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dunnett's many-to-one test and least square means

Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 2003年第1期13卷 17-28页

作者： Shun, Zhenming Silverberg, Arthur Chang, C.K. Ouyang, Peter Biostatistics and Data Management Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Biostatistics Mail Stop BX2-400C Bridgewater NJ 08807-0890 200 Crossing Boulevard United States Purdue Pharma L.P. Stamford CT United States GPC Biotech Inc. Princeton NJ United States Johnson/Johnson Pharmaceut. R./D. Titusville NJ United States

dunnett's many-to-one test is used frequently today, especially in dose-finding studies. Using dunnett's test, the Type I error level for the comparison between the raw mean of the control and the raw means of the study drug groups can be exactly calculated for the normal data. However, this computability depends on the independence of the raw means. Unfortunately, this independence does not exist for the model-based likelihood estimates (least square means) in the cases of ANCOVA and two-way ANOVA models without interaction for unbalanced data. This paper investigates this dependence between the least square means and derives some new procedures to calculate the joint distribution of the statistic for dunnett's test.

关键词： ANCOVA models ANOVA models dose-Finding Trials Multiple comparison Unbalanced data

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40th EASd Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of diabetes : Munich, Germany, 5-9 September 2004

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diabetologia 2004年第SUPPL 1期47卷 A1-A464页

作者： Veitenhansl, M. Stegner, K. Hierl, F.-X. dieterle, C. Feldmeier, H. Gutt, B. Landgraf, r. Garrow, A. P. Vileikyte, L. Findlow, A. Waterman, C. Boulton, A. J. M. Shankhdhar, K. Shankhdhar, L. Shankhdhar, U. Petrova, N. L. Foster, A. V. M. Edmonds, M. E. Ferraresi, r. Caravaggi, C. de Giglio, r. Cavaiani, P. Pogliaghi, I. Sommariva, E. Katz, I. A. Harlan, A. Miranda-Palma, B. Prieto-Sanchez, L. Armstrong, d. G. Bowker, J. H. Mizel, M. S. Cernea, S. Wohlgelernter, J. Kidron, M. Modi, P. raz, I. Arbit, E. Nosek, L. Kapitza, C. Beckett, P. Gelfand, r. Goldberg, M. Heise, T. Testa, M. A. Turner, r. r. Hayes, J. F. Scranton, r. E. Simonson, d. C. Yang, Y.-W. Hsu, Y.-J. Naujok, O. Francini, F. Jörns, A. Tiedge, M. Lenzen, S. Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. A. Marenah, L. Orr, d. F. Shaw, C. Flatt, P. r. Chokkalingam, K. Mansell, P. I. Clausen, P. Ekbom, P. damm, P. Feldt-rasmussen, U. Nielsen, B. Mathiesen, E. r. Feldt-rasmussen, B. dewan, S. da Silva, N. Ternan, P. Mc Leong, K. S. Wilding, J. P. H. Asatiani, N. Kurashvili, r. dundua, M. Shelestova, E. Pagava, K. ramazashvili, M. Hod, M. Smirnov, S. Petersen, J. L. A. Justesen, T. I. ringholm Nielsen, L. Müller, C. Højlund, K. Wensaas, A. Kase, E. T. Aas, V. rustan, A. C. Thoresen, G. H. Levin, K. Beck-Nielsen, H. Gaster, M. Im, S.-S. Kang, S.-Y. Kim, S.-Y. Ahn, Y.-H. Lihn, A. S. Schmoll, d. Werner, T. Kienitz, A. Meyer, M. Barthel, A. Ailett, F. Sutherland, C. Walther, r. Grempler, r. Sasson, S. reich, r. Tenenbaum, T. Alpert, E. Anfossi, G. russo, I. Traversa, M. Massucco, P. Mattiello, L. doronzo, G. Trovati, M. Lally, S. Tan, C. Y. Owens, d. Tomkin, G. H. Porchay, I. Péan, F. Bellili, N. Betoulle, d. Balkau, B. Tichet, J. Marre, M. Fumeron, F. Chatellier, G. Alhenc-Gelas, F. Nichols, G. A. Brown, J. B. Hayes, r. P. Bowman, L. drexel, H. Saely, C. H. Marte, T. Benzer, W. Langer, P. Hoefle, G. Moll, W. Aczel, S. Karagiannis, E. Lübben, G. Urquhart, r. Edwards, G. Bruce, S. Howlett, H. S. C. Cugnardey, N. Turner, K. C. Park, J.-S. Fiedorek, F. T. Avogaro, A. Gallo, A. Pinton, P. riz Innenstadt Klinikum der Universität München München Germany Diabetes Center Medizinische Klinik München Germany Medicine The University of Manchester Manchester UK Medicine University of Manchester Manchester UK Podiatry The University of Salford Manchester UK Department of Medicine/Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism University of Miami Miami USA Department of Medicine Manchester Royal Infirmary Manchester UK Podiatry L.K.Diabetes Centre Lucknow India Diabetology L.K.Diabetes Centre Lucknow India Medical Nutrition L.K.Diabetes Centre Lucknow India Diabetic Foot Clinic King’s College Hospital London UK Haemodinamic Department - Cardiovascular Division Magenta Hospital Milan Italy Center for the Study and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Pathology Abbiategrasso Hospital Milan Italy Center for the Study and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Pathology Abbiategrasso Hospital Abbiategrasso Italy Department of Orthopedics University of Miami Miami USA Department of Surgery Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Medical Center Tucson USA Surgery Southern Arizona VA Medical Center Tucson USA Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Rosalind Franklin University School of Medicine and Science North Chicago USA Diabetes Department Center of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders Clug-Napoca Romania Diabetes Unit Hadassah University Hospital Jerusalem Israel Diabetes Unit Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital Jerusalem Israel Research Department Generex Biotechnology Corporation Toronto Canada Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital Jerusalem Israel Medical Research Emisphere Technologies Inc. New York USA Profil Institut fuer Stoffwechselforschung GmbH Neuss Germany Profil Institute for Metabolic Research Neuss Germany Management Profil Inst. für Stoffwechselforschung Düsseldorf Germany Institute for Metabolic Research Profil Neuss Germany Biostatistics Harvard School of Public Health Boston USA Clinical Research Phase V Technologies Wellesley Hills US

