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Specification and Modeling of Network Resources in Dynamic, Distributed real-time System 14

Specification and Modeling of Network Resources in Dynamic, ...

引用

14th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed computing Systems, PDCS 2001

作者： Tong, Lu Bruggeman, Carl Tjaden, Brett Chen, Hong Welch, Lonnie R. Laboratory for Intelligent Real-time Secure Systems School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Ohio University AthensOH45701 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781618395740

This paper presents a system model and specification language for network resource management in dynamic, distributed real-time systems. The model is used to define techniques for QoS (quality-of-service) monitoring, QoS diagnosis, and schedulability analysis of network resources. Preliminary experimental results show the effectiveness of the extension for specification of realtime network resources, detection and diagnosis of network resources bottlenecks, and restoration of acceptable QoS via reallocation of distributed computer and network resources. © (2001) by the International Society for computers and Their Applications All rights reserved.

关键词： Specification languages

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Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real-time connections

Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real...

引用

International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)

作者： S. Kim D. Qiao S. Kodase K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Dependability of service (DoS) has become an important requirement for real-time applications, such as remote medical services, business-critical network meetings and command-and-control applications. The Dependable real-time Protocol (DRTP), in which each dependable real-time connection is realized with one primary and one or more backup channels, has been shown to be an effective way of providing DoS. How to route both primary and backup channels for each dependable real-time connection is of vital importance to the success of failure recovery and to overhead reduction in providing DoS. In this paper, we propose and evaluate three different schemes for routing the primary and backup channels of each dependable real-time connection. Specifically, we present methods based on link-state information and bounded flooding to discover routes for the primary and backup channels while satisfying the required quality of service (QoS). The costs of the link-state and flooding algorithms are reduced significantly by using the fact that the probability of success in failure recovery can be estimated with simple link-state information, and by bounding the flooded region within an ellipse with the two communication end-points as loci. Our in-depth simulations have shown that the proposed routing schemes are highly effective, providing a fault tolerance of 87% or higher with a network capacity overhead of less than 85%.

关键词： Routing Floods Streaming media Delay Medical services Quality of service Fault tolerance Throughput Laboratories Electronic mail

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Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

引用

International Conference on Network Protocols

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769514294

We propose an efficient flow and error control scheme for high-throughput transport protocols by using a second-order rate control, called the /spl alpha/-control, and a new sliding-window scheme for error control. The /spl alpha/-control minimizes the packet retransmissions by adjusting the rate-gain parameter to the variations in the number and round-trip times (RTTs) of cross-traffic flows that share the bottleneck. Using selective retransmission, the sliding-window scheme guarantees lossless transmission. By applying the /spl alpha/-control, the proposed scheme can drive the flow-controlled system to a retransmission-less equilibrium state. Using the fluid analysis, we establish the flow-control system model, obtain the greatest lower bound for the target buffer occupancy, and derive closed-form expressions for packet losses, loss rate, and link-transmission efficiency. We prove that the /spl alpha/-control is feasible and optimal linear control in terms of efficiency and fairness. Also presented are the extensive simulation results that confirm the analytical results, and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme to others in dealing with the variations of cross-traffic flows sharing the same bottleneck and their RTTs, controlling packet losses/retransmissions, and achieving buffer-usage fairness as well as high throughput.

关键词： Transport protocols Throughput Error correction Propagation losses Transmitters Laboratories Closed-form solution Optimal control Fluid flow control Internet

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Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Shige Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780365763

We present an architecture that supports reconfigurable software construction. In this architecture, the controller software consists of a set of well-defined components and a set of behavior specifications. Each component is modeled with event-based external interfaces, a control logic driver and service protocols. Behaviors of components and their integration are modeled as finite state machines and nested finite state machines. The behaviors of software can be specified in Control Plan programs and executed by control logic drivers at run-time. Such software supports executable code-level reconfiguration as well as remote behavioral reconfiguration. Reconfiguration with heterogeneous implementations and vendor-neutral products is also supported. Our evaluation of the motion control software for a milling machine controller demonstrated that the software constructed with this architecture has high reconfigurability and low development and maintenance costs.

