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检索条件"机构=Real Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"

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Mapping concurrently-communicating modules onto mesh multicomputers equipped with virtual channels

Mapping concurrently-communicating modules onto mesh multico...

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International Conference on Distributed computing Systems

作者： Bing-Rung Tsai K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

It is difficult to define and evaluate a meaningful performance metric when many packets are generated and exchanged concurrently in mesh-connected multicomputers equipped with wormhole switching and virtual channels. Thus, an approximate metric/cost function must be chosen so that when, task modules are mapped by optimizing this function, the actual performance of the mapping is also optimized. Several low-complexity cost functions are evaluated using the simulated annealing optimization process. The mappings found by optimizing these cost functions are then fed into a flit-level simulator to evaluate their actual performance. One particular cost function is found to be very effective.

关键词： Cost function Measurement Packet switching Simulated annealing

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Localized multicast routing

Localized multicast routing

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IEEE Conference and Exhibition on Global Telecommunications (GLOBECOM)

作者： A. Shaikh S. Lu K. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Multicast is a fundamental issue in distributed computing and networking, especially for applications such as audio and video transmission. The minimal cost route selection problem for multicasting is an NP-complete problem even for regular network topologies such as meshes and hypercubes. We therefore present a simple heuristic algorithm for multicast route selection in arbitrarily-connected point-to-point communication networks. Several other heuristics have been presented for finding the minimal multicast route, but most of them are global in the sense that the source uses global cost information to construct a multicast tree. Our algorithm does not require the use of global cost information; it uses cost information only from neighboring nodes as it proceeds which makes it more practical from an implementation paint of view. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed through empirical comparisons and is shown to perform as well against algorithms which use global information.

关键词： Routing Costs Multicast algorithms Distributed computing NP-complete problem Network topology Hypercubes Heuristic algorithms Communication networks Paints

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real-time communication in FieldBus multiaccess networks

Real-time communication in FieldBus multiaccess networks

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real-time Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： Ching-Chih Han K.G. Shin Real Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

There has been an increasing need of timely and predictable communication services for embedded real-time systems in automated factories and industrial process controls. Work has been done on real-time communication with deadline guarantees in point-to-point, token bus/token ring/FDDI, and DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) networks. However, due to the random access nature of the CSMA/CD type multiaccess networks, they are not suitable for applications with stringent timing constraints. We consider real-time communication services with absolute deadline guarantees in multiaccess local area networks equipped with a centralized scheduler, such as the SP-50 FieldBus, an industrial standard protocol for process control and manufacturing applications. Similar to most token-passing networks, in a centralized scheduling multiaccess network, the access to the bus is controlled by a token. Only the station currently holding the token has the exclusive right to use the multiaccess bus. Unlike the token bus, token ring, or FDDI network, the multiaccess network uses a centralized token scheduling scheme and the token need not be allocated to the stations in a cyclic fashion. We show that the pinwheel and the distance-constrained scheduling techniques can be adapted to schedule the token in centralized-scheduling multiaccess networks to guarantee message deadlines.

关键词： Field buses Job shop scheduling Communication industry Industrial control Process control Token networks FDDI real time systems Production facilities electrical equipment industry

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A polynomial-time optimal synchronous bandwidth allocation scheme for the timed-token MAC protocol

A polynomial-time optimal synchronous bandwidth allocation s...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Ching-Chih Han K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Numerous methods have been proposed to integrate real-time and non-real-time services of the timed-token medium access control (MAC) protocol. One of the key issues in tailoring the timed-token MAC protocol for real-time applications is the synchronous bandwidth allocation (SEA) problem whose objective is to meet both the protocol and deadline constraints. Several non-optimal local SEA schemes and an optimal global scheme have been proposed previously. Local SEA schemes use only information available locally to each node, and are thus preferred to global schemes because of their lower network-management overhead. Unfortunately it has been formally proved in Han et al. (1995) that there does not exist any optimal local SEA scheme. Chen et al. [1992] proposed the only-known optimal global SEA scheme which is based on an iterative approach. However, their algorithm may not terminate theoretically. The present authors give an optimal global SEA scheme of polynomial-time worst-case complexity.

关键词： Polynomials Channel allocation Media Access Protocol Access protocols Bandwidth Timing Laboratories Iterative methods Iterative algorithms real time systems

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A software fault injection tool on real-time Mach

A software fault injection tool on real-time Mach

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real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： S. Dawson F. Jahanian T. Mitton Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Ensuring that a distributed real-time system with strict dependability constraints meets its prescribed specification is a growing challenge that confronts software developers and system engineers. This paper reports on a software fault injection tool, called SockPFI, for testing the fault tolerance and timing behavior of distributed real-time applications. SockPFI, developed on real-time Mach, can be used to test socket-based distributed real-time applications on this platform without modifying the source code of the target protocol. The SockPFI tool is based on the concept of script-driven probing and fault injection. It is explicitly designed to address some of the intrusiveness associated with fault injection of distributed systems, and in particular, with real-time protocols. The paper describes the design and implementation of SockPFI on real time Mach, and a demonstration of the tool on a real-time primary-backup replication protocol.

