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Component allocation with multiple resource constraints for large embedded real-time software

Component allocation with multiple resource constraints for ...

引用

Proceedings - RTAS 2004 10th IEEE real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： Wang, Shige Merrick, Jeffrey R. Shin, Kong G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122

ISBN: (纸本)0769521487

Allocating software components while meeting multiple platform resource constraints is crucial for model-based design of large embedded real-time software and automatic design model transformation. In this paper, we propose a new method for component allocation using an informed branch-and-bound and forward checking mechanism subject to a combination of resource constraints. We have implemented this method in the Automatic Integration of Reusable Embedded Software (AIRES) toolkit - which has been developed under the DARPA MoBIES Program - and applied it to an automotive electronic throttle control (ETC) system. Our evaluation based on randomly-generated design models has shown that the proposed method scales well for large and complex embedded real-time software.

关键词： real time systems

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Multi-view modeling and analysis of embedded real-time software with meta-modeling and model transformation

Multi-view modeling and analysis of embedded real-time softw...

引用

Proceedings - Eighth IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems engineering

作者： Gu, Zonghua Wang, Shige Kodase, Sharath Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 United States

We present an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software, with Avionics Mission computing as an application domain. The tool-chain covers the entire system development life-cycle including modeling, analysis, code generation, and runtime instrumentation. Emphasis is placed on integration of tools developed by multiple institutions via standardized interface format definitions in XML. All aspects of an embedded real-time system are captured in domain-specific models, including software components and architecture, timing and resource constraints, processes and threads, execution platforms, etc. Configuration code generation allows automated building of the application executable. Instrumentation of the application running on a target platform is used to collect runtime statistics that are fedback into the models. Analysis tools perform various static analyses based on the models, including system-level dependency analysis, execution-rate assignment to component ports, real-time and schedulability analysis, and automated allocation of components to processors. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in models at the design level, and performing analysis that provides insight into non-functional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping.

关键词： Embedded systems

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Bonding plus: real-time message channel in linux ethernet environment using regular switching hub

Bonding plus: Real-time message channel in linux ethernet en...

引用

9th International Conference on real-time and Embedded computing Systems and Applications, RTCSA 2003

作者： Lin, Hsin-hung Hsueh, Chih-wen Huang, Guo-Chiuan Real-Time Systems Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Chung Cheng University Chiayi621 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9783540246862

Bandwidth management is very important to quality of service of network applications. Communications and data transmissions between hosts in a LAN environment may be large in many systems, such as clustering systems and parallel systems. If the network bandwidth is not enough, real-time packets may be delayed and miss their timing constraints. There are many technologies developed to increase host bandwidth in a LAN environment, but most of them need switching hubs with special support such as IEEE Link Aggregation Standard and are very expensive. In this paper, we propose a real-time message channel, BondingPlus, in Linux Ethernet environment which can make use of multiple Ethernet adapters simultaneously between hosts connected with regular switching hubs. When receiving packets from upper network layer, BondingPlus schedules packets in data link layer. real-time packets can be dispatched into a higher-priority queue so that the packets can be transmitted through the physical Ethernet interface right away. Furthermore, real-time applications can transmit real-time packets via one or several dedicated network adapters which create real-time message channels between hosts and thus reduce transmission delay and jitter dramatically, especially suitable for applications that have high bandwidth and real-time requirements. This approach is implemented in two Linux kernel modules and is backward compatible, flexible and transparent to users. BondingPlus pseudo Ethernet device driver module receives packets from upper network layer and dispatches the packets to multiple physical network adapters with a single IP address. ARP+ protocol module is responsible for maintaining a table of the mapping between an IP address and its corresponding MAC addresses of multiple physical network adapters. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.

关键词： Ethernet

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Coordinated aggregate scheduling for improving end-to-end delay performance

Coordinated aggregate scheduling for improving end-to-end de...

