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A 1-V Wide Swing Image Sensor With Simultaneous Energy Harvesting and Imaging Modes for IoT Applications

IEEE SENSOrS JOUrNAL 2025年第1期25卷 449-456页

作者： Li, Zhipeng Liu, Jingjing Wang, Yuchen Mo, Wenji Miao, Yupeng Yan, Feng Guan, Jian Sun, Kangkang Choubey, Bhaskar Sun Yat Sen Univ Sch Elect & Commun Engn Shenzhen 518107 Peoples R China Henan Normal Univ Coll Elect & Elect Engn Xinxiang 453007 Henan Peoples R China Siegen Univ Analog Circuits & Image Sensors D-57076 Siegen Germany

Image sensors with energy-harvesting capabilities aid in the development of self-powered Internet of Things (IoT) nodes. By achieving simultaneous energy harvesting and imaging, these image sensors make it possible to eliminate batteries and directly achieve self-powered operation. The article proposes a 1-V wide swing image sensor with simultaneous energy harvesting and imaging modes. The proposed pixel utilizes a vertical n+/p-well/dNW/P-sub structures as the photodiode based on a standard 180-nm CMOS mixed-signal process. The n+/p-well is used for imaging, while the p-well/dNW and dNW/P-sub are used for energy harvesting with p-well and P-sub shorted together. Moreover, a traditional 4T pixel has been improved by using CMOS pairs as the switches and zero-threshold NMOS as the source follower. The rail-to-rail pixel output swing can be achieved. An image sensor with simultaneous energy harvesting and imaging modes, which consists of a $32\times 32$ pixel array, a controller, and a dual-channel PWM quantizer, has been designed and fabricated. Measurement results show that the average power consumption of the image sensor is approximately 899.6 nW with 25 fps at 3 klx. The proposed image sensor has a dr of 47.3 dB under a 1-V supply. The measured power generated by energy harvesting while maintaining imaging functionality is 194 pW/lx/mm2.

关键词： Energy harvesting Image sensors Sensors Photodiodes Pulse width modulation circuits Internet of Things Junctions Transistors Power demand CMOS image sensor (CIS) dynamic range (dr) energy-harvesting imager (EHI) simultaneous imaging and energy harvesting

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Magnetic Supraparticles as Identifiers in Single-Layer Lithium-Ion Battery Pouch Cells

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CHEMSUSCHEM 2025年第6期18卷 e202401142页

作者： Li deuso, Sara Ziegler, Simon Weber, daniel Breuer, Felix Haddad, daniel Muessig, Stephan Flegler, Andreas Giffin, Guinevere A. Mandel, Karl Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg FAU Dept Chem & Pharm Egerlandstr 1 D-91058 Erlangen Germany Fraunhofer Insitute Silicate Res ISC Fraunhofer R&D Ctr Electromobil Neunerpl 2 D-97082 Wurzburg Germany Fraunhofer Inst Integrated Circuits IIS Dev Ctr XRay Technol EZRT D-97074 Wurzburg Germany

The development of effective recycling technologies is essential for the recovery and reuse of the raw materials required for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Future recycling processes depend on accessible information, necessitating the implementation of a digital battery passport. The European battery regulation mandates the use of a machine-readable identifier physically attached to the batteries for accessing digital information. Since externally applied optical labels are vulnerable to mechanical damage, technologies for identification without these restrictions could be beneficial. This study demonstrates that magnetic supraparticles (SPs) can be used for contactless identification of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery pouch cells via magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) and that multiple pouch cells can be discriminated based on their specific magnetic code. A comparison of three independent model scenarios revealed that the detection of SPs and the impact on cell performance are dependent on the integration location. The results validate the concept of magnetic identification in metallic environments with MPS as an alternative to optical labeling methods. This study provides a foundation for the development of a new selective labeling and identification technology for batteries, with the potential to facilitate recycling and contribute to a more sustainable future.

