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22nd Wind and Solar Integration Workshop (WIW 2023)

作者： I. H. Laouali A. Egorov M. Cardenas Â. Casaleiro H. Yuan N. P. da Silva R&D Nester Centro de Investigação em Energia REN - State Grid S.A. Lisbon Portugal Power Automation Department China Electric Power Research Institute Co. Ltd. Nanjing People's Republic of China

The optimal power flow problem (OPF) plays a crucial role in the operation and planning of power systems. In recent years, distributionally robust optimization (drO) has emerged as a promising approach to handle the uncertainty associated with renewable energy sources and load variations. This paper presents a data-driven approach to tackle the stochastic optimal power flow problem in an electric power system. The objective is to balance the operational costs and the risks of constraint violations in the network. The approach uses ambiguous distribution sets centred on a finite set of training data to account for uncertainties in the network. It leverages the Wasserstein metric to determine control policies that can withstand both the forecast errors and sampling errors present in the data set by quantifying the proximity between the empirical distributions and the actual unknown distribution. The goal is to support the reduction of over-voltage caused by high integration of renewable energy in the distribution network. This is useful for System Operators (T/dSO) to efficiently plan the grid operation, or for aggregators to draw operational strategies against penalties due to connection constraints' violation. In order to illustrate the proposed approach, a realistic low-voltage grid was designed using real data extracted from the Portuguese distribution network. It is shown that the approach is effective and flexible in balancing efficiency and risk of constraint violation.

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Analysis of the Interconnection Capacity Calculation Methodologies for the European Electricity Market

Analysis of the Interconnection Capacity Calculation Methodo...

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Power Science and Technology (ICPST), IEEE International Conference on

作者： ricardo Cartaxo Ângelo Casaleiro Nuno Souza e Silva ricardo Pastor Xia Chao Bin Han Zhi Cai Nuno Pinho da Silva R&D Nester - Centro de Investigação em Energia REN - State Grid S.A Sacavém Portugal Beijing Key Laboratory of Research and System Evaluation of Power Dispatching Automation Technology China Electric Power Research Institute Beijing China

The interconnected European transmission system for electricity supports the electricity trading across Europe, promoting the maximization of welfare, in particular when the interconnection capacity is enough to take low marginal cost generation, namely variable renewable power generation, into the demand areas where it is scarce. Transmission systems operators (TSOs) calculate the available interconnection capacity for the day-ahead and intraday markets in a coordinated way. This is a key step to enable price-based market coupling between different countries and regions and, therefore, efficient use of electricity from renewable energy sources and effective distribution of the benefits of renewable electricity across Europe. This work addresses the calculation of interconnection capacity between bidding zones by analyzing the processes and comparing the different methodologies used by European TSOs to coordinate the capacity calculation and compute the underlying generation shift keys (GSKs). The paper focus on the Portuguese cross-border transmission capacity with Spain, where the merit order methodology defines the GSKs supporting the calculation of the Available Transmission Capacity (ATC) for the spot market.

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A solution for relay protection equipment

A solution for relay protection equipment

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Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC)

作者： Chao Chen Changsong Qin Xinjie Zhang EPRI Nanjing SAC Power Grid Automation Co. Ltd Nanjing China R&D Center Nanjing SAC Power Grid Automation Co. Ltd Nanjing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665414401

The rapid development of the power system continuously puts forward new requirements for relay protection, and the rapid development of electronic technology, computer technology and communication technology has continuously injected new vitality into the development of relay protection technology. The traditional AC relay protection technology has been developed to this day, and the specific protection logic algorithm has stabilized. For specific relay protection manufacturers, the main work of traditional relay protection products is instead focused on adapting to the ever-changing new hardware and meeting the customized needs of some customers. At this time, the flexibility of the platform supporting the relay protection equipment will have a greater impact on the quality and efficiency of the entire product development. This article proposes a relay protection solution called GSP for short, hoping to better adapt to the hardware update in the field of relay protection and the customized needs of customers.