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEErS JOUrNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, dE Oberman, Fr Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval research Advisory Committee (NrAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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CAd CAM GOES TO SEA - THE SAAr-5 dESIGN ANd CONSTrUCTION

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NAVAL ENGINEErS JOUrNAL 1992年第3期104卷 148-155页

作者： LINdGrEN, Jr SOLITArIO, WA MOOrE, AP STrEIFF, MA John R. Lindgren Jr:. is vice president for engineering at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. a Division of Litton Industries in Pascagoula Miss. He joined Ingalls in 1958 and has held various positions in the Engineering Division and participated in the design of numerous merchant ships drill rigs submarines and surface combatants and auxiliary support ships. Mr. Lindgren is a 1958 graduate of the University of Southwest Louisiana. His degree is in mechanical engineering and he is also a licensed professional engineer. William A. Solitario:is the director of advanced technology at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Miss. He received his B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the City University of New York and has 28 years experience in marine engineering and design. His current responsibilities include the direction of Ingalls' IRAD programs and several Navy-funded R&D programs to improve ship's performance and reduce ship's operating costs. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and past chairman of the Gulf Section East Area. Arnold P. Moore:is the director design engineering at Ingalls Shipbuilding where he is responsible for all new construction design and engineering activities. Prior to promotion to his current position Mr. Moore served as chief naval architect at Ingalls. He has 24 years experience in ship design construction and repair. Mr. Moore holds the professional degree of ocean engineer as well as a master's degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from MIT. He also earned a bachelor's degree in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy and is a registered professional engineer. Mr. Moore served as an engineering duty officer in the U.S. Navy and is currently a captain in the Naval Reserve. He is a past chairman of the Gulf Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and Sigma Xi. Michel A. Streiff:is the manager of CAD/CAM applications at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. His

The SA'Ar-5 Corvette Program is the first major warship construction to be entirely accomplished using a 3-dimensional, interference checked computer based design. This paper discusses the organization and approach used to create the design models which form the basis for interference checking as well as the source of extracted production data. The design or product model is the nucleus of the computer data base that defines the configuration of the entire ship. The data base includes geometry, weight, and material, as well as production control data. The ability of the computer to link such diverse information is the key to maintaining configuration control during the course of the design and construction. The ease with which formatted manufacturing data (both N.C. fabrication and installation) can be extracted enables the preparation of detailed packages containing the desired geometry as well as the associated material and sequencing data, thus assuring the producibility of the design. The SA'Ar-5 design is CAd/CAM's state of the art in U.S. shipbuilding.

关键词： Warships

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APPLYING VECTOr PrOCESSING TO ACTIVE SONArS FOr INCrEASEd ACCUrACY ANd AN EXPANdEd OPErATING ENVELOPE

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NAVAL ENGINEErS JOUrNAL 1991年第3期103卷 231-239页

作者： WHITNEY, dA BENEdICT, TJ David A. Whitneyis a division staff analyst in the Strategic Systems Division at TASC Reading Mass. He has B.S. and M.S. degrees in mathematics and statistics from Princeton University and the University of Illinois and has completed additional graduate work toward a Ph.D. at MIT. He has directed a number of algorithm development and data analysis activities in support of the U.S. Navy's Trident programs and has authored several technical papers. Mr. Whitney is currently involved in development and field testing of passive sonar signal processing algorithms and directs a R&D activity in the area of parallel processing applications for ASW. Lt Terry J. Benedict USNis an engineering duty officer in the U.S. Navy and is currently assigned as the assistant section head for missile engineering at Strategic Systems Programs Washington D.C. He has a B.S. degree in management from the U.S. Naval Academy and M.S. degree in weapons systems engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. He formerly served as the system software development officer for the Navigation Branch at Strategic Systems Programs and shared responsibilities for the design development testing and configuration control of the Navigation Subsystem software.