关键词： Battery recycling digital product passport Identification Supraparticles Magnetic particle spectroscopy

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detailed reaction Kinetics for Hydrocarbon Fuels: The development and Application of the reaxFFCHO-S22 Force Field for C/H/O Systems with Enhanced Accuracy

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JOUrNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTrY A 2024年第25期128卷 5065-5076页

作者： Wang, Qingqing He, Qi Xiao, Bin Zhai, dong Shen, Yiheng Liu, Yi Goddard, William A., III Shanghai Univ Mat Genome Inst Shanghai Engn Res Ctr Integrated Circuits & Adv D Shanghai 200444 Peoples R China CALTECH Mat & Proc Simulat Ctr MSC Pasadena CA 91125 USA

Efficient and accurate reactive force fields (e.g., reaxFF) are pivotal for large-scale atomistic simulations to comprehend microscopic combustion processes. reaxFF has been extensively utilized to describe chemical reactions in condensed phases, but most existing reaxFF models rely on quantum mechanical (QM) data nearly two decades old, particularly in hydrocarbon systems, constraining their accuracy and applicability. Addressing this gap, we introduce a reparametrized reaxFF(CHO)-S22 for C/H/O systems, tailored for studying the pyrolysis and combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. Our approach involves high-level QM benchmarks and large database construction for C/H/O systems, global reaxFF parameter optimization, and molecular dynamics simulations of typical hydrocarbon fuels. density functional theory (dFT) computations utilized the M06-2X functional at the meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA) level with a large basis set (6-311++G**). Our new reaxFF(CHO)-S22 model exhibits a minimum 10% enhancement in accuracy compared to the previous reaxFF models for a large variety of hydrocarbon molecules. This advanced reaxFF(CHO)-S22 not only enables efficient large-scale studies on the microscopic chemical reactions of more complex hydrocarbon fuel but also can extend to biofuels, energetic materials, polymers, and other pertinent systems, thus serving as a valuable tool for studying chemical reaction dynamics of the large-scale hydrocarbon condensed phase at an atomistic level.

关键词： Energy Hydrocarbons Molecular mechanics Molecules redox reactions

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Effect of Vanadium/Boron ratio on the Microstructure of Al-V-B Master Alloy and Their Grain refining of Alloy A356.2

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JOM 2025年第3期77卷 1171-1182页

作者： Zhou, Yulan Liu, Lihua Xue, Hailin ding, Mengchao Chen, Gang Liu, Libing Zhao, Jiangtao Zhang, Yunhu Shanghai Univ Sch Mat Sci & Engn Shanghai Engn Res Ctr Integrated Circuits & Adv D Ctr Adv Solidificat Technol CAST Shanghai 200072 Peoples R China Shanghai Jianqiao Univ Coll Mech & Elect Engn Shanghai 201306 Peoples R China

Al-V-B is a promising grain refiner for anti-silicon poisoning in casting aluminum-silicon alloys, yet its optimal composition with excellent refining capabilities is still ongoing. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the impact of the vanadium/boron (V/B) ratio on the efficacy of Al-V-B refiner. In this work, the effect of varying V/B ratios on the microstructure of Al-V-B master alloys prepared by the fluorine salt method and their grain refinement of A356.2 alloy was investigated. The results indicated that with the variation of V/B ratio, the average particle size in Al-V-B master alloy ranges from 1 lm to 1.8 lm. Furthermore, when the V/B ratio exceeds 1:2, the primary phases present in the Al-V-B master alloy are VB2 and coarse Al3V. Conversely, when the V/B ratio is< 1:2, predominant phases in Al-V-B master alloy consist of small and uniformly distributed AlB2 and VB2. In addition, the grain refinement effect of Al-V-B master alloy on A356.2 alloy is significantly enhanced when the V/B ratio is< 1:2 and the grain size ranges from 215 lm to 234 lm. However, when the V/B ratio is> 1:2, the grain size of A356.2 alloy will increase.

关键词： Grain refinement

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A Wafer-scale heterogeneous integration thermal simulator

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APPLIEd THErMAL ENGINEErING 2025年 264卷

作者： Xu, Qinzhi Wang, Chenghan Li, Zhiqiang Zhang, daoqing Ma, Xiaoning Cao, He Liu, Jianyun State Key Lab Fabricat Technol Integrated Circuits Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Beijing Key Lab Three dimens & Nanometer Circuit D Beijing 100029 Peoples R China

The resurgence of wafer-scale heterogeneous integration necessitates efficient simulation methodologies to enable thermal-aware design space exploration, particularly for iteration-based algorithms. Existing finite element method based models are computationally prohibitive, and published finite difference method based models face scale limitations. To address these issues, this paper proposes a new finite difference method based thermal simulator, WSHITS (wafer-scale heterogeneous integration thermal simulator), equipped with an automatic wafer edge approximation algorithm. Additionally, the airflow and heatsink design effects are considered to investigate the impact of forced convection on the thermal performance. Compared with finite element method based approaches, WSHITS achieves significant performance improvements, including a 2.78x reduction in cell count and a 25.9x speedup in simulation runtime, while maintaining high accuracy with a relative error of only 0.38%. By offering flexible cell granularity and superior simulation efficiency, WSHITS is promising as an efficient thermal simulation tool in thermal-aware design space exploration, enhancing the thermal design quality of wafer-scale heterogeneous integration.