关键词： Conferences Protective relaying Power system stability Hardware Product development Communications technology Computer security

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Hierarchical grid-Interactive Power Performance Enhancement Method for d-PMSG-Based Virtual Synchronous Wind Turbines

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IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2025年

作者： Huang, Guohang Wei, Juan Cheng, Xueting Huang, Sheng Li, Canbing Huang, Shoudao Wen, Yuliang Liu, Wenbiao Hunan University College of Electrical and Information Engineering Changsha410082 China State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Research Institute Taiyuan030001 China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Control of Power Transmission and Conversion Shanghai200240 China CRRC Zhuzhou Institute Co. Ltd Zhuzhou412001 China Nanjing SAC Automation Co. Ltd. R&D Center Jiangsu Nanjing211153 China

Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control is widely applied in grid-interactive inverters due to its similarity to synchronous generators. The VSG frequency variation is delayed by the synchronous swing equation to provide additional inertia support, which also leads to a slower power response. When applied to wind turbines (WTs), VSG reduces their power tracking ability, compromises the wind power capture efficiency, and affects the dispatch commands execution. The response to external frequency causes more power changes in WTs, making it difficult for wind power capture to keep up due to the mass of the rotor and blades, bring extra operational risks for WTs. To address these issues, this paper proposes a hierarchical gridinteractive power performance enhancement method for dPMSG-based virtual synchronous wind turbines (VSWTs). The power performance is enhanced by coordinating the synchronous swing equation and voltage excitation equation parameters. The grid-forming power flow and electromechanical status of the VSWT are integrated to extend the kinetic energy (KE) utilization limits to ensure the efficiency and safety of the VSWT during the KE utilization-based wind power capture regulation. The proposed method comprehensively improves the gridinteractive power performance of VSWTs, and the effectiveness has been validated through comparative simulations. © 2010-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Kinetic energy

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Fast-frequency response from wind generators ‒ Empirical data from a Type 4 wind farm

Fast-frequency response from wind generators ‒ Empirical da...

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IEEE General Meeting Power& Energy Society

作者： Eldrich rebello Marianne rodgers david Stanford Markus Fischer Mouhcine Akki Office of Energy R&D Natural Resources Canada Ottawa Wind Energy Institute of Canada Tignish PE Fmr. Senior Manager Energy Control Operations Nova Scotia Power Inc Halifax NS Director Engineering Solutions & IT Enercon Canada Montréal Québec Grid Performance Engineer Enercon Canada Montréal

grid stability is an important consideration as inverter-based generators replace synchronous generators. Primary frequency response is one part of grid stability and counters rapid grid frequency changes. Synchronous generators achieve this via electromechanical coupling between the machine stator and the mechanical inertia of the rotor. Advances in power converter technology enable inverter-based generators to contribute to stability in a similar ‒ although not identical manner and provide fast-frequency response that is a component of primary frequency response. An important benefit is that converters provide a tunable response ‒ something not possible with synchronous generators. Wind turbines with full converters are able to extract some rotational kinetic energy from their spinning rotors and deliver it to the grid as electrical energy. This work documents and analyses the ability of full-converter wind turbines to provide fast-frequency response. We use a 50.6 MW, transmission connected wind farm and inject an artificial frequency signal with a sudden frequency dip. The wind farm remains connected to the grid as the fast-frequency response is triggered and rotor kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy. We repeat this at different power levels, gather high-frequency data and measure parameters such as response rise time, peak power boost and injected energy. We find that the resulting response aligns well with expectations although prevailing wind speeds influence performance in some instances.

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General Secondary Equipment Simulation drive System

General Secondary Equipment Simulation Drive System

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IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2)

作者： Chao Chen Wei Xi Changsong Qin EPRI Nanjing SAC Power Grid Automation Co. Ltd. Nanjing China Digital Grid Research Institute Digital Grid Research Institute China Southern Power Grid Co.Ltd Guangzhou China R&D Center Nanjing SAC Power Grid Automation Co. Ltd. Nanjing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665434263

The development and verification of secondary equipment is supported on specific built-in hardware devices and requires a large amount of instrumentation assistance for verification. When the secondary equipment can be simulated and run on the computer, if the simulation excitation signal can be applied at the same time, then the main functions of the secondary equipment can be stimulated and verified by these simulations. This article introduces a system for simulation and verification of general secondary equipment, through which IO signals, process layer SV, and GOOSE signals can be simulated. Connect with the device or simulation software through GOOSE message protocol, SV9-2 protocol, and smart protocol. It can be applied to a computer to simulate a secondary device running, or it can be applied to a specific embedded device, so as to realize a functional verification device. The system can be directly deployed on a laptop computer to simulate various test scenarios and serve as a relay protection device. The development, testing, and deployment reduce costs and improve efficiency.

