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A SIMPLE DISTRIBUTED LOOP-FREE ROUTING STRATEGY FOR computer-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 1993年第12期4卷 1308-1319页

作者： SHIN, KG CHOU, CC Real-Time Computing Laboratory Computer Science and Engineering Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The loops resulting from either component failures or Load changes in a computer communication network degrade the performance and the adaptability of conventional distributed adaptive routing strategies, such as ARPANET's previous routing strategy (APRS). In this paper, we develop a distributed loop-free routing strategy by adding only one additional piece of information-the total number of minimum-delay paths-to the commonly used routing messages and tables. Most conventional approaches to the looping problem suffer high overheads in time and space because each message must either include the first several nodes of its path or trace the entire path to detect a loop. By contrast, the proposed routing strategy requires only easily obtainable information, yet removes loops completely. It is far more efficient in both time and space than its conventional counterparts, especiallyTable Ifor sparse computer networks. The correctness of the proposed strategy is proved, and several illustrative e?xamples are given. The performance of this strategy is shown to be always better than, or at least as good as, that of APRS and any multiorder routing strategies, where the order of a routing strategy is determined by the amount of routing information carried in each routing message.

关键词： ARPANET computer COMMUNICATION NETWORKS DISTRIBUTED ADAPTIVE ROUTING LOOP-FREE OR FAULT-TOLERANT ROUTING NETWORK DELAY TABLES STRATEGY ROUTING MESSAGES

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ANALYTIC MODELS OF ADAPTIVE LOAD SHARING SCHEMES IN DISTRIBUTED real-time SYSTEMS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 1993年第7期4卷 740-761页

作者： SHIN, KG HOU, CJ Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In a distributed real-time system, nonuniform task arrivals may temporarily overload some nodes while leaving some other nodes idle. As a result, some of the tasks on an overloaded node may miss their deadlines even if the overall system has the capacity to meet the deadlines of all tasks. In a companion paper [1], we proposed, without any modeling analysis, a decentralized, dynamic load sharing (LS) scheme as a solution to this problem. In this paper, we develop analytic queueing models to comparatively evaluate the proposed LS scheme as well as three other schemes: no LS, LS with random selection of a receiver node, and LS with perfect information. The evolution of a node's load state is modeled as a continuous-time semi-Markov process, where cumulative execution time (CET), rather than the commonly-used queue length (QL), is employed to describe the workload of a node. Not only fundamental differences among the different LS schemes are addressed in the analytic models, but also implementation overheads are taken into account Several metrics relevant to real-time performance are derived from these models: in particular, we evaluate the probability of a task missing its deadline, called the probability of dynamic failure. The proposed scheme is compared against other LS schemes using these performance metrics. The validity of analytic models is checked with simulations. Both analytic and simulation results indicate that by using judicious exchange/use of state information and Bayesian decision mechanism, the proposed scheme makes a significant improvement over other existing LS schemes in minimizing the probability of dynamic failure.

关键词： BAYESIAN ANALYSIS CONTINUOUS-time MARKOV CHAINS DEADLINES DISTRIBUTED real-time SYSTEMS LOAD SHARING LOCATION AND TRANSFER POLICIES PERFORMANCE EVALUATION RANDOM PROBING AND SELECTION

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MIXED time-CONSTRAINED AND NON-time-CONSTRAINED COMMUNICATIONS IN LOCAL-AREA NETWORKS

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 1993年第11期41卷 1668-1676页

作者： SHIN, KG ZHENG, Q Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Inc. Cambridge MA USA

It is well known that some time-token medium access protocols for local area networks (LANs) like the IEEE 802.4 token bus and the FDDI token ring can guarantee the medium access delay for time-constrained packets. However, a problem which has been largely overlooked is how these protocols can be made to provide a maximum throughput for nontime-constrained packets while guaranteeing the delay bound of time-constrained packets. We first show how the parameters of the IEEE 802.4 token bus and the FDDI token ring can be set to solve the above problem. Then, we design a new timer mechanism for the timed-token protocols which provides the highest guaranteed throughput of nontime-constrained packets among a set of medium access protocols called the token passing protocol, to which most of the existing non-contention LAN protocols belong. We present numerical examples to compare different protocols, all of which have shown the superiority of the proposed protocol to the others.

关键词： MIXING time Packet token bus Local Area Networks Token ring fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) Media Access Protocol

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Incorporation of optimal timeouts into distributed real-time load sharing 26

Incorporation of optimal timeouts into distributed real-time...

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26th Hawaii International Conference on System sciences, HICSS 1993

作者： Hou, C.-J. Shin, K.G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0818632305

This paper addresses the problem of designing and incorporating a timeout mechanism into load sharing (LS) with state-region change broadcasts in the presence of node failures in a distributed real-time system. Failure of a node is diagnosed by the other nodes through communication timeouts, and the timeout period used to diagnose whether a node is faulty or not depends on the dynamic changes in system load, the task attributes at the node, and the state the node was initially in. We formulate the problem of determining the 'best' timeout period Tiout for node i as a hypothesis testing problem, and maximize the probability of detecting node failures subject to a prespecified probability of falsely diagnosing a healthy node as faulty. The parameters needed for the calculation of Tiout are estimated on-line by node i using the Bayesian technique and are piggybacked in its region-change broadcasts. The broadcast information is then used to determine Tiout. If node n has not heard from node t for T Tiout since its receipt of node i's broadcast, it will consider node i failed. On the other hand, each node n also determines its own timeout period Tnout, and broadcasts its state not only at the time of state-region changes but also when it has remained within a broadcast-threshold interval throughout Tnout. Our simulation results show that the LS algorithm which combines the on-line parameter estimation, the timeout mechanism, and a few extra, timely broadcasts can significantly reduce the probability of missing task deadlines. © 1993 IEEE.