关键词： Wafer-scale heterogeneous integration Thermal simulation design space exploration Hotspot identification Software

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Optimal Excitation and readout of resonators Used as Wireless Passive Sensors

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SENSOrS 2024年第4期24卷 1323页

作者： reindl, Leonhard M. Aftab, Taimur Gidion, Gunnar Ostertag, Thomas Luo, Wei rupitsch, Stefan Johann Univ Freiburg Fac Engn Lab Elect Instrumentat & Embedded Syst D-79110 Freiburg Germany RSSI GmbH Burgermeister Graf Ring 1 D-82538 Geretsried Germany Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Integrated Circuits Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

resonators are passive time-invariant components that do not produce a frequency shift. However, they respond to an excitation signal close to resonance with an oscillation at their natural frequencies with exponentially decreasing amplitudes. If resonators are connected to antennas, they form purely passive sensors that can be read remotely. In this work, we model the external excitation of a resonator with different excitation signals and its subsequent decay characteristics analytically as well as numerically. The analytical modeling explains the properties of the resonator during transient response and decay behavior. The analytical modeling clarifies how natural oscillations are generated in a linear time-invariant system, even if their spectrum was not included in the stimulation spectrum. In addition, it enables the readout signals to be optimized in terms of duration and bandwidth.

关键词： resonator transient phenomenon quality factor wireless sensor passive sensor chipless sensor analogue sensor resonant sensor read-out of resonant sensor

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A study of optimal control approaches of water-to-water CO2 heat pump for domestic hot water use

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CASE STUdIES IN THErMAL ENGINEErING 2025年 65卷

作者： Li, Yantong Nord, Natasa Yin, Huibin Pan, Gechuanqi Wang, Changhong Wu, Tingting rekstad, Inge Havard Dongguan Univ Technol Guangdong Prov Key Lab Multienergy Complementary D Dongguan 523808 Peoples R China Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Energy & Proc Engn NO-7491 Trondheim Norway Guangdong Univ Technol Sch Integrated Circuits Guangzhou 510006 Peoples R China

Carbon dioxide (CO2) heat pumps are not causing ozone layer depletion, while offering high temperature water. Typical control (TC) can realize normal operation of water-to-water CO2 heat pump. However, the approach for developing model-based optimal control (MC) for further improving the performance of water-to-water CO2 heat pump is still lacking. Hence, this study presents MC approaches for water-to-water CO2 heat pump. The developed model-based controller was composed of the optimization strategy and system models. The objective of optimization strategy was to maximize system coefficient of performance by identifying optimal setpoint values of discharge pressure and outlet water temperature at the gas cooler side. System models of compressor power and heat rate at the gas cooler side were established using large amount of data from virtual CO2 heat pump. The reliability of virtual CO2 heat pump was validated by experimental data. results of case studies demonstrated that the system coefficient of performance with MC could be improved by 7.8 %-14.6 % in comparison with that with TC. This study therefore gave a guideline for optimal control of water-to-water CO2 heat pump.

关键词： Model-based Optimal control Water-to-water CO2 heat pump domestic hot water

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Acquisition performance for inter-satellite optical communication between low earth orbit and geostationary orbit satellites with vibration and asymmetric initial pointing errors

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OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2025年 579卷

作者： Xu, Zhenzhao Hou, Yu Wen, Zhidong Li, Feng Yue, Song Zhang, Kunpeng Zhang, Zichen Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Microelect Instruments& Equipment R&D Ctr Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Sch Integrated Circuits Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Beihang Univ Sch Integrated Circuit Sci & Engn Natl Key Lab Spintron Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

This paper presents an investigation into the acquisition performance of inter-satellite optical communication systems between low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit satellites, specifically addressing the challenges posed by platform vibration and asymmetric initial pointing errors. The study begins with a brief overview of conventional spiral scan (CSS), highlighting the limitations of the CSS in handling asymmetric error conditions. A novel rhombus spiral scan (rSS) method is then proposed, which optimizes the scanning process by prioritizing regions of high probability density, improving both acquisition probability and acquisition time. The theoretical foundations of the rSS method are developed, followed by a comparative analysis using Monte Carlo simulations and experimental validation. Special focus is given to the impact of asymmetric initial pointing errors and vibration, demonstrating that under practical conditions, the rSS method achieves a 7% improvement in acquisition probability and a 14.9% reduction in acquisition time compared to CSS. Finally, the advantages of the rSS method for enhancing acquisition performance in real-world inter-satellite optical communication systems are discussed.