Advanced computing technology development now allows considerable computational power to be packaged in small, modular components for low costs. In particular, vector and array processor add-on boards offer a way to incorporate modern parallel capabilities into existing hardware systems. In addition to cost efficiency, the fact that these boards may be able to plug-in to existing computer systems provides both design flexibility and a more rapid way of upgrading deployed computer hardware. To take advantage of such processing capabilities, however, algorithm analysis must be performed to determine what functions can be efficiently off-loaded to the vector processing board, and to decide what parts of the original serial algorithm should be redesigned to take advantage of the new hardware architecture. This paper presents a case study of how these issues are being addressed in a real-time active sonar data processing system. Vector processing technologies are being analyzed for application to correlation sonar systems used for estimating ship velocity on submarines, surface ships, and autonomous underwater vehicles. Such a system is deployed on Trident II SSBNs and is meeting its current design objectives. However, real-time operation of the correlation sonar is computationally intensive and fully utilizes the processing power of the fielded computing hardware. Expansions in the accuracy and operating envelope of the system are desirable and are not limited by the physics or practical operation of the sonar system, but rather by the speed at which processing of hydrophone returns can be performed. This analytic feasibility study investigates the possibility of expanding the operating envelope through the use of vector processing technology, within the constraint that any hardware or software changes would have minimal impact on the deployed system. It is predicted that significant speedups and operating envelope expansions can be achieved by introducing vectorized ha

关键词： Sonar

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COMBAT SYSTEM TEST-FACTOrY THrOUGH SHIPBOArd

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NAVAL ENGINEErS JOUrNAL 1980年第5期92卷 49-58页

作者： GALLAHUE, JS THE AUTHOR is the Department Manager of Combat Systems Engineering at Litton Industries. Data Systems Division. Prior to joining Litton Industries he was associated with UNIVAC. Since joining the Combat Systems Community in 1959. his assignments have included operational computer programming field engineering systems engineering equipment design proposal management test engineering. and programs management. In these varied roles he supported the NTDS R&D Program NTDS Service Test Program Interim Fleet Programming Center Pacific Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Command and Control Systems SQS-26/NTDS/UBFCS Interface Design DD 963 Class LHA 1 Class. and the DDG 993 Class.

The required configuration management and the necessary control of the Surface Ship Combat System elements demand that they be considered as integrated and tested in accordance with an integrated test plan utilizing an integrated test organization. The sometimes used approach of implementing a combat system test program based upon the individual combat system elements being independent, has proven to be less than satisfactory. Then is no question that some of the early testing at the unit, subsystem, and subprogram levels can be planned and conducted independent of a specific “end-item” combat System. This paper addresses the planning and implementing of combat system test with the emphases being upon the integrated phase of test and primarily the lead ship of a class. Information is presented to facilitate planning and implementing a combat system test program including use of shore facilities and integrating these activities with shipboard activities; when to form the test organization and what types of expertise are required; what are the key technical management tools; the proofing of test documentation; the need for detailed “step-by-step” procedures and traceability of the specified requirements; how to assist Ships Force; planning and stat using the conduct of the tests; integrating computer program and special testing into the test program; and the significance of early decisions on administrative and contractual arrangements.

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The Jimmie Hamilton Award

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Naval Engineers Journal 1971年第3期83卷 36-38页

作者： NACHTSHEIM, JOHN J. BALLOU, L. dENNIS John J. Nachtsheim:is currently the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Research & Development for the Maritime Administration. His duties are the planning coordinating organizing evaluating and directing of the R&D activities of MarAd. His past experiences include: Naval Architect for the Naval Ship Engineering Center 1959 Deputy Chief Design Engineer for the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 1958 to 1959 and Naval Architect the former Bureau of Ships 1948 to 1958. His education is comprised of a B.S. degree from the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture an L.L.B. degree from the George Washington University Law School completion of the Advanced Management Program at Harvard University and current study of Transportation at the American University. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in the District of Columbia and a Member of the Bar in the District of Columbia and the State of Maryland. In addition to ASNE his other professional memberships include the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers the Society of Aeronautical Weight Engineers and the Association of Senior Engineers of the Naval Ships Systems Command (Honorary). USN Commander L. Dennis Ballou: USN is the Head of the Engineering Service Office Naval Ship Engineering Center. He is involved in computer hardware and software services to support engineering design automatic data processing systems design work study and quality assurance. Prior to NavSec duty Commander Ballou served in various billets afloat and ashore: tours on the USS Skagit and Tang supervision of the USS Skipjack's first overhul construction of the USS Nathanael Greene and helping to establish the Polaris overhaul program. He is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy Officers' Submarine School and the Webb Institute of Naval Architecture. He holds BS and MS degrees in marine engineering and naval architecture respectively. He has also completed many graduate

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