关键词： computer architecture Software maintenance Reconfigurable logic Protocols Control systems Application software Communication system control Machine control Automata Motion control

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Statistical analysis of feedback-synchronization signaling delay for multicast flow control

Statistical analysis of feedback-synchronization signaling d...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780370163

Feedback signaling plays a crucial role in flow control because the traffic source relies on the signaling information to make correct and timely flow-control decisions. Multicast flow-control signaling imposes two additional challenges: scalability and feedback synchronization. We developed a binary-tree deterministic model (Zhang and Shin 1999) and an independent-marking statistical model (Zhang and Shin 2000) to study the delay performance of various multicast feedback-synchronization signaling algorithms. In this paper, we consider the general case in which the congestion markings at different links are dependent. We develop a Markov chain model defined by the link-marking state on each path in a multicast tree. The Markov chain can not only characterize link-marking dependencies, but also yield a tractable analytical model. We also develop a Markov-chain dependency-degree model which can he used to quantify/evaluate all possible Markov-chain dependency degrees without knowing a priori the dependency degree information. Using the Markov-chain and dependency-degree models, we derive the general expressions for the probability distribution of each path bring the multicast-tree bottleneck. Also derived are the closed-form expressions for the first and second moments of multicast signaling delays. The proposed Markov chain is also shown to asymptotically reach an equilibrium, and its limiting state distributions converge to the link-marking marginal probabilities when the Markov chain is irreducible. By applying these two models, we analyze and contrast the feedback-delay scalability of two representative multicast signaling protocols: soft-synchronization protocol and hop-by-hop (HBH) signaling algorithms.

关键词： Statistical analysis Delay Multicast protocols Feedback Scalability Multicast algorithms Traffic control Analytical models Genetic expression Probability distribution

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Protecting resources with resource control lists

Protecting resources with resource control lists

引用

real-time Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： A. Miyoshi R. Rajkumar Real-time and Multimedia Systems Laboratory Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering and of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769511341

Resource management has become an important issue for computer systems as QoS-sensitive multimedia applications and hostile acts such as denial of service (DoS) attacks become widespread. Since applications access the processor, network and other subsystems, attacks on any of these subsystems can lead to undesirable behavior. To maintain system integrity even under such attacks, an unprivileged application must not be allowed to intentionally or unintentionally affect the progress of others. The authors present a first-class abstraction called Resource Control Lists (RCLs) to specify and enforce protection policies on time multiplexed resources, similar to access control on files. RCLs put access control on time multiplexed resources such as CPU time and network and disk bandwidth. RCLs are practical, flexible and provide several benefits. Protection policies specified by RCLs can be under administrator control, customized to a site, and can be dynamically adapted. We have built support for RCLs into Linux/RK, a real-time version of Linux that provides resource reservations where applications receive a promised amount of resources by making reservations. Quantitative measurements with limited forms of DoS attacks show that our new features provide flexible functionality while imposing acceptable overhead without modifying the applications. We also demonstrate that resources are protected even in the face of malicious activities. Finally, we show how RCLs can be used to deliver resource protection on multiple Web server configurations including the hosting of multiple logical sites by an ISP and preferential treatment of buyers on e-commerce sites.

关键词： Protection Resource management computer crime Multimedia systems Application software Linux Operating systems Security real time systems Laboratories

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Meta-reasoning for a distributed agent architecture

Meta-reasoning for a distributed agent architecture

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Southeastern Symposium on System Theory

作者： D. Chelberg L. Welch A. Lakshmikumar M. Gillen Qiang Zhou Laboratory for Intelligent Real-Time and Secure Systems Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Ohio University Athens OH USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780366611

Agent based computing offers the ability to decentralize computing solutions by incorporating autonomy and intelligence into cooperating, distributed applications. It provides an effective medium for expressing solutions to problems that involve interaction with real-world environments and allows modelling of the world state and its dynamics. This model can be then used to determine how candidate actions affect the world and how to choose the best from a set of actions. Most agent paradigms overlook real-time requirements and computing resource constraints. We discuss the application of agent based computing to RoboCup and examine methods to improve it. In particular, we discuss the incorporation of a meta-level reasoning mechanism that handles individual agent organization, plan generation, task allocation, integration and plan execution. We also propose an architecture where a meta-agent is further enhanced by combining it with system-level resource allocation and optimization. The approach adopted by us unifies agent based computing with adaptive resource management for dynamic real-time systems. The goal is to build and implement a distributed, intelligent, agent based system for dynamic real-time applications.