引用

International Workshop on Quality of Service

作者： W. Sun K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

This paper proposes a novel coordinated aggregate scheduling (CAS) algorithm that combines both EOF (earliest-deadline-first) scheduling and rate-based fair queueing. CAS uses guaranteed rate (GR) scheduling (Goyal, P et al., 1995) for traffic aggregates at the inter-aggregate level, but employs EDF-like scheduling at the intra-aggregate level. Computation of the deadline D/sub N/ of a packet at an intermediate node N is coordinated between the node N and its upstream nodes, and D/sub N/ is related to the packet's guaranteed rate clock (GRC) value at the flow-aggregation node. CAS provides tighter end-to-end (e2e) delay bounds than the "vanilla" GR aggregate scheduling that relies on FIFO queueing within an aggregate. Our in-depth simulation results demonstrate CAS's superior performance. Moreover, as an aggregate-based work-conserving scheduling algorithm, CAS incurs lower scheduling and state-maintenance overheads at routers than per-flow scheduling. These salient features make CAS very attractive for use in Internet core networks.

关键词： Aggregates Delay Scheduling algorithm Traffic control Processor scheduling Content addressable storage Telecommunication traffic Clocks IP networks Multiprotocol label switching

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Component allocation with multiple resource constraints for large embedded real-time software design

Component allocation with multiple resource constraints for ...

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IEEE Symposium on real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Wang J.R. Merrick K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Allocating software components while meeting multiple platform resource constraints is crucial for model-based design of large embedded real-time software and automatic design model transformation. In this paper, we propose a new method for component allocation using an informed branch-and-bound and forward checking mechanism subject to a combination of resource constraints. We have implemented this method in the automatic integration of reusable embedded software (AIRES) toolkit - which has been developed under the DARPA MoBIES Program - and applied it to an automotive electronic throttle control (ETC) system. Our evaluation based on randomly-generated design models has shown that the proposed method scales well for large and complex embedded real-time software.

关键词： Resource management Software design Embedded software Control systems Embedded computing Forward contracts Automotive electronics Automatic control Software performance Scheduling

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On-line dynamic voltage scaling for hard real-time systems using the EDF algorithm

On-line dynamic voltage scaling for hard real-time systems u...

引用

25th IEEE International real-time Systems Symposium, RTSS 2004

作者： Lee, Cheol-Hoon Shin, Kang G. System Software Laboratory Department of Computer Engineering Chungnam National University Taejeon 305-764 Korea Republic of Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of EECS University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 United States

Recently, there has been a rapid and wide spread of non-traditional computing platforms, especially mobile and portable computing devices. As applications become sophisticated and computation power increases, the most serious limitation on these devices is the available battery life. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) has been a key technique to exploit the hardware characteristics of processors to reduce energy dissipation by lowering the supply voltage and operating frequency. This paper presents a novel on-line DVS algorithm called OLDVS that, when coupled with the underlying OS task management mechanism and real-time scheduler, can make significant energy savings, while preserving timeliness guarantees made by the underlying real-time scheduling algorithm. While most existing DVS algorithms are confined to periodic tasks only, OLDVS does not assume task periodicity, nor does it require any a priori information on the task set to be scheduled. OLDVS requires only O(1) computation on each task context switch, thus making it fairly easy to be incorporated into a real-time operating system. The OLDVS algorithm considers a general task model which is very difficult, if not impossible, for the existing DVS algorithms to handle. Our simulation results show that OLDVS achieves great energy savings and outperforms the existing DVS algorithms when the ratio of the computation requirement of aperiodic tasks to the total computation requirement is higher than 40%. The performance advantage becomes much larger as the ratio increases. © 2004 IEEE.

关键词： Electric potential

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On utility accrual real-time channel establishment in multi-hop networks

On utility accrual real-time channel establishment in multi-...

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International Symposium on Object-Oriented real-time Distributed computing

作者： K. Channakeshava B. Ravindran Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Real-Time Systems Laboratory Blacksburg VA USA

We consider real-time CORBA 2.0 (dynamic scheduling) distributable threads operating in multihop networks. When distributable threads are subject to time/utility function-time constraints and utility accrual optimality criteria, utility accrual real-time channels must be established. Such channels transport inter-node messages of distributable threads in a way that maximizes system-wide, message-level accrued utility. We present a utility accrual channel establishment algorithm called local decision for utility accrual channel establishment (or Loc-DUCE) that heuristically computes channels. Our experimental measurements using a prototype implementation reveal that LocDUCE accrues significantly higher utility than the open shortest path first routing algorithm

