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Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： T.F. Abdelzaher K.G. Shin Real-time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In this paper we present a branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm for combined task and message scheduling in distributed hard real-time systems. The algorithm finds an optimal schedule for a set of communicating tasks with known arrival times, precedence constraints, and resource requirements in conjunction with the assignment and scheduling of intertask messages over communication links. The schedule is "optimal" in the sense of minimizing maximum task lateness under a heuristic message priority assignment found during the search. A robotics application is used to illustrate the utility and potential of the algorithm. Results of an extensive simulation study analyzing its performance are also presented.

关键词： Real time systems Optimal scheduling Processor scheduling Scheduling algorithm Delay Distributed computing Laboratories time factors Robot sensing systems Analytical models

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Software engineering of machine control systems: an approach to lifecycle economics

Software engineering of machine control systems: an approach...

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： S. Birla Kang Shin Real-time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Describes a domain modeling process and framework for use in lifecycle engineering of software to monitor and control agile machining equipment. The authors focus on an approach of defining initial requirements in a w... 详细信息

关键词： Software engineering Manufacturing automation Automatic control Costs Object oriented modeling Environmental economics computerized monitoring Organizing computer aided manufacturing Virtual manufacturing

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Evaluation of Communication Latency in VMEbus-Based Real-time Control Systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1995年第5期28卷 421-425页

作者： Jaehyun Park Kang G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 U.S.A

Although the VMEbus has been widely used for real-time control systems, its real-time performance has not been evaluated thoroughly. This paper evaluates the latency of interprocessor communication in a VMEbus-based real-time control system. To minimize communication latency, mixed priority/round-robin (MPR) bus arbitration is proposed and its performance is evaluated along with standard PRI and RRS arbitration. The latency is evaluated via computer simulations and experimental measurements using a high-resolution timing-measuring instrument that can be directly plugged into the VMEbus.

关键词： Real-time systems performance evaluation multiprocessor systems

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Probing and fault injection of protocol implementations

Probing and fault injection of protocol implementations

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International Conference on Distributed computing Systems

作者： S. Dawson F. Jahanian Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Ensuring that a distributed system with strict dependability constraints meets its prescribed specification is a growing challenge that confronts software developers and system engineers. This paper presents a technique for probing and fault injection of fault-tolerant distributed protocols. The proposed technique, called script-driven probing and fault injection, can be used for studying the behavior of distributed systems and for detecting design and implementation errors of fault-tolerant protocols. The focus of this work is on fault injection techniques that can be used to demonstrate three aspects of a target protocol: i) detection of design or implementation errors, ii) identification of violations of protocol specifications, and iii) insight into design decisions made by the implementers. The emphasis of our approach is on experimental techniques intended to identify specific "problems" in a protocol or its implementation rather than the evaluation of system dependability through statistical metrics such as fault coverage. To demonstrate the capabilities of this technique, the paper describes a probing and fault injection tool, called the PFI tool (Probe/Fault Injection Tool), and a summary of several extensive experiments that studied the behavior of two protocols: the transmission control protocol (TCP) and a group membership protocol (GMP).

关键词： Protocols Fault detection Fault diagnosis Software systems Systems engineering and theory Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems Probes

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Representing architectural designs: a central issue in the development of complex systems

Representing architectural designs: a central issue in the d...

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IEEE International Conference on engineering of Complex computer Systems

作者： V. Kirova W. Rossak Software Engineering Laboratory & Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Computer and Information Science New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA

This paper discusses the need for and the use of a software architecture as an important means in the development of complex systems. We start out with a brief analysis of the term "complex" with regard to computerized systems. On this basis, we introduce software architectures as a means to cope with the software design aspect of system complexity. We then identify the architectural concepts that are necessary to capture a comprehensive, high level system design and discuss their characterizing properties. Finally, we propose a "construction-oriented" technique for architecture specification which is based on a generic set of architectural elements and is supported by a tool, d-ASPECT (domain Architecture Specification Tool), currently under development at NJIT.

关键词： Buildings Laboratories Control systems computer architecture Software engineering Real time systems Information science Paper technology Software architecture Law

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On slot allocation for time-constrained messages in DQDB networks

On slot allocation for time-constrained messages in DQDB net...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Ching-Chih Han Chao-Ju Hou K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Comput. Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Computer Engineering Division Department of Electrical and Comput. Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA

The paper addresses the issue of guaranteeing the timely delivery of isochronous messages with hard deadlines in a distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) network. The authors propose a slot allocation scheme which can allocate bandwidth for a set of isochronous message streams and provide deterministic deadline guarantees. The allocation scheme is guaranteed to find a feasible slot allocation (in the sense that all messages can be transmitted in a timely manner) as long as the total message density is less than or equal to a certain threshold, where the total message density is defined as the summation (over all message streams) of the ratio of maximum message size to message deadline. The implementation of this scheme is simple and does not require any change of the current DQDB standard.

