only be protected from these hazards through effective safety and health measures backed by sound institutional and legal frameworks. This study sought to analyse the existing institutional and legal frameworks, regulations and policies governing working conditions of sanitation workers in Zimbabwe and assess the adequacy of the frameworks in addressing the plight of sanitation workers in their day to day work. An inventory of the laws and policies in Zimbabwe was done through a desktop study. The identified laws and policies were analysed in terms of occupational health and safety provisions for sanitation workers as well as the enforcement systems. The laws and policies in Zimbabwe were benchmarked with world best practice and principles from world bodies governing occupational health and safety. It was found that the current legislation and policies on occupational health and safety are general to all employees. It was also found that there are statutory instruments specific to hazards associated with other sectors such as mining, agriculture and construction but nothing specific to sanitation workers. Therefore the current legislation and policies are too weak to protect the sanitation workers. It was recommended that the legislation and policies be reformed to take into account the plight of sanitation workers in order to provide better protection from occupational hazards. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.

关键词： Legal reforms Legislation framework OHS Sanitation policies Sanitation workers

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Application of BIM Collaborative Design technology in Intelligent Buildings for Prefabricated Steel Structures

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Procedia Computer Science 2024年 247卷 310-319页

作者： Heng Wang Wei Zhu Yansheng Du Wenling Zhang Hao Zhou Rui Wang Wenhao Li Pengfei Zhang Xiaokang Huang Zhiliang Cao Bingkai Bao China Construction Science and Industry Corporation LTD. Shenzhen 518000 China School of Civil Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China Department of Civil Engineering School of Civil Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China College of Civil Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China China Construction Science and Industry Corporation (Tianjin) LTD. Tianjin 300000 China

In recent years, the development of prefabricated buildings has been significantly promoted by China's policy initiatives focusing on innovation, green development, and industrialization in the construction sector. This paper explores the application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) collaborative design technology in the construction of intelligent buildings with prefabricated steel structures. Using the Zhangjiawo Sports Park Project as a case study, we detail the integration of digital design, industrial production, and intelligent construction methodologies. The project leverages BIM for precise modeling (LOD400), optimizing construction through collision analysis, and enhancing natural lighting and ventilation via simulation tools. The prefabrication process employs advanced steel structure manufacturing techniques and intelligent logistics, while on-site construction utilizes automated systems, such as ALC wall panel installation robots. These innovations not only improve construction efficiency and safety but also align with national low-carbon and sustainable development goals. The findings provide valuable insights into the benefits and implementation strategies of BIM and intelligent construction technologies in prefabricated building projects.

关键词： Prefabricated Building Intelligent construction BIM technology Digital Design Industrial Production

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Vibration Serviceability of Large-Span Steel–Concrete Composite Beam with Precast Hollow Core Slabs Under Walking Impact

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engineering 2022年第12期19卷 93-104页

作者： Jiepeng Liu Shu Huang Jiang Li Y.Frank Chen School of Civil Engineering&Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area Ministry of EducationChongqing UniversityChongqing 400045China Central-South Architectural Design Institute Co. Ltd.Wuhan 430071China Department of Civil Engineering The Pennsylvania State UniversityPA 17057USA

A large-span steel–concrete composite beam with precast hollow core slabs(CBHCSs)is a relatively new floor structure that can be applied to various long-span ***,human-induced vibrations may present serviceability issues in such *** alleviate vibrations,both the walking forces excited by humans and the associated floor responses must be *** this study,150 load–time histories of walking,excited by 25 test participants,are obtained using a force measuring *** dynamic loading factors and phase angles in the Fourier series functions for one-step walking are ***,walking tests are performed on seven CBHCS specimens to capture the essential dynamic properties of mode shapes,natural frequencies,damping ratios,and acceleration time *** CBHCS floor system generally exhibits a high frequency(>10 Hz)and low damping(damping ratio<2%).Sensitivity studies using the finite element method are conducted to investigate the vibration performance of the CBHCS floor system,where the floor thickness,steel beam type,contact time,and human weight are ***,analytical expressions derived for the fundamental frequency and peak acceleration agree well with the experimental results and are hence proposed for practical use.

关键词： Composite beam Hollow core slab Walking force Floor vibration Mode shape

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Study of a Thermally Enhanced Light Steel Framing Building Incorporating Phase Change Materials Towards Passive Thermal Comfort 6th

Study of a Thermally Enhanced Light Steel Framing Building I...

