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A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-time analysis of embedded software

A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-t...

引用

9th IEEE real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, RTAS 2003

作者： Gu, Zonghua Kodase, S. Wang, Shige Shin, K.G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 United States

We describe an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software. All aspects of an embedded real-time system are captured in domain-specific models, including software components and architecture, timing and resource constraints, processes and threads, execution platforms, etc. We focus on the AIRES tool, which performs various static analysis tasks based on the models, including system-level dependency analysis, execution rate assignment to component ports, real-time and schedulability analysis, and automated allocation of components to processors. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in the models at the design-level, and performing analysis that provide insight into nonfunctional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Static analysis

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Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded software with real-time constraints

Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded s...

引用

Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition, DATE 2003

作者： Kodase, Sharath Wang, Shige Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan 1301 Beal Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 United States

The model-based methodology has proven to be effective for fast and low-cost development of embedded software. In the model-based development process, transforming a software structural model that describes the underlying application, to an implementable runtime model is a critical issue. Since the designed software will finally run on the target platform, non-functional issues like schedulability timing constraints and resource requirements have to be considered during the transformation. In this paper we propose a generic runtime model architecture that can best satisfy the non-functional requirements of the system, and a generic transformation method to convert a structural model to a runtime model in such an architecture. The transformation approach is based on the notion of end-to-end computations performed by the system in response to external stimuli. We demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method by constructing a software runtime model for a combined electronic throttle and air-fuel ratio control system. © 2003 IEEE.

关键词： Application programs

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Integrated modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded control systems

Integrated modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded ...

引用

International Conference and Workshop on engineering of computer-Based Systems

作者： Zonghua Gu K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Embedded real-time systems are ubiquitous in modern society, many of which perform safety-critical functions, and therefore, it is imperative to have tools and techniques that can guarantee a high degree of system correctness. They typically perform information processing on a digital computer tightly coupled with the continuous physical environment. Even though hybrid systems is an active research area, most work has ignored the scheduling behavior of software processes due to contention for the shared CPU resource. We propose an integrated approach based on hybrid automata and model-checking for modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded control systems where real-time scheduling behavior of the controller software is explicitly represented at the model-level, together with the physical environment that it interacts with. An application example is used to demonstrate the benefits of the integrated approach in performing tradeoff analysis involving both the controller software and the controlled physical system.

关键词： Embedded computing Control system synthesis Pervasive computing real time systems Physics computing Processor scheduling Automatic control Control systems Information processing Automata

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Improving scalability of task allocation and scheduling in large distributed real-time systems using shared buffers

Improving scalability of task allocation and scheduling in l...

引用

IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Kodase Shige Wang Zonghua Gu K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Scheduling precedence-constrained tasks in a distributed real-time system is an NP-hard problem. As a result, the task allocation and scheduling algorithms that use these heuristics do not scale when applied to large distributed systems. In this paper we propose a novel approach that eliminates inter-task dependencies using shared buffers between dependent tasks. The system correctness, with respect to data-dependency, is ensured by having each dependent task poll the shared buffers at a fixed rate. Tasks can, therefore, be allocated and scheduled independently of their predecessors. To meet the timing constraints of the original dependent-task system, we have developed a method to iteratively derive the polling rates based on end-to-end deadline constraints. The overheads associated with the shared buffers and the polling mechanism are minimized by clustering tasks according to their communication and timing constraints. Our simulation results with the task allocation based on a simple first-fit bin packing algorithm showed that the proposed approach scales almost linearly with the system size, and clustering tasks greatly reduces the polling overhead.

关键词： Scalability real time systems Processor scheduling Timing Iterative algorithms Distributed computing Computational modeling Laboratories NP-hard problem Scheduling algorithm

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An end-to-end tool chain for multi-view modeling and analysis of avionics mission computing software

An end-to-end tool chain for multi-view modeling and analysi...

引用

real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： Zonghua Gu Shige Wang S. Kodase K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

We present an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software, with avionics mission computing as an application domain. The tool-chain covers the entire system development lifecycle including modeling, analysis, code generation, and run-time instrumentation. Emphasis is placed on integration of tools developed by multiple institutions via standardized interface format definitions in XML. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in models at the design level, and performing analysis that provides insight into non-functional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping.