关键词： Quality of service real time systems Resource management computer architecture Distributed computing Intelligent agent Monitoring Laboratories Application software Testing

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Model-based control for reconfigurable manufacturing systems

Model-based control for reconfigurable manufacturing systems

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： K. Ohashi K.G. Shin Industrial Electronics & Systems Laboratory Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Limited Amagasaki Hyogo Japan Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780365763

The manufacturing industry cannot stay competitive and survive in today's market without agile adaptation to rapidly changing customers' demands. This in turn requires manufacturing systems to be reconfigurable for timely introduction of new products in the market. Unfortunately, at present, the system designers cannot systematically and completely manage their design data, because manufacturing systems have gradually become too large and too complicated to manage. In order to reconfigure and reuse H/W and S/W components in manufacturing systems, and improve the engineering environment of system control design, we propose a model-based control design using state transition diagrams and a general graph description, while taking reconfiguration and reuse of design data into account. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach using a real application.

关键词： Manufacturing systems Control design Laboratories Industrial electronics computer aided manufacturing computer science Manufacturing industries Agile manufacturing Data engineering Design engineering

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Implementation and evaluation of a best-effort scheduling algorithm in an embedded real-time system

Implementation and evaluation of a best-effort scheduling al...

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IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software

作者： Peng Li B. Ravindran T. Hegazy Real Time Systems Laboratory The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780372301

This paper describes an implementation and the performance evaluation of the DASA/ND best-effort scheduling algorithm [4] in the μClinux/μCsimm micro-controller system. Experimental results under synthetic workload show that in some cases, the DASA/ND scheduler outperforms both the EDF (Earliest Deadline First) and the RMS (Rate Monotonic Scheduling) schedulers [7]. Meanwhile, the system performance gracefully degrades as the aggregate CPU load increases. However, the scheduling overhead, in general, is not negligible, which may lead to poorer performance than non best-effort scheduling algorithms. It is found that the scheduling overhead strongly depends on the task set properties. Using the Regression Analysis technique, we developed a statistical model accounting for the scheduling overhead. We show that this model, combined with a simulation tool can well predict the system performance.

关键词： Scheduling algorithm real time systems Neodymium Predictive models System performance Degradation Aggregates Regression analysis Analytical models Operating systems

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EDF scheduling using two-mode voltage-clock-scaling for hard real-time systems 2

EDF scheduling using two-mode voltage-clock-scaling for hard...

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2nd International Conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis for Embedded Systems, CASES 2001

作者： Lee, Yann-Hang Doh, Yoonmee Krishna, C.M. Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Arizona State University TempeAZ85287-5406 United States Real-Time Systems Research Lab. CISE Department Univ. of Florida GainesvilleFL32611-6120 United States Electrical and Computer Eng. University of Massachusetts AmherstMA01003 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1581133995

Scaling down power supply voltage yields a quadratic reduction in dynamic power dissipation and also requires a reduction in clock frequency. In order to meet task deadlines in hard real-time systems, the delay penalty in voltage scaling needs to be carefully considered to achieve low power consumption. In this paper, we focus on dynamic reclaiming of early released resources in Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling using voltage scaling. In addition to a static voltage assignment, we propose a new dynamic-mode assignment, which has a flexible voltage mode setting at run-time enabling much larger energy savings. Using simulation results and exploiting the interplay between power supply voltage, frequency, and circuit delay in CMOS technology, we find the optimal twolevel voltage settings that minimize energy consumption. Copyright 2001 ACM.

关键词： real time systems

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