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Cross-positive vector fields: directed stability

Cross-positive vector fields: directed stability

引用

IEEE Conference on Decision and Control

作者： D.G. Meyer T.L. Piatt A.P. Engelmann J. Hauser Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. Colorado Univ. Boulder CO USA Nonlinear and Real-Time Control Laboratory Electrical & Computer Engineering Department University of Colorado Boulder CO USA University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO US

Builds on the previous work by the authors (1998) by defining local versions of cross-positivity for vector fields, especially as related to shifted cones. The paper also furthers the development of a stability theory by introducing preliminary concepts of directed stability. The motivation is to apply this theory to analyzing the control of certain directionally constrained models, such as those found in materials processing.

关键词： Materials processing

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Evaluation of fault-tolerance latency from real-time application's perspectives

Evaluation of fault-tolerance latency from real-time applica...

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IEEE Conference on Aerospace

作者： Hagbae Kim K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering Yonsei University Seoul South Korea Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Comput. Sci University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Information on Fault-Tolerance Latency (FTL), which is defined as the total time required by all sequential steps taken to recover from an error, is important to the design and evaluation of fault-tolerant comput.rs used in safety-critical real-time control systems with deadline information. In this paper we evaluate FTL in terms of several random and deterministic variables accounting for fault behaviors and/or the capability and performance of error-handling mechanisms, while considering various fault-tolerance mechanisms based on the tradeoff between temporal and spatial redundancy, and use the evaluated FTL to check if an error-handling policy can meet the Control System Deadline (CSD) for a given real-time application.

关键词： Fault tolerance Delay Fault tolerant systems Redundancy Fault detection Control systems comput.r errors real time systems Application software Process control

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Reliability modeling of hard real-time systems

Reliability modeling of hard real-time systems

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International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant computing (FTCS)

作者： H. Kim A.L. White K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering Yonsei University Seoul South Korea NASA LaRC Hampton VA USA Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Comput. Sci University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

A hard real-time control system, such as a fly-by-wire system, fails catastrophically (e.g., lose stability) if its control input is not updated by its digital controller comput.r within a certain time limit called the hard deadline. To assess and validate system reliability by using a semi-Markov model that explicitly contains the deadline information, we propose a path-space approach deriving the upper and lower bounds of the probability of system failure. These bounds are derived by using only simple parameters, and they are especially suitable for highly-reliable systems which must recover quickly. Analytical bounds are derived for both exponential and Weibull failure distributions, which have proven effective through numerical examples, while considering three repair strategies: repair-as-good-as-new, repair-as-good-as-old, and repair-better-than-old.

关键词： real time systems Control systems Timing Reliability Postal services NASA Stability Digital control Failure analysis Electromagnetic measurements

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Reliability modeling of real-time systems with deadline information

Reliability modeling of real-time systems with deadline info...

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IEEE Conference on Aerospace

作者： Hagbae Kim K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Eng Yonsei University Seoul Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Elec. Eng. and Comput. Sci University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

We consider the reliability of real-time systems that can handle temporary malfunctions of the controller-caused, for example, by electromagnetic interferences-without a total system failure. Unlike conventional reliability models that do not consider the timing constraints in recovering from a controller failure, our model embeds into a semi-Markov model the control system deadline (CSD) that depends on plant dynamics. We can therefore capture the interplay between the controller and the plant for safe operation by characterizing the system into three states: system-up, system-down/controller failure, and system failure. Based on this model, we comput. the probability of a system failure by time T by taking the path-space approach to generate the formulas of the upper and the lower bounds, (instead of using the usual Chapman-Kolmogorov equations which are comput.tionally intractable for our problem). Using three typical examples-assembly lines (large granule of time), aircraft control (short mission), and satellite control (long mission)-we show that the formulas are easy to use and give tight bounds for the highly-reliable systems of interest.

关键词： real time systems Control systems Timing Aerospace control Electromagnetic interference Reliability Aircraft Electric breakdown Laboratories Interference constraints

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Task assignment and scheduling for open real-time control systems

Task assignment and scheduling for open real-time control sy...

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American Control Conference (ACC)

作者： Byung Kook Kim K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Taejon South Korea Department of Elec. Engineering Comp. Sci Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

A problem for task assignment and scheduling on a network of processors is formulated and solved for open real-time control systems. In order to ensure smooth operation and good performance of open real-time control systems, one must analyze the problem of task assignment and scheduling during the conceptual system design stage. For this type of applications, we propose use of a performance index called the control latency, a weighted sum of feedback, command, and monitoring latencies. Given a set of tasks for a specific control application, the execution time of each task, and intra/inter-processor communication latencies, we have developed an optimal task assignment and scheduling algorithm by minimizing this performance index. Since this problem is NP-hard, we have employed a branch-and-bound algorithm to efficiently search for an optimal task assignment while maintaining task schedulability. A prototypical example of open-architecture control for CNC machines is presented to illustrate the good performance of the proposed algorithm.

关键词： real time systems Control systems Processor scheduling Performance analysis Communication system control Delay Scheduling algorithm Weight control Feedback Monitoring

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Design and analysis of a WDMA protocol for passive star-coupled lightwave networks

Design and analysis of a WDMA protocol for passive star-coup...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE comput.r and Communications Societies

作者： Chao-Ju Hou Bin Wang Ching-Chih Han Computer Engineering Division Department of Elect. and Comput. Eng. University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Elect. Eng. and Comput. Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0818672935

Based on the POPSMAC protocol proposed in Chung-Sheng Li et al. (1993), we propose an improved medium access protocol for wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) photonic networks. Using the same set of photonic devices as in POPSMAC, the proposed protocol alleviates the drawbacks of the POPSMAC protocol, e.g., invalid data transmissions following receiver collisions and possible acknowledgement packet collisions with header/data packets, while retaining many advantages of POPSMAC. As a result, the network performance in terms of the throughput and the packet delay is improved. Analytical models based on the timing diagram analysis, the continuous-time Markov chain, and the randomization technique are developed to assess the performance of the proposed protocol. The performance is evaluated in terms of channel utilization, mean packet delay, and packet delay distribution with variations in the number of nodes, the offered traffic, the size of data packets, and the network propagation delay. Numerical results show that the proposed protocol achieves better channel utilization and incurs lower packet delays than POPSMAC.

