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检索条件"机构=Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer"

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Analysis of combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and admission control in wireless networks

Analysis of combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and admis...

引用

IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Chun-Ting Chou K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

An analytical model is developed for cellular networks with a combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and traffic-restriction mechanism. Instead of focusing only on the bandwidth utilization and forced-termination probability, we derive two important quality-of-service (QoS) metrics, degradation ratio and upgrade/degrade frequency. We show numerically that these two metrics must be taken into account in order to support the QoS specified by each client. The effects of system loads and clients' mobility on system performance are also investigated. Even under the various distributions of mobility, the simulation results are shown to match our analytical results, implying the applicability of our analytical model to more general cases.

关键词： Programmable control Adaptive control Channel allocation Admission control Wireless networks Analytical models Degradation Land mobile radio cellular systems Communication system traffic control Traffic control

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Measurement of OS services and its application to performance modeling and analysis of integrated embedded software

Measurement of OS services and its application to performanc...

引用

IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Wang S. Kodase K.G. Shin D.L. Kiskis Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Performance analyses for embedded software construction with existing components require knowledge of performance characteristics of both application software and operating system (OS) services, especially those services that are critical for real-time applications. Since end users normally do not control the structure and implementation of OS services, but have to use them to meet the system-level performance constraints, it is essential and critical to characterize the performance of OS services with measurements. As such measurements are taken for performance analysis, not for comparison, the measurement methods should be different from those traditionally, used for comparison. In this paper we present an end-to-end method for measuring the performance of timing and scheduling services in selected real-time OSs for the performance modeling and analysis. The proposed method takes the factors of both OS implementations and application configurations into account to obtain the measured performance close to what applications will experience at runtime. The results have shown that the performance characteristics of OS services can be measured without instrumenting the kernel source code, and hence, can be reused for the analysis of a family of applications.

关键词： Software measurement Application software Performance analysis Embedded software Operating systems real time systems Control systems Timing Runtime Instruments

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A best-effort communication protocol for real-time broadcast networks

A best-effort communication protocol for real-time broadcast...

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International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP)

作者： L. Ramaswamy B. Ravindran The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Real-Time Systems Laboratory Blacksburg VA USA

In this paper, we present a best-effort communication protocol, called ABA, that seeks to maximize aggregate application benefit and deadline-satisfied ratio of asynchronous real-time distributed systems that use CSMA/DDCR broadcast networks. ABA considers an application model where end-to-end timeliness requirements of trans-node application tasks are expressed using Jensen's benefit functions. Furthermore, the protocol assumes that the application is designed using CSMA/DDCR feasibility conditions that is driven by a "best" possible estimate of upper bounds on message arrival densities that is possible at design-time. When such design-time postulations get violated at run-time, ABA directs message traffic so that messages that will increase applications' aggregate benefit are only transmitted, buffering others, until such time when the workloads respect their design-time postulated values. To study the performance of ABA, we consider a previously studied algorithm called RBA* as a baseline algorithm. Our experimental results indicate that ABA yields higher aggregate benefit and higher deadline-satisfied ratio than RBA* when message arrival densities increase at faster rates or at the same rates as that of process execution latencies due to the dynamics of the workload.

关键词： Protocols Broadcasting Multiaccess communication Aggregates Ethernet networks real time systems Upper bound Runtime Delay Costs

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On decentralized proactive resource allocation in asynchronous real-time distributed systems

On decentralized proactive resource allocation in asynchrono...

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IEEE International Symposim on High Assurance Systems engineering

作者： T. Hegazy B. Ravindran Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology USA Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Real-Time Systems Laboratory Blacksburg VA USA

We present two classes of distributed algorithms called DRBA and DOBA, for decentralized, proactive resource allocation in asynchronous real-time distributed systems. The objective of the algorithms is to maximize aggregate application benefit and deadline-satisfied ratio for a user-specified future time interval. Since determining the optimal allocation is computationally intractable, the algorithms heuristically compute near-optimal allocations in polynomial-time. While the DRBA algorithms analyze subtask response times to determine allocation decisions which are computationally expensive, the DOBA algorithms analyze processor overloads to compute their decisions in a much faster way. Within each class, we present three algorithms that differ in the way they tolerate end-host failures: no reallocation upon failure, stateless reallocation, and stateful reallocation.

关键词： Resource management real time systems Algorithm design and analysis Quality of service Delay Runtime Distributed computing Distributed algorithms Aggregates Polynomials

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Towards energy-aware software-based fault tolerance in real-time systems

Towards energy-aware software-based fault tolerance in real-...

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International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED)

作者： O.S. Unsal I. Koren C.M. Krishna Architecture and Real-Time Systems Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA

Many real-time systems employed in defense, space, and consumer applications have power constraints and high reliability requirements. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between fault tolerance techniques and energy consumption. In particular, we establish the energy efficiency of Application Level Fault Tolerance (ALFT) over other software-based fault tolerance methods. We then develop sensible energy-aware heuristics for ALFT schemes. The heuristics yield up to 40% energy savings.

关键词： Fault tolerant systems real time systems Fault tolerance Redundancy Application software Power system reliability Permission Scheduling computer architecture Laboratories

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Efficiently tolerating failures in asynchronous real-time distributed systems

Efficiently tolerating failures in asynchronous real-time di...