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6th International Congress on Recovery, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation of Buildings, CIRMARE 2023

作者： Gonçalves, Margarida Figueiredo, António Almeida, Ricardo M. S. F. Vicente, Romeu Samagaio, António RISCO-Risks and Sustainability in Construction Civil Engineering Department University of Aveiro Aveiro3810-193 Portugal Department of Civil Engineering School of Technology and Management Polytechnic Institute of Viseu Campus Politécnico de Repeses Viseu3504-510 Portugal Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro3810-193 Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9783031484605

Increasing attention has been given to the impacts of buildings on the environment, economy, and society since it is the sector responsible for the highest energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions. As a roadmap for carbon mitigation, reducing energy consumption and improving thermal performance are the key factors for achieving efficient and sustainable buildings. The Thermal Energy Storage systems (TES) incorporating Phase Change Materials (PCM) are a possible strategy to reduce the dependence of buildings on fossil fuels. Notably, in the case of Light Steel Framing buildings (LSF), PCM are also a promising approach to enhance their thermal inertia, avoiding possible overheating issues. In this work, a monitoring campaign was carried out focused on the study of the thermal performance of two identical real-scale LSF buildings: one representing a common LSF as a reference case building;and the other represents a thermally enhanced building incorporating PCM. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the indoor thermal environment in the two twin buildings was conducted, considering both indoor air and inner surface temperatures. The surface temperature behaviour highlighted the thermal regulation capacity of the PCM: a reduction of up to 1.5∘C in the maximum peak and an attenuation of about 2.5∘C in the minimum peak temperatures were achieved. As expected, the thermally enhanced building also exhibited a slower heating and cooling rate of the indoor environment, compared with the reference (37% and 54% reduction in heating and cooling rate, respectively). © 2024, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Lightweight Buildings Operative Temperature Phase Change Materials Thermal Comfort Thermal Energy Storage

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A Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of Coal and Gas Outbursts Based on the Interaction between the Gas Pressure and Deformation of a Coal-Rock Mass

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Computer Modeling in engineering & Sciences 2022年第3期130卷 1649-1668页

作者： Lin Fang Mengjun Wu Bin Wu Honglin Li Chenhao He Fan Sun Merchants Chongqing Communications Research&Design Institute Co. Ltd.Chongqing400067China National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology Chongqing400067China Sichuan Ya Kang Expressway Co. Ltd.Ya’an625000China China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group 3rd Engineering Co. Shenyang110043China School of Civil Engineering Chongqing UniversityChongqing400045China

Based on the theories of the gas seepage in coal seams and the deformation of the coal-rock medium,the gas seepage field in coal-rock mass is coupled with the deformation field of the coal-rock mass to establish a fluidstructure interaction model for the interaction between coal gas and coal-rock *** outburst process in coal-rock masses under the joint action of gas pressure and crustal stress is simulated using the material point *** simulation results show the changes in gas pressure,velocity distribution,maximum principal stress distribution,and damage distribution during the process of the coal and gas outburst,as well as themovement and accumulation of coal-rock masses after the occurrence of the *** was found that the gas pressure gradient was greatest at theworking face after the occurrence of the outburst,the gas pressures and pressure gradients at each location within the coal seamgradually decreased with time,and the damage distribution was essentially the same as the minimum principal stress *** simulation further revealed that the outburst first occurred in themiddle of the tunnel excavation face and that the speed at which particles of coal mass were ejected was highest at the center and decreased toward the upper and lower *** study provides a scientific basis for enhancing our understanding of the mechanism behind coal and gas outbursts,as well as their prevention and control.

关键词： Coal and gas outburst fluid-structure interaction model material point method numerical simulation

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Cost and Design Optimization of a 2-Story RC Building

Cost and Design Optimization of a 2-Story RC Building

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International Conference on Advanced engineering Optimization Through Intelligent Techniques, AEOTIT 2022

作者： Aslay, Semi Emrah Dede, Tayfun Rao, Ravipudi Venkata Department of Construction Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Erzincan Turkey Department of Civil Engineering Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon Turkey Department of Mechanical Engineering Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Gujarat Surat India

ISBN: (纸本)9789811992841

Reducing construction costs is the most important issue for contractor companies. Optimization is one of the widely used scientific methods to reduce construction costs. However, the method and the algorithm followed differ according to the construction materials. At the same time, 3D designs are needed to analyze buildings more accurately. Optimizing the cost, especially in reinforced concrete structures, is directly proportional to the behavior of the model studied. For this reason, the created model should be made in 3D. 3D cost optimization of reinforced concrete structures, on the other hand, is quite complex and difficult due to the properties of the building elements. Therefore, practical ways are sought to solve this problem. In this study, OAPI-ETABS-MATLAB software cycles are used in the optimization of a 2-story reinforced concrete structure in order to solve the problem practically. Jaya algorithm is used as the optimization algorithm. Software loops provide a short solution by directing the cost optimization of a 2-story 3D building. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

关键词： MATLAB

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Horizontal residual displacement of reinforced soil retaining wall under seismic forcing 62

Horizontal residual displacement of reinforced soil retainin...

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62nd International Conference on Vibroengineering

作者： Lu, Liang Liu, Peng College of Civil Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing China Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area Chongqing University Ministry of Education Chongqing China

As a new type of flexible retaining structure, reinforced soil retaining wall is widely used in civil engineering and highway engineering because of good seismic performance and economy. The residual displacement under seism is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the seismic performance of reinforced soil retaining wall. The related theoretical research is rare. Taking the pseudo-dynamic method and kinematic differential equation as the theoretical basis, considering the residual deformation under large magnitude, a theoretical method is proposed to calculate the residual displacement of reinforced soil retaining wall under seismic. The rationality and accuracy of the theoretical method is verified by centrifuge model test. The results would provide some reference for the performance design and damage evaluation of reinforced soil retaining wall. Copyright © 2023 Liang Lu, et al.