关键词： Intelligent networks Spread spectrum communication Yarn time factors real time systems Dynamic scheduling Control systems Missiles Object oriented modeling Phased arrays

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An application using pinwheel scheduling model

An application using pinwheel scheduling model

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International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)

作者： Shun-hung Yu Hsin-hung Lin Chih-wen Hsueh Real-Time Systems Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Chung Engineering University Chiayi Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)0769521525

real-time systems, ranging from small portable devices or embedded systems to more complex general-purpose computers, are designed to satisfy various of real-time computation. It is the most important to guarantee all the requests are satisfied correctly in time. Rate monotonic algorithm is the most well-known real-time scheduling algorithm in the periodic task model. It not only has high schedulability, but also has a tight utilization bound to easily check whether the task set is feasible. In rate monotonic algorithm, a task is executed once in each period, but the start time of execution might be different in each period. On the contrary, for tasks scheduled using pinwheel model, the execution schedule in each period is always the same. Therefore, pinwheel scheduling model is very suitable for real-time systems which need high predictability. The pinwheel scheduling model transforms the task periods into harmonic numbers shorter than or equal to the original periods and provides many advantageous scheduling features. However, not all tasks allow to do the transformation and some would like to be executed according to their original periods. In this paper, we discuss how to solve the problem and give an application in power-aware real-time scheduling, where we can see the pinwheel model is very important in current embedded system design with power-aware requirement.

关键词： real time systems Embedded system Scheduling algorithm Hardware Operating systems Processor scheduling Embedded computing Portable computers Global Positioning System Kernel

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Application-level checkpointing for shared memory programs

Application-level checkpointing for shared memory programs

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作者： Bronevetsky, Greg Marques, Daniel Pingali, Keshav Szwed, Peter Schulz, Martin Department of Computer Science Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 Center for Applied Scientific Computing Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA 94551

Trends in high-performance computing are making it necessary for long-running applications to tolerate hardware faults. The most commonly used approach is checkpoint and restart (CPR) - the state of the computation is saved periodically on disk, and when a failure occurs, the computation is restarted from the last saved state. At present, it is the responsibility of the programmer to instrument applications for CPR. Our group is investigating the use of compiler technology to instrument codes to make them self-checkpointing and self-restarting, thereby providing an automatic solution to the problem of making long-running scientific applications resilient to hardware faults. Our previous work focused on message-passing programs. In this paper, we describe such a system for shared-memory programs running on symmetric multiprocessors. This system has two components: (i) a pre-compiler for source-to-source modification of applications, and (ii) a runtime system that implements a protocol for coordinating CPR among the threads of the parallel application. For the sake of concreteness, we focus on a non-trivial subset of OpenMP that includes barriers and locks. One of the advantages of this approach is that the ability to tolerate faults becomes embedded within the application itself, so applications become self-checkpointing and self-restarting on any platform. We demonstrate this by showing that our transformed benchmarks can checkpoint and restart on three different platforms (Windows/x86, Linux/x86, and Tru64/Alpha). Our experiments show that the overhead introduced by this approach is usually quite small;they also suggest ways in which the current implementation can be tuned to reduced overheads further. Copyright 2004 ACM.

关键词： computer systems programming

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Exploring collective communications on a cluster of SMPs

Exploring collective communications on a cluster of SMPs

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International Conference on High Performance computing in the Asia-Pacific Region

作者： Meng-Shiou Wu R.A. Kendall S. Aluru Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Scalable Computing Laboratory US DOE Ames IA USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Computer Science Ames IA

We investigate two strategies to improve the performance of collective communications on a cluster of SMPs. In the first part of the paper, we explore the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly used strategy "optimize shared memory send and receive only". In the second part of the paper, we show a model to design collective communications on SMP clusters which can be used to improve the disadvantages of the former strategy. Several collective operations are implemented through the later process, and the experimental results show better performance than vendor supplied implementations.

关键词： Switched-mode power supply Laboratories Clustering algorithms US department of Energy computer science Optimization methods Broadcasting Libraries Testing Communication standards

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