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REVISE POLICIES MANDATING OFFENDER DNA COLLECTION*

Criminology & Public Policy 2007年第4期6卷

作者： RALPH B. TAYLOR JOHN S. GOLDKAMP DORIS WEILAND CLAIRISSA BREEN R. MARIE GARCIA LAWRENCE A. PRESLEY BRIAN R. WYANT Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice Temple University. Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice Temple University which he also currently chairs. Senior research associate with the Crime and Justice Research Center Temple University. Doctoral candidate in criminal justice at Temple University. Doctoral student at Temple University. Currently he is the director of the Forensic Science program at Arcadia University. Doctoral student in the Department of Criminal Justice Temple University.

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An information theoretic framework for eukaryotic gradient sensing 06

An information theoretic framework for eukaryotic gradient s...

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Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

作者： Joseph M. Kimmel Richard M. Salter Peter J. Thomas Computer Science Program Oberlin College Oberlin Ohio and Computational Neuroscience Graduate Program The University of Chicago Computer Science Program Oberlin College Oberlin Ohio and Oberlin Center for Computation and Modeling Departments of Mathematics Biology and Cognitive Science Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio and Oberlin College Research Associate

Chemical reaction networks by which individual cells gather and process information about their chemical environments have been dubbed "signal transduction" networks. Despite this suggestive terminology, there have been few attempts to analyze chemical signaling systems with the quantitative tools of information theory. Gradient sensing in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a well characterized signal transduction system in which a cell estimates the direction of a source of diffusing chemoattractant molecules based on the spatiotemporal sequence of ligand-receptor binding events at the cell membrane. Using Monte Carlo techniques (MCell) we construct a simulation in which a collection of individual ligand particles undergoing Brownian diffusion in a three-dimensional volume interact with receptors on the surface of a static amoeboid cell. Adapting a method for estimation of spike train entropies described by Victor (originally due to Kozachenko and Leonenko), we estimate lower bounds on the mutual information between the transmitted signal (direction of ligand source) and the received signal (spatiotemporal pattern of receptor binding/unbinding events). Hence we provide a quantitative framework for addressing the question: how much could the cell know, and when could it know it? We show that the time course of the mutual information between the cell's surface receptors and the (unknown) gradient direction is consistent with experimentally measured cellular response times. We find that the acquisition of directional information depends strongly on the time constant at which the intracellular response is filtered.

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SURVEY METHODOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FOOD WASTE/RESIDUE DATABASE1

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Journal of Foodservice 2006年第3期11卷

作者： CAROL W. SHANKLIN Ph.D., R.D. ROLANDO FLORES Ph.D TAEHEE KIM Ph.D. KARA WOLFE M.S. Professor & Graduate Program Director Department of Hotel Restaurant Institution Management and Dietetics Kansas State University 103 Justin Hall Manhattan KS 66506-1404 Associate Professor Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University 104 Shellenberger Hall Manhattan KS 66506 Director of Marketing and Planning Department Contract Foodservice Management Division LG Mart Co. Ltd. 831-1 Yoksam-1 dong Kangnam-gu Seoul Korea Research Assistant Department of Hotel Restaurant Institution Management and Dietetics Kansas State University 152 Justin Hall Manhattan KS 66506

Survey research was used to obtain data from food processors to develop a wastes/residues database. The general principles of Dillman's Total Design Method of survey administration were followed with the exception that telephone follow-ups replaced a third mailing five weeks after the initial mailing. The purpose of this article is to discuss survey methodology and responses in one facet of the food industry. Food processors were asked to provide a company profile and information about food wastes/residues generated in the facility and to indicate that perceived barriers to source reduction or recycling activities and willingness to provide waste samples for proximate analysis. Questionnaires were mailed to 444 food processing companies with 10 or more employees in the state of Iowa. The response rates were traced for each contact [initial mailing, post-card follow-up, second survey, and telephone calls] and for each Standard Industrial Codes (SIC) and total response rates were determined. Factors influencing response rate were identified. The overall response rate was 82.2% (365), but only 250 of the questionnaires contained data other than company profiles. Data were obtained from companies in over 37 different SICs. Factors influencing response rates included: perception among some of the companies classified by SIC codes as food manufacturing that they were not food processors; timing of survey; perceived confidentiality of data requested; and availability of the correct contact person. Knowledge of how to obtain data from this segment of the food chain will assist other researchers and businesses as they seek information from food processors about their wastes/residues and other trends that will impact other segments of the food chain.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF DRUG TREATMENT COURTS: EVIDENCE FROM A RANDOMIZED TRIAL*

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Criminology & Public Policy 2006年第2期2卷