关键词： Inter-satellite optical communication Spatial acquisition Initial pointing errors Vibration influence Acquisition performance

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Biocompatible Acellular dermal Matrix-Based Neuromorphic device with Ultralow Voltage, Ion Channel Emulation, and Synaptic Forgetting Visualization Computation

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ACS NANO 2024年第45期18卷 31309-31322页

作者： Li, Lei Xu, Yihua Peng, Qunkai Huang, Pei duan, Xinqing Wang, Mingqiang Jiang, Yu Wang, Jie Periasamy, Srinivasan Hsieh, dar-Jen Chang, Kuan-Chang Peking Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn Guangdong Prov Key Lab In Memory Comp Chips Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Shenzhen Technol Univ Coll Integrated Circuits & Optoelect Chips Shenzhen 518118 Peoples R China ACRO Biomed Co R&D Ctr Kaohsiung 82151 Taiwan

Neuromorphic bioelectronics aim to integrate electronics with biological systems yet encounter challenges in biocompatibility, operating voltages, power consumption, and stability. This study presents biocompatible neuromorphic devices fabricated from acellular dermal matrix (AdM) derived from porcine dermis using low-temperature supercritical CO2 extraction. The AdM preserves the natural scaffold structure of collagen and minimizes immunogenicity by eliminating cells, fats, and noncollagenous impurities, ensuring excellent biocompatibility. The AdM-based devices emulate biological ion channels with biphasic membrane current modulation, exhibiting temperature dependency and pH sensitivity. It operates at an ultralow voltage of 1 mV and demonstrates reliable synaptic modulation exceeding 4 x 104 endurance cycles. The activation voltage can be theoretically as low as 59 mu V, comparable to brainwave signals with a power of merely 7 aJ/event. Furthermore, a brain-like forgetting visualization algorithm is developed, leveraging the synaptic forgetting plasticity of AdM-based devices to achieve complex computing tasks in a highly energy-efficient manner. Neuromorphic devices based on AdM not only hold potential in implantable biointerfaces due to their exceptional biocompatibility, ultralow voltage, and power but also provide a feasible way for energy-efficient computing paradigms through a synergistic hardware-software approach.

关键词： neuromorphic device acellular dermal matrix (AdM) atelocollagen biocompatibility low voltage

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A Fully Integrated Heterogenous Si-CMOS/GaN 500 MHz 6 V-to-18 V Boost Converter Chip

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IEEE TrANSACTIONS ON POWEr ELECTrONICS 2023年第5期38卷 5615-5618页

作者： Liu, Ziheng Lin, Zhen Wang, Jinyan Ma, Kaixue disney, don Meng, Fanyi Peking Univ Sch Integrated Circuits Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Tianjin Univ Sch Microelect Tianjin 300072 Peoples R China Infineon D-85579 Neubiberg Germany

This article presents a fully integrated 500 MHz single-switch resonant boost converter using heterogeneous integrated gallium nitride (GaN) and Si-CMOS. Seeking for high level of integration with watt-level power delivering capabilities, the high-speed driver circuitries are implemented in Si-CMOS with customized on-chip inductors, whereas the power switches adopt GaN devices. Two chips are co-designed and integrated using standard flip-chip process. In the proof-of-concept, a 500 MHz single-switch resonant boost dc/dc converter is implemented, fabricated, and measured. The chip occupies an area of 3 mm x 3 mm. It features V-OUT/V-in of 14-20 V/6 V and P-OUT of 3.98-4.2 W with 50-100 omega loads. The obtained maximal conversion efficiency of 58% and power density of 460 mW/mm(2) are the highest among the similar fully integrated state of the arts.

关键词： Gallium nitride (GaN) GaN2BCd heterogeneous integration (HI) resonant dc/dc converter silicon-on-insulator

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