关键词： Access protocols Propagation delay Data communication Optical receivers Throughput Analytical models Timing Performance analysis Telecommunication traffic Traffic control

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On task schedulability in real-time control systems

On task schedulability in real-time control systems

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real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： D. Seto J.P. Lehoczky L. Sha K.G. Shin Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Department of Statistics Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sci University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Most real-time comput.r-controlled systems are built in two separate steps, each in isolation: controller design and its digital implementation. comput.tional tasks that realize the control algorithms are usually scheduled by treating their execution times and periods as unchangeable parameters. Task scheduling therefore depends only on the limited computing resources available. On the other hand, controller design is primarily based on the continuous-time dynamics of the physical system being controlled. The set of tasks resulting from this controller design may not be schedulable with the limited computing resources available. Even if the given set of tasks is schedulable, the overall control performance may not be optimal in the sense that they do not make a full use of the computing resource. We propose an integrated approach to controller design and task scheduling. Specifically, task frequencies (or periods) are allowed to vary within a certain range as long as such a change does not affect critical control functions such as maintenance of system stability. We present an algorithm that optimizes task frequencies and then schedules the resulting tasks with the limited computing resources available. The proposed approach is also applicable to failure recovery and reconfiguration in real-time control systems.

关键词： real time systems Control systems Processor scheduling Scheduling algorithm Digital control Dynamic scheduling System performance Application software Software engineering Statistics

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On slot allocation for time-constrained messages in DQDB networks

On slot allocation for time-constrained messages in DQDB net...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE comput.r and Communications Societies

作者： Ching-Chih Han Chao-Ju Hou K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Comput. Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Computer Engineering Division Department of Electrical and Comput. Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA

The paper addresses the issue of guaranteeing the timely delivery of isochronous messages with hard deadlines in a distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) network. The authors propose a slot allocation scheme which can allocate bandwidth for a set of isochronous message streams and provide deterministic deadline guarantees. The allocation scheme is guaranteed to find a feasible slot allocation (in the sense that all messages can be transmitted in a timely manner) as long as the total message density is less than or equal to a certain threshold, where the total message density is defined as the summation (over all message streams) of the ratio of maximum message size to message deadline. The implementation of this scheme is simple and does not require any change of the current DQDB standard.

关键词： Intelligent networks Traffic control Bandwidth Videoconference Access protocols Media Access Protocol Communication system traffic control Chaotic communication Laboratories Communication standards

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On non-existence of optimal local synchronous bandwidth allocation schemes for the timed-token MAC protocol

On non-existence of optimal local synchronous bandwidth allo...

引用

International Phoenix Conference on comput.rs and Communications (IPCCC)

作者： Ching-Chih Han K.G. Shin Chao-Ju Hou Department of Elec. Engineering and Comput. Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University슠of슠Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Computer Engineering Division Department of Elec. and Comput. Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA

Numerous methods have been proposed to integrate real-time and non-real-time services of the timed-token medium access control (MAC) protocol. One of the key issues in tailoring the timed-token protocol for real-time applications is the synchronous bandwidth allocation (SBA) problem whose objective is to meet both the protocol and deadline constraints. Several non-optimal local SBA schemes and two optimal global schemes have been proposed. Local SBA schemes use only information available locally to each node, and are thus preferred to global schemes because of their lower network-management overhead. However, we formally prove, using the technique of adversary argument, that there does not exist any optimal local SBA scheme. During the preparation for this proof, we also derive a timing property that generalizes the previous findings about the cycle-time properties of the timed-token protocol.< >

关键词： Channel allocation Access protocols Media Access Protocol Timing Bandwidth Laboratories real time systems Multimedia systems Production facilities Communication industry

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On reconfiguration latency in fault-tolerant system

On reconfiguration latency in fault-tolerant system

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IEEE Conference on Aerospace Applications

作者： Hagbae Kim K.G. Shin C. Roark Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Elec. Engineering and Comput. Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Defense Systems & Electronics Group Texas Instruments Inc. Dallas MS USA

Digital comput.rs embedded in critical applications such as flight controls should be equipped with appropriate fault-tolerance schemes to ensure their reliable and safe operation in the presence of component failures. System reconfiguration, which enhances reliability by dynamically using spatial redundancy, is generally the most time-consuming fault-/error- handling stage. The reconfiguration latency, defined as the time taken for reconfiguring a system upon failure detection or mode change, depends on many parameters, including the size of application programs and data, the CPU and memory speed, built-in testing capabilities, the type of spares to use, the system architecture, and the reconfiguration strategy used. In this paper, we classify the reconfiguration techniques into four types: reconfigurable duplication, reconfigurable N-modular redundancy (NMR), backup sparing, and graceful degradation. For each type of reconfiguration, we evaluate the reconfiguration latency by using several parameters accounting for the aforementioned parameters, and determine if this type of reconfiguration can meet the application required latency.< >

关键词： Delay Fault tolerant systems Redundancy Embedded computing Application software Aerospace control Fault tolerance comput.r errors Central Processing Unit System testing

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