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检索条件"机构=Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Comput. Science"

共 191 条记录，以下是31-40 订阅

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Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded software with real-time constraints

Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded s...

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Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition

作者： S. Kodase Shige Wang K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The model-based methodology has proven to be effective for fast and low-cost development of embedded software. In the model-based development process, transforming a software structural model that describes the underlying application, to an implementable runtime model is a critical issue. Since the designed software will finally run on the target platform, non-functional issues like schedulability timing constraints and resource requirements have to be considered during the transformation. In this paper we propose a generic runtime model architecture that can best satisfy the non-functional requirements of the system, and a generic transformation method to convert a structural model to a runtime model in such an architecture. The transformation approach is based on the notion of end-to-end comput.tions performed by the system in response to external stimuli. We demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method by constructing a software runtime model for a combined electronic throttle and air-fuel ratio control system.

关键词： Runtime Embedded software Timing comput.r architecture Scheduling Embedded computing Laboratories Application software Software design Control system synthesis

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A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-time analysis of embedded software

A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-t...

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IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： Zonghua Gu S. Kodase Shige Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

We describe an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software. All aspects of an embedded real-time system are captured in domain-specific models, including software components and architecture, timing and resource constraints, processes and threads, execution platforms, etc. We focus on the AIRES tool, which performs various static analysis tasks based on the models, including system-level dependency analysis, execution rate assignment to component ports, real-time and schedulability analysis, and automated allocation of components to processors. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in the models at the design-level, and performing analysis that provide insight into nonfunctional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping.

关键词： real time systems Embedded software Performance analysis Software tools comput.r architecture Timing Yarn Processor scheduling Information analysis Prototypes

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Improving wait-free algorithms for interprocess communication in embedded real-time systems

Improving wait-free algorithms for interprocess communicatio...

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2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference

作者： Huang, Hai Pillai, Padmanabhan Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1880446006

Concurrency management is a basic requirement for interprocess communication in any multitasking system. This usually takes the form of lock-based or other blocking algorithms. In real-time and/or time-sensitive systems, the less-predictable timing behavior of lock-based mechanisms and the additional task-execution dependency make synchronization undesirable. Recent research has provided non-blocking and wait-free algorithms for interprocess communication, particularly in the domain of single-writer, multiple-reader semantics, but these algorithms typically incur high costs in terms of comput.tion or space complexity, or both. In this paper, we propose a general transformation mechanism that takes advantage of temporal characteristics of the system to reduce both time and space overheads of current single-writer, multiple-reader algorithms. We show a 17–66% execution time reduction along with a 14–70% memory space reduction when three wait-free algorithms are improved by applying our transformation. We present three new algorithms for wait-free, single-writer, multiple-reader communication along with detailed performance evaluation of nine algorithms under various experimental conditions. © 2002 USENIX Association. All rights reserved.

关键词： Locks (fasteners)

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Layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation

Layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation

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IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： Haining Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

While the differentiated services (DiftServ) infrastructure is scalable and robust in providing network quality of service (QoS), there are serious drawbacks with the services provided by DiffServ: (1) the services are coarse-grained and one-way only; (2) no service differentiation and resource isolation are provided to meta-data packets such as TCP SYN and ACK packets. Moreover the coarse-grained service differentiation and the lack of resource isolation at IP routers exposes its vulnerability to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Based on the concept of layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation, where the transport-layer information is inferred from the IP headers and used for packet classification and resource management, we present a scalable fine-grained DiffServ (sf-DiffServ) architecture that provides fine-grained service differentiation and resource isolation among thinner behavior aggregates (BAs). The sf-DiffServ architecture consists of a fine-grained QoS classifier and an adaptive weight-based resource manager at IP routers. A two-stage packet classification mechanism is devised to decouple the fine-grained QoS lookup from the routing lookup at core routers. Due to its scalable QoS support for TCP control segments, sf-DiffServ supports bi-directional differentiated services for TCP sessions. Most importantly, the fine-grained resource isolation provided inside the sf-DiffServ is a powerful built-in protection mechanism to counter DDoS attacks, reducing the vulnerability of the Internet to DDoS attacks.

关键词： Quality of service TCPIP comput.r crime Diffserv networks Resource management Robustness Aggregates Routing Bidirectional control Protection

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Analysis of combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and admission control in wireless networks

Analysis of combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and admis...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE comput.r and Communications Societies

作者： Chun-Ting Chou K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

An analytical model is developed for cellular networks with a combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and traffic-restriction mechanism. Instead of focusing only on the bandwidth utilization and forced-termination probability, we derive two important quality-of-service (QoS) metrics, degradation ratio and upgrade/degrade frequency. We show numerically that these two metrics must be taken into account in order to support the QoS specified by each client. The effects of system loads and clients' mobility on system performance are also investigated. Even under the various distributions of mobility, the simulation results are shown to match our analytical results, implying the applicability of our analytical model to more general cases.

关键词： Programmable control Adaptive control Channel allocation Admission control Wireless networks Analytical models Degradation Land mobile radio cellular systems Communication system traffic control Traffic control

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Measurement of OS services and its application to performance modeling and analysis of integrated embedded software

Measurement of OS services and its application to performanc...