关键词： Protocols Costs Portable computers Computational modeling Protective relaying System integration Software

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Investigation of Thermal Behavior of an Oil-directed Cooled Transformer Winding

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IEEE TrANSACTIONS ON POWEr dELIVErY 2018年第3期33卷 1091-1098页

作者： Tenbohlen, Stefan Schmidt, Nicolas Breuer, Christian Khandan, Saeed Lebreton, raphael Univ Stuttgart Inst Power Transmiss & High Voltage Technol D-70569 Stuttgart Germany GE Grid Solut R&D Engineer Power Transformers Dept D-41065 Monchengladbach Germany GE Grid Solut R&D Engineer Power Transformers Dept F-92900 Puteaux La Defense France

In this contribution, the oil speed in horizontal channels of an oil-directed cooled winding is investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The presented winding model offers insight into the horizontal cooling channels perpendicular to the main oil-flow direction. To visualize oil flow, tracing particles were added to the cooling oil and illuminated by high-power light-emitting diodes. The particle velocities were then determined by taking photographs with a defined exposure time. The design of the sophisticated winding model is described in the contribution. In addition to the experimental results, this contribution presents a comparison with respective numerical results from 2-d and 3-d computational fluid dynamics calculations. Finally, numerical results from the winding model concerning the oil-flow distribution inside the winding at various operating conditions are presented. The investigation indicated a strong nonuniform oil-flow distribution on the horizontal channels. The presented results give a deep insight into the oil flow and temperature behavior of windings, enabling the designer to optimize the cooling of the power transformer windings.

关键词： Power transformer oil-directed cooling optica investigation thermal modelling computational fluid dynamics oil-flow rate

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Sampled Value Slow-release Verification Method in The design of Power System Specific Processor

Sampled Value Slow-Release Verification Method in The Design...

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IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2)

作者： Xinzhi Chen Hao Yao Teng dong Yinlong Huo School of Electrical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Product Management Center Nanjing SAC Power Grid Automation Co. Ltd Nanjing China China Southern Power Grid Co.Ltd Digital Grid Research Institute Guangzhou China R&D Center Nanjing SAC Power Grid Automation Co. Ltd Nanjing China

ISBN: (数字)9781728196060

ISBN: (纸本)9781728196077

The digital sampling function is an important IP (Intelligent Property) in the power system specific processor. In the process of processor chip design verification, the verification of this IP cannot be completed due to the low frequency of the FPGA emulated processor. This paper proposes a method of slow release of sampled values. By delaying the release of the received SV (Sampled Value) data to the analog calculation task, the verification of digital sampling IP is implemented without modifying the protection algorithm program. And the tester is a universal digital relay protection tester. This method can be used not only for the verification of digital sampling IP, but also for the verification of analog sampling control IP, which speeds up the verification process of the processor chip and improves the coverage of verification.

关键词： Process control System integration Power systems Internet Task analysis Field programmable gate arrays digital relays

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SSL

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Lighting design + Application 2020年第12期50卷 20 - 23页

作者： Michael Poplawski Anay Waghale Michael Poplawski is a senior engineer at PNNL where he primarily supports the DOE Lighting R&D Program. He is the principal investigator for research focused on evaluating and characterizing new connected lighting system technologies and capabilities exploring the potential for connected lighting systems to provide grid services and developing related standards and specifications. Anay Waghale is a lighting research engineer at PNNL where he contributes to several projects focused on performance of connected lighting systems. His current research efforts supported by the DOE Lighting R&D Program focus on estimation of lighting energy end-use consumption energy reporting accuracy of different luminaires and Power over Ethernet (PoE).

Power Play How accurate is the self-reported energy consumption of connected devices?

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CFd Study of Fluid Flow and Temperature distributions in a Power Transformer Winding 19

CFD Study of Fluid Flow and Temperature Distributions in a P...

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IEEE 19th International Conference on dielectric Liquids (ICdL)

作者： Khandan, S. Tenbohlen, S. Breuer, C. Lebreton, r. Univ Stuttgart Inst Power Transmiss & High Voltage Technol IEH Stuttgart Germany GE Grid Solut CCM R&D Engineer Power Ttransformers Monchengladbach Germany GE Grid Solut TICC R&D Engineer Power Ttransformers Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781509048779

The focus of the present numerical study is on the temperature distribution and the fluid flow of an oil cooled winding of a power transformer. The experimental setup consists of three passes of a zig-zag disc type winding, in which losses are modeled by heating cartridges in each winding segment. Precise temperature sensors measure the temperature of each turn. The laboratory setup allows the exact control of the boundary conditions, e.g. the oil flow rate and the inlet temperature. Furthermore, a simulation is carried out with a free open source computational fluid dynamics solver OpenFOAM and validated with the experimental results. The good agreement of the simulation results with experimental measurements validates the model. The model utilizes the turbulent flow for the different mass flow rates of the oil.

关键词： CFd Conjugated Heat Transfer Power Transformers Temperature distribution

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