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A language support environment for complex distributed real-time applications 3

A language support environment for complex distributed real-...

引用

3rd IEEE International Conference on engineering of Complex computer Systems (ICECCS 97)

作者： Stoyen, AD Marlowe, TJ Younis, M Petrov, P Real- Time Computing Laboratory Department of Computer and Information Science New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark 07102 NJ United States Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Seton Hall University South Orange 07079 NJ United States AlliedSignal Aerospace Microelectronics and Technology Center 9140 Old Annapolis Road/MD 108 Columbia 21045 MD United States

ISBN: (纸本)0818681268

engineering of complex distributed real-time applications is one of the hardest tasks faced by the software profession today. All aspects of the process, from design to implementation, are made more difficult by the interaction of behavioral and platform constraints. Providing tools for this task is likewise not without major challenges. In this paper, we discuss a tool suite at New Jersey Institute of Technology's real-time computing Lab which supports the development of complex distributed real-time applications in a suitable high-level language (CRL). The suite's component tools include a compiler, a transformer-optimizer, an allocator-migrator, schedulability analyzers, a debugger-monitor, a kernel and a (simulated) network manager. The overall engineering approach supported by the suite is to provide as simple and natural an integrated development paradigm as possible. The suite tools address complexity due to distribution, scheduling, allocation and other sources in an integrated manner (largely) transparent to the developer. To reflect the needs of propagation of functional and non-functional requirements throughout the development process, a number of robust code transformation and communication mechanisms have been incorporated into the suite. To facilitate practical use of the suite, the developed programs compile-transform to a safe subset of C++ with appropriate libraries and runtime support.

关键词： Cosine transforms

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Deadline assignment in distributed hard real-time systems with relaxed locality constraints

Deadline assignment in distributed hard real-time systems wi...

引用

International Conference on Distributed computing Systems

作者： J. Jonsson K.G. Shin Department of Computer Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Goteborg Sweden Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Elec. Engr. and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In a real time system, tasks are constrained by global end to end deadlines. In order to cater for high task schedulability, these deadlines must be distributed over component subtasks in an intelligent way. Existing methods for automatic distribution of end to end deadlines are all based on the assumption that task assignments are entirely known beforehand. This assumption is not necessarily valid for large real time systems. Furthermore, most task assignment strategies require information on deadlines in order to make good assignments, thus forming a circular dependency between deadline distribution and task assignment. We present a heuristic approach that performs deadline distribution prior to task assignment. The deadline distribution problem is presented in the context of large distributed hard real time systems with relaxed locality constraints, where schedulability analysis must be performed offline, and only a subset of the tasks are constrained by predetermined assignments to specific processors. Using experimental results we identify drawbacks of previously proposed techniques, and then show that our solution provides significantly better performance for a large variety of system configurations.

关键词： real time systems Processor scheduling computer science Software maintenance Performance analysis Distributed computing Application software Software reusability Parallel processing Sensor systems

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The use of industrial-strength formal methods

The use of industrial-strength formal methods

引用

IEEE Annual International computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)

作者： J.P. Bowen M.G. Hinchey Department of Computer Science University of Reading Reading UK New Jersey Institute of Technology Real-Time Computing Laboratory Newark NJ USA

Formal methods are used in a surprisingly wide variety of applications and ways throughout the world. While they may still be considered a niche market, there is growing evidence that they can be used successfully in industry if applied judiciously. The paper discusses same of the issues concerning the successful application of formal methods and surveys a number of examples of industrial usage, with a large bibliography for further reading on the state of the art in this area.

关键词： Books Storms Surge protection Automatic control Floods computer science Application software Technology transfer Laboratories Computational Intelligence Society

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Scalable hardware priority queue architectures for high-speed packet switches

Scalable hardware priority queue architectures for high-spee...