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IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Wang S. Kodase K.G. Shin D.L. Kiskis Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Performance analyses for embedded software construction with existing components require knowledge of performance characteristics of both application software and operating system (OS) services, especially those services that are critical for real-time applications. Since end users normally do not control the structure and implementation of OS services, but have to use them to meet the system-level performance constraints, it is essential and critical to characterize the performance of OS services with measurements. As such measurements are taken for performance analysis, not for comparison, the measurement methods should be different from those traditionally, used for comparison. In this paper we present an end-to-end method for measuring the performance of timing and scheduling services in selected real-time OSs for the performance modeling and analysis. The proposed method takes the factors of both OS implementations and application configurations into account to obtain the measured performance close to what applications will experience at runtime. The results have shown that the performance characteristics of OS services can be measured without instrumenting the kernel source code, and hence, can be reused for the analysis of a family of applications.

关键词： Software measurement Application software Performance analysis Embedded software Operating systems real time systems Control systems Timing Runtime Instruments

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Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real-time connections

Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real...

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International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)

作者： S. Kim D. Qiao S. Kodase K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Dependability of service (DoS) has become an important requirement for real-time applications, such as remote medical services, business-critical network meetings and command-and-control applications. The Dependable real-time Protocol (DRTP), in which each dependable real-time connection is realized with one primary and one or more backup channels, has been shown to be an effective way of providing DoS. How to route both primary and backup channels for each dependable real-time connection is of vital importance to the success of failure recovery and to overhead reduction in providing DoS. In this paper, we propose and evaluate three different schemes for routing the primary and backup channels of each dependable real-time connection. Specifically, we present methods based on link-state information and bounded flooding to discover routes for the primary and backup channels while satisfying the required quality of service (QoS). The costs of the link-state and flooding algorithms are reduced significantly by using the fact that the probability of success in failure recovery can be estimated with simple link-state information, and by bounding the flooded region within an ellipse with the two communication end-points as loci. Our in-depth simulations have shown that the proposed routing schemes are highly effective, providing a fault tolerance of 87% or higher with a network capacity overhead of less than 85%.

关键词： Routing Floods Streaming media Delay Medical services Quality of service Fault tolerance Throughput Laboratories Electronic mail

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Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

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International Conference on Network Protocols

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769514294

We propose an efficient flow and error control scheme for high-throughput transport protocols by using a second-order rate control, called the /spl alpha/-control, and a new sliding-window scheme for error control. The /spl alpha/-control minimizes the packet retransmissions by adjusting the rate-gain parameter to the variations in the number and round-trip times (RTTs) of cross-traffic flows that share the bottleneck. Using selective retransmission, the sliding-window scheme guarantees lossless transmission. By applying the /spl alpha/-control, the proposed scheme can drive the flow-controlled system to a retransmission-less equilibrium state. Using the fluid analysis, we establish the flow-control system model, obtain the greatest lower bound for the target buffer occupancy, and derive closed-form expressions for packet losses, loss rate, and link-transmission efficiency. We prove that the /spl alpha/-control is feasible and optimal linear control in terms of efficiency and fairness. Also presented are the extensive simulation results that confirm the analytical results, and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme to others in dealing with the variations of cross-traffic flows sharing the same bottleneck and their RTTs, controlling packet losses/retransmissions, and achieving buffer-usage fairness as well as high throughput.

关键词： Transport protocols Throughput Error correction Propagation losses Transmitters Laboratories Closed-form solution Optimal control Fluid flow control Internet

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Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Shige Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780365763

We present an architecture that supports reconfigurable software construction. In this architecture, the controller software consists of a set of well-defined components and a set of behavior specifications. Each component is modeled with event-based external interfaces, a control logic driver and service protocols. Behaviors of components and their integration are modeled as finite state machines and nested finite state machines. The behaviors of software can be specified in Control Plan programs and executed by control logic drivers at run-time. Such software supports executable code-level reconfiguration as well as remote behavioral reconfiguration. Reconfiguration with heterogeneous implementations and vendor-neutral products is also supported. Our evaluation of the motion control software for a milling machine controller demonstrated that the software constructed with this architecture has high reconfigurability and low development and maintenance costs.

关键词： comput.r architecture Software maintenance Reconfigurable logic Protocols Control systems Application software Communication system control Machine control Automata Motion control

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Statistical analysis of feedback-synchronization signaling delay for multicast flow control

Statistical analysis of feedback-synchronization signaling d...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE comput.r and Communications Societies

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780370163

Feedback signaling plays a crucial role in flow control because the traffic source relies on the signaling information to make correct and timely flow-control decisions. Multicast flow-control signaling imposes two additional challenges: scalability and feedback synchronization. We developed a binary-tree deterministic model (Zhang and Shin 1999) and an independent-marking statistical model (Zhang and Shin 2000) to study the delay performance of various multicast feedback-synchronization signaling algorithms. In this paper, we consider the general case in which the congestion markings at different links are dependent. We develop a Markov chain model defined by the link-marking state on each path in a multicast tree. The Markov chain can not only characterize link-marking dependencies, but also yield a tractable analytical model. We also develop a Markov-chain dependency-degree model which can he used to quantify/evaluate all possible Markov-chain dependency degrees without knowing a priori the dependency degree information. Using the Markov-chain and dependency-degree models, we derive the general expressions for the probability distribution of each path bring the multicast-tree bottleneck. Also derived are the closed-form expressions for the first and second moments of multicast signaling delays. The proposed Markov chain is also shown to asymptotically reach an equilibrium, and its limiting state distributions converge to the link-marking marginal probabilities when the Markov chain is irreducible. By applying these two models, we analyze and contrast the feedback-delay scalability of two representative multicast signaling protocols: soft-synchronization protocol and hop-by-hop (HBH) signaling algorithms.

关键词： Statistical analysis Delay Multicast protocols Feedback Scalability Multicast algorithms Traffic control Analytical models Genetic expression Probability distribution

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