关键词： Aerospace electronics Software tools Embedded software computer applications Embedded computing Application software Runtime Instruments XML Information analysis

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Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded software with real-time constraints

Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded s...

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Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition

作者： S. Kodase Shige Wang K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

关键词： Runtime Embedded software Timing computer architecture Scheduling Embedded computing Laboratories Application software Software design Control system synthesis

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A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-time analysis of embedded software

A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-t...

引用

IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： Zonghua Gu S. Kodase Shige Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

关键词： real time systems Embedded software Performance analysis Software tools computer architecture Timing Yarn Processor scheduling Information analysis Prototypes

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Choir: a real-time middleware architecture supporting benefit-based proactive resource allocation

Choir: a real-time middleware architecture supporting benefi...

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International Symposium on Object-Oriented real-time Distributed computing

作者： Peng Li B. Ravindran Jinggang Wang G. Konowicz Real-Time Systems Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA

Asynchronous real-time distributed systems are inherently non-deterministic. To deal with such non-determinism's, we have developed a family of proactive resource management algorithms that support benefit-function based, end-to-end QoS management. This paper describes a middleware implementation of these algorithms, called Choir. The Choir middleware allows the user express the task end-to-end timeliness requirements using Jensen's benefit functions. Furthermore, the middleware system can transparently replicate, and possibly migrate the computational subtasks to conquer uncertainties such as workload fluctuations, changes of system resources, so that the system aggregate benefit is maximized. Initial experimental results suggest the effectiveness the Choir middleware.

关键词： Middleware Resource management real time systems Scheduling algorithm Aggregates Timing computer architecture Uncertainty Runtime Object oriented modeling

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Improving wait-free algorithms for interprocess communication in embedded real-time systems

Improving wait-free algorithms for interprocess communicatio...

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2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference

作者： Huang, Hai Pillai, Padmanabhan Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1880446006

Concurrency management is a basic requirement for interprocess communication in any multitasking system. This usually takes the form of lock-based or other blocking algorithms. In real-time and/or time-sensitive systems, the less-predictable timing behavior of lock-based mechanisms and the additional task-execution dependency make synchronization undesirable. Recent research has provided non-blocking and wait-free algorithms for interprocess communication, particularly in the domain of single-writer, multiple-reader semantics, but these algorithms typically incur high costs in terms of computation or space complexity, or both. In this paper, we propose a general transformation mechanism that takes advantage of temporal characteristics of the system to reduce both time and space overheads of current single-writer, multiple-reader algorithms. We show a 17–66% execution time reduction along with a 14–70% memory space reduction when three wait-free algorithms are improved by applying our transformation. We present three new algorithms for wait-free, single-writer, multiple-reader communication along with detailed performance evaluation of nine algorithms under various experimental conditions. © 2002 USENIX Association. All rights reserved.

关键词： Locks (fasteners)

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Layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation

Layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation

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IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： Haining Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

While the differentiated services (DiftServ) infrastructure is scalable and robust in providing network quality of service (QoS), there are serious drawbacks with the services provided by DiffServ: (1) the services are coarse-grained and one-way only; (2) no service differentiation and resource isolation are provided to meta-data packets such as TCP SYN and ACK packets. Moreover the coarse-grained service differentiation and the lack of resource isolation at IP routers exposes its vulnerability to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Based on the concept of layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation, where the transport-layer information is inferred from the IP headers and used for packet classification and resource management, we present a scalable fine-grained DiffServ (sf-DiffServ) architecture that provides fine-grained service differentiation and resource isolation among thinner behavior aggregates (BAs). The sf-DiffServ architecture consists of a fine-grained QoS classifier and an adaptive weight-based resource manager at IP routers. A two-stage packet classification mechanism is devised to decouple the fine-grained QoS lookup from the routing lookup at core routers. Due to its scalable QoS support for TCP control segments, sf-DiffServ supports bi-directional differentiated services for TCP sessions. Most importantly, the fine-grained resource isolation provided inside the sf-DiffServ is a powerful built-in protection mechanism to counter DDoS attacks, reducing the vulnerability of the Internet to DDoS attacks.

关键词： Quality of service TCPIP computer crime Diffserv networks Resource management Robustness Aggregates Routing Bidirectional control Protection

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