关键词： Differential equations

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Investigation of energy attenuation, flow resistance and impending motion of downstream bed material in rock ramps 9

Investigation of energy attenuation, flow resistance and imp...

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9th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, ISHS 2022

作者： Rawat, Vishal Singh Roshni, Thendiyath Palermo, Michele Pagliara, Simone Roy, Deep Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna India Department of Energy Systems Territory and Construction Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli India

ISBN: (纸本)9781958416075

Block ramps are ecofriendly drop structures, which ensure stable downstream river bed, peculiar to flows over macro roughness elements. It uniquely serves an essential paradigm in riverine management, to encounter deliveries in an ecologically sound manner. It permits safe fish passage, stabilizes stream banks and bed profiles and creates habitat diversity. Study of flows over block ramps are quite extensive and are associated with many intricacies. In this paper, flume experiments were conducted in the hydraulic laboratory of National Institute of technology Patna. The particle densimetric Froude number (F*) was calculated for the mobile bed and chosen to predict the hydraulic conditions for incipient sediment motion in the uniform beds and it is compared with the established literature formulations to estimate the stability of the beds under large-scale roughness conditions. Scour volumes from each experimental run is quantified and the intensity of sediment motion was determined. Experimental data analysis allowed describing the mechanism of incipient motion of the mobile bed in the stilling basin, energy dissipation, flow resistance and in the interstitial flow over rock ramps and intensity of block movement for various flow regimes. It was found that the dimensionless shields stress increases with ramp slope and the intensity of ramp motion decreases with the shear stress. The results indicated that friction resistance increases with relative submergence for the tested range of experiments. A comparison with previous literature with uniform sediment transport indicates that relative roughness of block is responsible for increasing the dimensionless Shields stress. The results of physical testing can be used to assess and predict the effective dissipation of energy and its impact on the stability of rock structures. © 2022 ISHS 2022 - 9th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures. All rights reserved.

关键词： Energy dissipation

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Field assessment of straw pellet combustion in improved heating stoves in rural Northeast China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第5期127卷 295-307页

作者： Yafei Liu Zhimin Li Emily Floess You Zhang Nicholas Lam Sylvester K.Mawusi Prabin Shrestha Xinghua Li Chunyu Xue Guangqing Liu Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center College of Chemical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation School of EnvironmentBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Department of Civil Constructionand Environmental EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695-7103USA Schatz Energy Research Center Humboldt State UniversityArcataCA 95521USA School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China

Straw pellets are widely promoted and expected to be a cleaner alternative fuel to unprocessed crop residues and rawcoal in rural ***,the effectiveness of these dissemination programs is not well *** this field study,emission characteristics of burning strawpellets,rawcoal,and unprocessed corn cobs in heating stoveswere investigated in a pilot village in Northeast *** measurements covering the whole combustion cycle(ignition,flaming,and smoldering phases)shows the promotion of improved heating stoves and straw pellets could reduce pollutant emissions(e.g.,SO_(2) and CO),but increase NO_(X) and PM_(2.5) emissions compared to the initial stove-fuel use pattern in the studied *** is a significant variance in emission characteristics between different combustion *** normalized emission concentrations of the different stove-fuel combinations were higher than the limits in the Chinese national standard for heating stoves,indicating that the standard is not met for real-world *** consumption was lower than official *** surveys were conducted to identify the barriers to fuel and stove access associated with existing promotion strategies,management,and *** pilot program was of the typical“subsidy-and-policy-dependence”pattern and was unlikely to be implemented on a large *** innovation,operational optimization,and proper policies considering the local socioeconomic factors are needed to sustain the promotion of biomass straw pellets and stoves.

关键词： Northeast China Straw pellet Improved heating stove Emission factors

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION CONTRIBUTIONS OF CLT AND LTF SHEAR WALLS: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL CAPACITY MODEL 13

PLASTIC DEFORMATION CONTRIBUTIONS OF CLT AND LTF SHEAR WALLS...

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13th World Conference on Timber engineering: Timber for a Livable Future, WCTE 2023

作者： Aloisio, Angelo De Santis, Yuri Boggian, Francesco Fragiacomo, Massimo Tomasi, Roberto Department of Civil Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering Università degli Studi dell' Aquila L'Aquila67100 Italy Department of Civil Environmental and Mechanical Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy Faculty of Science and Technology Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9781713873297

This paper compares the experimental cyclic response of Cross-Laminated Timber and Light Timber Frame shear walls. The goal is extracting the fractions of the lateral displacement due to sliding, panel’s deformation and rocking. The three contributions to the total displacement, expressed in percentage, are then used to develop an analytical capacity model valid for CLT and LTF shear walls. The model is based on the sole equilibrium equations of the hold-down forces, obtained by reducing the pivot length of the hold downs reactions. Additionally, they examine the overstrength of the CLT panel, and LTF sheathing to the shear walls collapse due to the hold-down failure. © WCTE *** rights reserved

关键词： Timber

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