引用

real-time Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： S.-W. Moon K.G. Shin J. Rexford Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Network Mathematics Research Networking and Distributed Systems AT and T Research Laboratories Murray Hill NJ USA

In packet-switched networks, queueing of packets at the switches can result when multiple connections share the same physical link. To accommodate a large number of connections, a switch can employ link-scheduling algorithms to prioritize the transmission of the queued packets. Due to the high-speed links and small packet sizes, a hardware solution is needed for the priority queue in order to make the link schedulers effective. But for good performance, the switch should also support a large number of priority levels (P) and be able to buffer a large number of packets (N). So a hardware priority queue design must be both fast and scalable (with respect to N and P) in order to be implemented effectively. In this paper we first compare four existing hardware priority queue architectures, and identify scalability limitations on implementing these existing architectures for large N and P. Based on our findings, we propose two new priority queue architectures, and evaluate them using simulation results from Verilog HDL and Epoch implementations.

关键词： Packet switching Switches Traffic control Scheduling algorithm Asynchronous transfer mode Hardware design languages Communication system traffic control computer architecture Moon real time systems

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A parametrized branch-and-bound strategy for scheduling precedence-constrained tasks on a multiprocessor system

A parametrized branch-and-bound strategy for scheduling prec...

引用

International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP)

作者： J. Jonsson K.G. Shin Department of Computer Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Goteborg Sweden Real-Time Computing LaboratoryDepartment of Elec. Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In this paper we experimentally evaluate the performance of a parametrized branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm for scheduling real-time tasks an a multiprocessor system. The objective of the B&B algorithm is to minimize the maximum task lateness in the system. We show that a last-in-first-out (LIFO) vertex selection rule clearly outperforms the commonly used least-lower-bound (LLB) rule for the scheduling problem. We also present a new adaptive lower-bound cost function that greatly improves the performance of the B&B algorithm when parallelism in the application cannot be fully exploited on the multiprocessor architecture. Finally, we evaluate a set of heuristic strategies, one of which generates near-optimal results with performance guarantees and another of which generates approximate results without performance guarantees.

关键词： Processor scheduling Multiprocessing systems real time systems Polynomials Cost function Parallel processing Artificial intelligence Fault tolerant systems Application software computer science

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On memory protection in real-time OS for small embedded systems

On memory protection in real-time OS for small embedded syst...

引用

IEEE International Conference on Embedded and real-time computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA)

作者： S. Suzuki K.G. Shin The1st Department of Systems Research Hitachi Research Laboratory Hitachi and Limited Hitachi Ibaraki Japan Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Memory protection is an important OS feature for the reliability and safety of real-time control systems. In this paper, we study the feasibility of memory protection in small embedded systems in which memory size ranges from several tens of KBytes to several hundreds of KBytes. We evaluate various protection methods in terms of memory consumption, processing overhead, multiple-thread support, region enlargement, and hardware support. We present a new protection method called intermediate-level skip multi-size paging which skips unused intermediate-level page tables of multi-level paging and supports several page sizes. Our evaluation results show that this method along with paged segmentation and short-circuit segment tree are more cost-effective than other known memory protection methods. Also, the feasibility of intermediate-level skip multi-size paging can be improved if a MMU supporting several page sizes is available for microprocessors.

关键词： Protection real time systems Embedded system Memory management Laboratories Hardware Microprocessors Control systems Kernel computer crashes

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Task assignment and scheduling for open real-time control systems

Task assignment and scheduling for open real-time control sy...

引用

American Control Conference (ACC)

作者： Byung Kook Kim K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Taejon South Korea Department of Elec. Engineering Comp. Sci Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

A problem for task assignment and scheduling on a network of processors is formulated and solved for open real-time control systems. In order to ensure smooth operation and good performance of open real-time control systems, one must analyze the problem of task assignment and scheduling during the conceptual system design stage. For this type of applications, we propose use of a performance index called the control latency, a weighted sum of feedback, command, and monitoring latencies. Given a set of tasks for a specific control application, the execution time of each task, and intra/inter-processor communication latencies, we have developed an optimal task assignment and scheduling algorithm by minimizing this performance index. Since this problem is NP-hard, we have employed a branch-and-bound algorithm to efficiently search for an optimal task assignment while maintaining task schedulability. A prototypical example of open-architecture control for CNC machines is presented to illustrate the good performance of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： real time systems Control systems Processor scheduling Performance analysis Communication system control Delay Scheduling algorithm Weight control Feedback Monitoring

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A language support environment for complex distributed real-time applications

A language support environment for complex distributed real-...