关键词： Intelligent networks Traffic control Bandwidth Videoconference Access protocols Media Access Protocol Communication system traffic control Chaotic communication Laboratories Communication standards

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Analysis and implementation of hybrid switching

Analysis and implementation of hybrid switching

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Annual International Symposium on computer Architecture, ISCA

作者： K.G. Shin S.W. Daniel RealLTime Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The switching scheme of a point-to-point network determines how packets flow through each node, and is a primary element in determining the network's performance. In this paper, we present and evaluate a new switching scheme called hybrid switching. Hybrid switching dynamically combines both virtual cut-through and wormhole switching to provide higher achievable throughput than wormhole alone, while significantly reducing the buffer space required at intermediate nodes when compared to virtual cut-through. This scheme is motivated by a comparison of virtual cut-through and wormhole switching through cycle-level simulations, and then evaluated using the same methods. To show the feasibility of hybrid switching, as well as to provide a common base for simulating and implementing a variety of switching schemes, we have designed SPIDER, a communication adapter built around a custom ASIC, the Programmable Routing Controller (PRC).

关键词： Packet switching Delay Telecommunication traffic Throughput Communication switching Permission computer networks Electronic mail Application specific integrated circuits Routing

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On non-existence of optimal local synchronous bandwidth allocation schemes for the timed-token MAC protocol

On non-existence of optimal local synchronous bandwidth allo...

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International Phoenix Conference on computers and Communications (IPCCC)

作者： Ching-Chih Han K.G. Shin Chao-Ju Hou Department of Elec. Engineering and Comput. Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University슠of슠Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Computer Engineering Division Department of Elec. and Comput. Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA

Numerous methods have been proposed to integrate real-time and non-real-time services of the timed-token medium access control (MAC) protocol. One of the key issues in tailoring the timed-token protocol for real-time applications is the synchronous bandwidth allocation (SBA) problem whose objective is to meet both the protocol and deadline constraints. Several non-optimal local SBA schemes and two optimal global schemes have been proposed. Local SBA schemes use only information available locally to each node, and are thus preferred to global schemes because of their lower network-management overhead. However, we formally prove, using the technique of adversary argument, that there does not exist any optimal local SBA scheme. During the preparation for this proof, we also derive a timing property that generalizes the previous findings about the cycle-time properties of the timed-token protocol.< >

关键词： Channel allocation Access protocols Media Access Protocol Timing Bandwidth Laboratories Real time systems Multimedia systems Production facilities Communication industry

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UltraSAN version 3 overview

UltraSAN version 3 overview

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International Workshop on Petri Nets and Performance Models (PNPM)

作者： D.D. Deavours W.D. Obal M.A. Qureshi W.H. Sanders A.P.A. van Moorsel Center for Reliable and High-Performance Computing Coordinated Science Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Tucson AZ USA

UltraSAN is a software package for model-based evaluation of systems represented as stochastic activity networks. The software has been implemented in a modular fashion, with clearly delineated interfaces between model specification, construction, and solution. UltraSAN offers an X Windows-based user interface and both analytical and simulation solution modules for transient and steady-state performance, dependability, and performability measures. Furthermore, the tool facilitates graphical representation of the obtained results by its report generator. This paper gives a very brief overview and pointers to more detailed descriptions of the software.

关键词： Steady-state Storage area networks Modular construction User interfaces Automatic control Joining processes Libraries Markov processes Probability density function Web sites

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Modeling recycle: a case study in the industrial use of measurement and modeling

Modeling recycle: a case study in the industrial use of meas...

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International computer Performance and Dependability Symposium

作者： L.M. Malhis S.C. West L.A. Kant W.H. Sanders Storage Systems Division IBM Corporation Tucson AZ USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Tucson AZ USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Arizona Tucson Tustin AZ USA Center for Reliable and High-Performance Computing Coordinated Science Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana IL USA

Large-scale data storage systems rely on magnetic tape cartridges to store millions of data objects. As these tapes age, the resident data objects become invalid; consequently, less and less of the tape potential capacity is effectively utilized. To address this problem, data storage systems have a facility, called "recycle" in this paper, that transfers valid data objects from sparsely populated tapes onto new tapes, thus creating empty tapes for reuse. A high performance recycle process is needed to keep the number of tape cartridges to a minimum, and to maintain a continuous supply of empty tapes for storing newly created data objects. The performance of such processes is not easy to determine, and depends strongly on the data stored on the tapes, the speed and characteristics of the computer on which recycle is executed, and the nature of the algorithms themselves. This paper documents an extensive effort to evaluate a proposed recycle algorithm, using held workload data, laboratory measurements, and modeling. The results of the study were used to improve the recycle process, and were later verified through field trials. In addition yielding the results themselves, the effort illustrated that modeling and measurement, in an industrial setting, can indeed be used successfully in the design process.< >

关键词： Recycling computer aided software engineering Large-scale systems Data storage systems Laboratories Magnetic field measurement Process design Coordinate measuring machines Electric variables measurement Area measurement

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