关键词： Software tools Protocols real time systems Probes Trademarks Software systems Systems engineering and theory Software testing Fault tolerance Timing

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QoS-Sensitive Protocol Processing In Shared-Memory Multiprocessor Multimedia Servers

QoS-Sensitive Protocol Processing In Shared-Memory Multiproc...

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IEEE Workshop on the Architecture and Implementation of High Performance Communication Subsystems

作者： A. Mehra Kang G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

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PP-MESS-SIM: a simulator for evaluating multicomputer interconnection networks

PP-MESS-SIM: a simulator for evaluating multicomputer interc...

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Annual Symposium on Simulation

作者： J. Rexford J. Dolter Wu-Chang Feng K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Presents PP-MESS-SIM, an object-oriented discrete-event simulation environment for evaluating multicomputer networks. The simulator provides a toolbox of various network topologies, communication workloads, routing-switching algorithms, and router models. These router models can vary from high-level architectures to low-level specification of actual devices. By decoupling individual parts of the code, PP-MESS-SIM enables independent code development and creates a flexible and extensible environment for evaluating different aspects of network design. Sample simulation experiments capitalize on this flexibility to compare routing-switching schemes under various application workloads.< >

关键词： Multiprocessor interconnection networks Object oriented modeling Computational modeling Network topology Routing Communication switching computer networks Telecommunication traffic Discrete event simulation Parallel processing

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Design and evaluation of a window-consistent replication service

Design and evaluation of a window-consistent replication ser...

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real-time Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： A. Mehra J. Rexford Hock-Siong Ang F. Jahanian Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

real-time applications typically operate under strict timing and dependability constraints. Although traditional data replication protocols provide fault tolerance, real-time guarantees require bounded overhead for managing this redundancy. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a window-consistent primary-backup replication service that provides timely availability of the repository by relaxing the consistency of the replicated data. The service guarantees controlled inconsistency by scheduling update transmissions from the primary to the backup(s); this ensures that client applications interact with a window-consistent repository when a backup must supplant a failed primary. Experiments on our prototype implementation show that the service handles a range of client loads while maintaining bounds on temporal inconsistency.

关键词： Control systems Protocols Redundancy real time systems Timing Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems Digital control Communication system control Switches

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Non-preemptive scheduling of messages on controller area network for real-time control applications

Non-preemptive scheduling of messages on controller area net...

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real-time Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： K.M. Zuberi K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Scheduling messages on the controller area network (CAN) corresponds to assigning identifiers (IDs) to messages according to their priorities. If fixed priority scheduling such as deadline monotonic (DM) is used to calculate these priorities, then in general, it will result in low schedulability. Dynamic scheduling schemes such as earliest deadline (ED) can give greater schedulability, but they are not practical for CAN because if the ID is to reflect message deadlines then a long ID must be used. This increases the length of each message to the point that ED is no better than DM. Our solution to this problem is the mixed traffic scheduler (MTS), which is a cross between ED and DM, and provides high schedulability without needing long IDs. Through simulations, we compare the performance of MTS with that of DM and ED* (an imaginary scheduler which works like ED, except it needs only short IDs). We use a realistic workload in our simulations based on messages typically found in computer integrated manufacturing. Our simulations show that MTS performs much better than DM and at the same level as ED*, except under high loads and tight deadlines, when ED* is superior.

关键词： Job shop scheduling Access protocols Processor scheduling Intelligent sensors Delta modulation Application software Intrusion detection Computational modeling Automatic control Event detection

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DOCTOR: an integrated software fault injection environment for distributed real-time systems

DOCTOR: an integrated software fault injection environment f...

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International computer Performance and Dependability Symposium

作者： Seungjae Han K.G. Shin H.A. Rosenberg Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The paper presents an integrated software fault injection environment (DOCTOR) which is capable of (1) generating synthetic workloads under which system dependability is evaluated, (2) injecting various types of faults with different options, and (3) collecting performance and dependability data. A comprehensive graphical user interface is also provided. The software implemented fault-injection tools supports three types of faults: memory faults, CPU faults, and communication faults. Each injected fault may be permanent, transient or intermittent. A fault-injection plan can be formulated probabilistically, or based on the past event history. The modular organization of tools is particularly designed for distributed architectures. DOCTOR is implemented on a distributed real-time system called HARTS, and it capability has been tested through numerous experiments.< >

关键词： real time systems Hardware System testing Timing Analytical models Character generation Distributed computing computer science Graphical user interfaces History

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