引用

IEEE International Conference on engineering of Complex computer Systems

作者： A.D. Stoyen T.J. Marlowe M. Younis P. Petrov Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Computer and Information Science New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Seton Hall University South Orange NJ USA Allied Signal Aerospace Microelectronics and Technology Center Columbia MD USA

engineering of complex distributed real-time applications is one of the hardest tasks faced by the software profession today. All aspects of the process, from design to implementation, are made more difficult by the interaction of behavioral and platform constraints. Providing tools for this task is likewise not without major challenges. In this paper, we discuss a tool suite at New Jersey Institute of Technology's real-time computing Lab which supports the development of complex distributed real-time applications in a suitable high-level language (CRL). The suite's component tools include a compiler, a transformer-optimizer, an allocator-migrator, schedulability analyzers, a debugger-monitor, a kernel, and a (simulated) network manager. The overall engineering approach supported by the suite is to provide as simple and natural an integrated development paradigm as possible. The suite tools address complexity due to distribution, scheduling, allocation and other sources in an integrated manner (largely) transparent to the developer. To reflect the needs of propagation of functional and non-functional requirements throughout the development process, a number of robust code transformation and communication mechanisms have been incorporated into the suite. To facilitate practical use of the suite, the developed programs compile-transform to a safe subset of C++ with appropriate libraries and runtime support.

关键词： Application software Process design Distributed computing High level languages Processor scheduling Kernel Computational modeling Analytical models computer network management Robustness

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Adaptive blocks: A high performance data structure 97

Adaptive blocks: A high performance data structure

引用

1997 ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing, SC 1997

作者： Stout, Quentin F. De Zeeuw, Darren L. Gombosi, Tamas I. Groth, Clinton P. T. Marshall, Hal G. Powell, Kenneth G. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Center for Parallel Computing University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 United States Space Physics Research Laboratory Department of Atmospheric Oceanic and Space Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2143 United States Laboratory for Scientific Computation Center for Parallel Computing University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2094 United States Department of Aerospace Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2118 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897919858

We examine a data structure which uses flexible "adaptivity" to obtain high performance for both serial and parallel computers. The data structure is an adaptive grid which partitions a given region into regular cells. Its closest relatives are cell-based tree decompositions, but there are several important differences which lead to significant performance advantages. Using this block data structure to support adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), we were able to sustain 17 GFLOPS in ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the solar wind emanating from the base of the solar corona, using a 512 processor Cray T3D at NASA Goddard. © 1997 ACM.

关键词： Magnetohydrodynamics

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An architecture-independent workload characterization model for parallel computer architectures

An architecture-independent workload characterization model ...

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Aizu International Symposium on Parallel Algorithms/Architecture Synthesis

作者： A.I. Meajil T. El-Ghazawi T. Sterling Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Department George Washington University USA Center for Advanced Computing Research California Institute of Technology NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA

A model is presented for representing and comparing workloads, based on the way they would exercise parallel machines. This workload characterization is derived from parallel instruction centroid and parallel workload similarity. The centroid is a simple measure that aggregates average parallelism instruction mix, and critical path length. When captured with abstracted information about communication requirements, the result is a powerful tool in understanding the requirements of workloads and their potential performance on target machines. The workload similarity is based on measuring the normalized Euclidean distance (ned) between workload centroids. It is shown that this workload representation method outperforms comparable ones in accuracy, as well as in time and space requirements. Analysis of the NAS Parallel Benchmarks and their performance is presented to demonstrate some of the applications, such as performance prediction with good accuracy, and insight provided by this model.

关键词： Concurrent computing computer architecture Parallel processing Euclidean distance Parallel architectures Design for experiments Benchmark testing Extraterrestrial measurements Multidimensional systems Propulsion

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