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IEEE International Symposim on High Assurance Systems engineering

作者： Peng Li B. Ravindran The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Real-Time Systems Laboratory Virginia Tech Antenna Group Blacksburg VA USA

We present a proactive resource allocation algorithm, called BEA, for fault-tolerant asynchronous real-time distributed systems. BEA considers an application model where transnode application timeliness requirements are expressed using benefit functions, and anticipated workload during future time intervals are expressed using adaptation functions. Furthermore, BEA considers an adaptation model where subtasks of application tasks are replicated at run-time for tolerating failures as well as for sharing workload increases. Given such models, the objective of the algorithm is to maximize the aggregate real-time benefit and the ability to tolerate host failures during the time window of adaptation functions. Since determining the optimal solution is computationally intractable, BEA heuristically computes near-optimal resource allocations in polynomial-time. We show that BEA can achieve almost the same fault-tolerance ability as full replication, and accrue most of real-time benefit that full replication can accrue. In the meanwhile, BEA requires much fewer replicas than full replication, and hence is cost effective.

关键词： real time systems Resource management Runtime Quality of service Fault tolerance Application software Adaptation model Aggregates Polynomials Costs

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BPA: a fast packet scheduling algorithm for real-time switched Ethernet networks

BPA: a fast packet scheduling algorithm for real-time switch...

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International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP)

作者： Jinggang Wang B. Ravindran Real-Time Systems Laboratory The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA

In this paper, we present a MAC-layer packet scheduling algorithm, called BPA, for real-time switched Ethernet networks. BPA considers a message model where trans-node application-level messages have end-to-end timeliness requirements that are specified using Jensen's benefit functions. The objective of BPA is to maximize the aggregate message-level benefit. The algorithm reasons that this objective can be achieved by maximizing aggregate packet-level benefit, where packets of messages are allowed to inherit benefit functions of their parent messages. BPA thus solves a non-preemptive packet scheduling problem. Since this problem is NP-hard, BPA heuristically computes packet schedules to maximize aggregate benefit, incurring a worst-case computational complexity of O(n/sup 2/). This is better than the O(n/sup 3/) complexity of the previously known best algorithm (called CMA) for the same problem. Further, our experimental studies show that BPA performs as good as CMA for a broad set of benefit functions, and significantly outperforms CMA for some benefit functions. Furthermore, we observe that BPA yields lower missed-deadline ratio than CMA when message arrival density increases.

关键词： Scheduling algorithm Packet switching Ethernet networks Multiaccess communication real time systems Protocols Aggregates Bandwidth Timing Laboratories

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Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real-time connections

Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real...

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International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)

作者： S. Kim D. Qiao S. Kodase K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Dependability of service (DoS) has become an important requirement for real-time applications, such as remote medical services, business-critical network meetings and command-and-control applications. The Dependable real-time Protocol (DRTP), in which each dependable real-time connection is realized with one primary and one or more backup channels, has been shown to be an effective way of providing DoS. How to route both primary and backup channels for each dependable real-time connection is of vital importance to the success of failure recovery and to overhead reduction in providing DoS. In this paper, we propose and evaluate three different schemes for routing the primary and backup channels of each dependable real-time connection. Specifically, we present methods based on link-state information and bounded flooding to discover routes for the primary and backup channels while satisfying the required quality of service (QoS). The costs of the link-state and flooding algorithms are reduced significantly by using the fact that the probability of success in failure recovery can be estimated with simple link-state information, and by bounding the flooded region within an ellipse with the two communication end-points as loci. Our in-depth simulations have shown that the proposed routing schemes are highly effective, providing a fault tolerance of 87% or higher with a network capacity overhead of less than 85%.

关键词： Routing Floods Streaming media Delay Medical services Quality of service Fault tolerance Throughput Laboratories Electronic mail

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Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

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International Conference on Network Protocols

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769514294

We propose an efficient flow and error control scheme for high-throughput transport protocols by using a second-order rate control, called the /spl alpha/-control, and a new sliding-window scheme for error control. The /spl alpha/-control minimizes the packet retransmissions by adjusting the rate-gain parameter to the variations in the number and round-trip times (RTTs) of cross-traffic flows that share the bottleneck. Using selective retransmission, the sliding-window scheme guarantees lossless transmission. By applying the /spl alpha/-control, the proposed scheme can drive the flow-controlled system to a retransmission-less equilibrium state. Using the fluid analysis, we establish the flow-control system model, obtain the greatest lower bound for the target buffer occupancy, and derive closed-form expressions for packet losses, loss rate, and link-transmission efficiency. We prove that the /spl alpha/-control is feasible and optimal linear control in terms of efficiency and fairness. Also presented are the extensive simulation results that confirm the analytical results, and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme to others in dealing with the variations of cross-traffic flows sharing the same bottleneck and their RTTs, controlling packet losses/retransmissions, and achieving buffer-usage fairness as well as high throughput.

关键词： Transport protocols Throughput Error correction Propagation losses Transmitters Laboratories Closed-form solution Optimal control Fluid flow control Internet

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Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Shige Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780365763

We present an architecture that supports reconfigurable software construction. In this architecture, the controller software consists of a set of well-defined components and a set of behavior specifications. Each component is modeled with event-based external interfaces, a control logic driver and service protocols. Behaviors of components and their integration are modeled as finite state machines and nested finite state machines. The behaviors of software can be specified in Control Plan programs and executed by control logic drivers at run-time. Such software supports executable code-level reconfiguration as well as remote behavioral reconfiguration. Reconfiguration with heterogeneous implementations and vendor-neutral products is also supported. Our evaluation of the motion control software for a milling machine controller demonstrated that the software constructed with this architecture has high reconfigurability and low development and maintenance costs.

关键词： computer architecture Software maintenance Reconfigurable logic Protocols Control systems Application software Communication system control Machine control Automata Motion control

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