Scenario-based test is recognized as an effective way to evaluate and verify the Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) of an autonomous driving system, and a critical-scenario is beneficial to foreground the sy...
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Scenario-based test is recognized as an effective way to evaluate and verify the Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF) of an autonomous driving system, and a critical-scenario is beneficial to foreground the system defect more obviously. However, for the state of the art, time consumption of critical-scenario-search in a real-time test is still high, especially for searching critical-scenarios with dissimilarities, which assists designers in discovering more failure modes of autonomous in limited time. To address above challenges, in this paper, we improve our previous scenario-searching approach considering dissimilarity assessments in iterations, we present a searching framework which combines control and exploration approaches, and implement the efficient evolution of scenarios with a backward target-tree search. We carry out a Vehicle-in-the-Loop (VIL) test with a real vehicle to verify our new approach, and the results show that the approach is able to search for scenarios directly against a black-box system in a real-time test, and achieve scenarios with both high criticality anddissimilarity, including unknown-unsafe cases. In our time-limited test, compared with different methods, our approach can achieve 1.9 times the amount of diversified scenarios with the almost same (slightly higher) criticality, either achieve 1.5 times the amount attached with 75% improvement in criticality. IEEE
In this paper a 1 to 4 time-delay power-divider was provided. The phase and amplitude relation between each port was simulated. The time-delay between the port was 0.016 ns in the x-direction and 0.16 ns in the x-dire...
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Si-embedded hard-carbon composites (Si-EHCs) were synthesized as anode materials for high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries. Edge-modified hard carbon (EHC), derived by treating mangrove wood with heat and acid, w...
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At present, the levitation control methods of maglev vehicles are mostly based on the single-point levitation model, ignoring the influence of coupling interference between multiple levitation points in the actual ope...
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At present, the levitation control methods of maglev vehicles are mostly based on the single-point levitation model, ignoring the influence of coupling interference between multiple levitation points in the actual operation of maglev vehicle, which may reduce system stability. Moreover, existing levitation control methods may be limited by the constraints of levitation system, such as coil voltage bounded constraints and levitation gap bounded constraints. In view of these problems, this paper establishes a two-points levitation system model of high-speed maglev vehicle. Aiming at the problem of levitation system constraints, a levitation predictive controller based on model predictive control method is designed. By introducing the cost function of collaborative error, a cooperative levitation control method is proposed to optimize the cooperative performance of the two-points levitation system, and its stability is analyzed by utilizing Lyapunov method. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed cooperative control method not only can better achieve the collaboration of the front andrear levitation points while ensuring that the constraint conditions are strictly meet, but also reduce the dependence of suspension damping. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified through hardware experiments. IEEE
A novel stator structure for spoke-type multi-consequent-pole motors was proposed in this paper. While spoke-type multi-consequent pole motors were effective to improve torque density, it was necessary to allow for to...
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Solvents are commonly added into protic ionic liquids(PILs)to reduce viscosity in practical *** the relationship between the structure and properties of PILs mixed with solvents is also essential for tailoring specifi...
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Solvents are commonly added into protic ionic liquids(PILs)to reduce viscosity in practical *** the relationship between the structure and properties of PILs mixed with solvents is also essential for tailoring specific applications,however,such research is *** this study,we measured and compared the density,viscosity,and conductivity of three mixed systems:n-butylammonium butyrate ionic liquid(PIL)mixing with N-butyric acid(PrCOOH),PIL-N-butylamine(BuNH_(2)),and PIL-N-butanol(BuOH).Small-and wide-angle Xray scattering(S/WAXS),moleculardynamics(Md)simulation,and electron paramagnetic resonance(EPr)techniques were used to explore their inherent structural *** results indicate that the properties of the PIL-BuOH and PIL-PrCOOH systems exhibit more overall similarity in trends compared to the PIL-BuNH_(2)***,when the molar fraction of alcohol or acid exceeds 0.8,structural differences between the two systems lead to the differences in *** hydrogen bond network between the BuOH molecules outside the ion cluster leads to higher viscosity and conductivity than the PIL-PrCOOH ***,the strong hydrogen bond between PrCOOH and anions will replace the position of cations and form spherical *** research highlights how distinct structures influence diverse properties,providing deeper insights into the structure-property relationship.
The miniaturization of portable electronic devices has driven the demand for smaller electronic components. Traditional inductors limited by conventional manufacturing processes was hard to achieve both small size and...
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Smart grid monitoring plays a pivotal role in optimizing powerdistribution and minimizing energy wastage, especially relying on current detection methods. The traditional current detection device was bulky, costly an...
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GMr biosensors, due to their simple detection and low background noise, have a broad application prospect in the fields of biomedical detection, etc. However, there is still room for improvement in the sensitivity of ...
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Multivalent vaccines combining crucial mutations from phylogenetically divergent variants could be an effective approach to defend against existing and future SArS-Co V-2 *** this study,we developed a tetravalent COVI...
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Multivalent vaccines combining crucial mutations from phylogenetically divergent variants could be an effective approach to defend against existing and future SArS-Co V-2 *** this study,we developed a tetravalent COVId-19 vaccine SCTV01E,based on the trimeric Spike protein of SArS-Co V-2 variants Alpha,Beta,delta,and Omicron BA.1,with a squalenebased oil-in-water adjuvant *** the immunogenicity studies in na?ve BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice,SCTV01E exhibited the most favorable immunogenic characteristics to induce balanced and broad-spectrum neutralizing potencies against pre-Omicron variants(d614G,Alpha,Beta,anddelta)and newly emerging Omicron subvariants(BA.1,BA.1.1,BA.2,BA.3,and BA.4/5).Booster studies in C57BL/6J mice previously immunized with d614G monovalent vaccine demonstrated superior neutralizing capacities of SCTV01E against Omicron subvariants,compared with the d614G booster ***,SCTV01E vaccination elicited na?ve and central memory T cell responses to SArS-Co V-2 ancestral strain and Omicron spike ***,our comprehensive immunogenicity evaluation results indicate that SCTV01E could become an important COVId-19 vaccine platform to combat surging infections caused by the highly immune evasive BA.4/5 ***01E is currently being studied in a head-to-head immunogenicity comparison phase 3 clinical study with inactivated and m rNA vaccines(NCT05323461).
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