关键词： Probability

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Evaluation of load sharing in HARTS while considering message routing and broadcasting 93

Evaluation of load sharing in HARTS while considering messag...

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1993 ACM SIGMETRICS Conference on Measurement and Modeling of computer Systems, SIGMETRICS 1993

作者： Shin, Kang G. Hou, Chao-Ju Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

In this paper, we apply the load sharing (LS) mechanism proposed in [1, 2] to HARTS, an experimental distributed realtime system [3] currently being built at the real-time computing laboratory of the University of Mic... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)0897915801

关键词： Distributed computer systems

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Determination of an optimal retry time in multiple-module computing systems 2

Determination of an optimal retry time in multiple-module co...

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2nd International Symposium on Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis, ISUMA 1993

作者： Hou, C.-J.J. Shin, K.G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0818638508

The optimal amount of time used for retrying an instruction on detection of an error in a computing system is usually determined under the assumption that the system is composed of a single module, within which all fault activities are confined until some module-replacement action is taken. The authors consider fault activities in multiple-module systems. They first relax the single-module assumption and model the fault activities in a multiple-module system as a Markov process. The randomization approach is applied to decompose the Markov process into a discrete-time Markov chain subordinated to a Poisson process. Using this decomposition, several interesting measures can be derived such as the conditional probability of successful retry given a retry period and the fact that a non-permanent fault has occurred, and the mean time until which all modules in the system enter a fault-free state. All the measures derived are used to determine, along with the parameters characterizing fault activities and costs of recovery techniques, whether or not retry should be used as a first-step recovery means on detection of an error;and the best retry period subject to a specific probability of successful retry. © 1993 IEEE.

关键词： Markov processes

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Adaptive Deadlock-Free Routing in Multicomputers Using only One Extra Virtual Channel

Adaptive Deadlock-Free Routing in Multicomputers Using only ...

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1993 International Conference on Parallel Processing, ICPP 1993

作者： Su, Chien-Chun Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0849389836

We present three protocols defin ing the relationship between messages and the chan nel resources requested: request-then-hold, requestthen wait, and request-then-relinquish. Based on the three protocols, we develop an adaptive deadlockfree routing algorithm called the SP routing. The SP routing uses shortest paths and is fully-adaptive, so messages can be routed via any of the shortest paths from the source to the destination. Since it is a minimal or shortest routing, the SP routing guar antees the freedom of livelocks. The SP routing is not limited to a specific network topology. The main requirement for an applicable network topology is that there exists a deterministic, minimal, deadlock-free routing algorithm. Most ex isting network topologies are equipped with such an algorithm. In this paper, we present an adaptive deadlock-free routing agorithm for n-dimensional meshes by using the SP routing. The hardware re quired by the SP routing uses only one extra virtual channel as compared to the deterministic routing. © 1993 IEEE.

关键词： Network topology

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Intelligent disruption recovery for decentralized manufacturing systems

Intelligent disruption recovery for decentralized manufactur...

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： T. Tsukada K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The problems of intelligent response to disruptions in a decentralized manufacturing system are considered. In the absence of intelligent coordination, the response to a disruption of one part of the system may cause a disruption in another part of the system. A model for the problem of recovering from this kind of disruption is given. A solution approach based on the idea of negotiation from the field of distributed artificial intelligence is presented. The model and solution approach are evaluated in the domain of job shop rescheduling.< >

关键词： Manufacturing systems computer aided manufacturing Distributed computing Job shop scheduling Cellular manufacturing Artificial intelligence Control systems real time systems Laboratories Power system modeling

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Software fault injection and its application in distributed systems

Software fault injection and its application in distributed ...

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International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant computing (FTCS)

作者： H.A. Rosenberg K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The authors describe a software fault injector (SFI) developed to facilitate the validation of dependability mechanisms on an experimental distributed real-time system called HARTS. SFI introduces a number of extensions to previous work done on fault injection tools. In particular, it allows combinations of fault types to be injected in the nodes of a distributed system. It also allows control of all timing parameters of the injection at each node. A description is given of the features and implementation of SFI. As a demonstration of the utility of SFI, the results of some sample experiments are presented.

关键词： Application software Hardware Aerodynamics Fault tolerance System testing Fault tolerant systems Acceleration Laboratories real time systems Timing

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Adaptive Deadlock-Free Routing in Multicomputers Using Only One Extra Virtual Channel

Adaptive Deadlock-Free Routing in Multicomputers Using Only ...

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International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP)

作者： Chien-Chun Su Kang G. Shin Real-Time computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

关键词： System recovery Network topology Parallel processing Routing protocols Hardware Delay Throughput Hypercubes Concurrent computing Laboratories

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