作者： DENISE C. GOTTFREDSON STACY S. NAJAKA BROOK KEARLEY Denise C. Gottfredson is a Professor at the University of Maryland Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology. She received a Ph.D. in Social Relations from The Johns Hopkins University. Gottfredson's research interests include delinquency and delinquency prevention and particularly the effects of school environments on youth behavior. She currently directs evaluations of Baltimore City's Drug Treatment Court and Maryland After School Opportunity Grant Fund Program both of which address important policy questions for the state of Maryland. She is Co-PI on an evaluation of the Strengthening Washington D.C. Families Program and directs a grant to work with the prevention community in the State of Maryland to increase the use of research-based prevention practices Stacy S. Najaka is a Research Associate at the University of Maryland Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology. Her research interests include crime and delinquency prevention program evaluation and research methods. Currently she is managing a follow-up study of the Baltimore City Drug Treatment Court as well as a meta-analytic study of prevention programs and activities throughout the state of Maryland. Recent publications include a meta-analysis of the literature on school-based prevention to assess the relationship between selected risk factors and problem behavior (Prevention Science 2001) Brook Kearley is a graduate student in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland. She currently works on a follow up study of the Baltimore City Drug Treatment Court. Kearley's primary research interests include drug policy and treatment program evaluation and research methods. She has recently co-authored papers in the areas of follow-up difficulty validity of self-reported drug use and criminal history and the relationship between client services and client outcomes

research Summary: Study randomly assigned 235 offenders to drug treatment court (DTC) or “treatment as usual.” Analyses of official records collected over a two-year follow-up period show that DTC is reducing crime in a population of drug-addicted offenders. DTC subjects who participated in treatment were significantly less likely to recidivate than were both untreated drug court subjects and control subjects. Policy Implications: Continued enthusiasm for DTCs is warranted. Both sanctions and treatment are important elements of the DTC model. However, DTCs will not necessarily result in cost reductions because DTC and control cases are incarcerated for approximately equal numbers of days. Implementation fidelity is important, and DTCs can be strengthened if they engage a higher percentage of their clients in drug treatment.

关键词： Drug Treatment Drug Courts Drug Use Recidivism

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BRIGHTER IS BETTER. OR IS IT? THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS

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Criminology & Public Policy 2006年第3期3卷

作者： DIANE L. ZAHM Diane L. Zahm Ph.D. AICP is an Associate Professor of Urban Affairs and Planning where she teaches land use planning policy and management. Her research examines local policy and decisions regarding land use site layout and facility design and their long-term impact on crime fear and neighborhood viability. Dr. Zahm's academic and professional background includes both community development and criminal justice experience: Associate in Research with the Florida State University School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Statistical Analysis Center Administrator for the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) Research and Training Specialist for the Florida Attorney General's Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Program Assistant Professor of Community Development and Instructor at the National Crime Prevention Institute of the University of Louisville and Grants Analyst for the City of Charlottesville Virginia. While with FDLE Diane participated on the Florida Department of Education's Safe Schools Assessment Team and the Governor's Task Force on Domestic Violence. Diane holds a bachelor of science degree in environmental resource management from Allegheny College a master of planning from the University of Virginia and a Ph.D. in land use planning from the State University of New York Syracuse.

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FUNDING COMMUNITY POLICING TO REDUCE CRIME: HAVE COPS GRANTS MADE A DIFFERENCE?*

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Criminology & Public Policy 2006年第1期2卷

作者： JIHONG “SOLOMON” ZHAO MATTHEW C. SCHEIDER QUINT THURMAN Jihong “Solomon” Zhao is an Associate Professor at University of Nebraska— Omaha. His research interests include police management and change policy evaluation and research methods Matthew C. Scheider is a Senior Social Science Analyst with the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. He serves as program manager for a wide variety of innovative federal government crime reduction programs. His current research interests include evaluating community policing efforts conducting federal government policy analysis and testing criminological theories Quint C. Thurman is Department Chair and Professor of Criminal Justice at Southwest Texas State University. Dr. Thurman's publications list includes three books and more than 30 refereed articles. Last year he published Community Policing in a Community Era with co-authors Jihong Zhao and Andrew Giacomazzi. His first book Community Policing is a Rural Setting will be out this year in its second edition. He currently is working on two additional books on contemporary American policing issues. Dr. Thurman most recently received a grant from the Department of Justice to establish the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center at SWT to provide first responder training to rural and small town public safety agencies from across the nation

research Summary: This research examines how funding from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), has affected violent and property crime rates in the United States from 1995 to 1999. Drawing on six years of panel data, we examine the effects of three types of awards made by COPS to 6,100 law enforcement agencies serving more than 145 million citizens. We estimate their impact on crime reduction over time in jurisdictions receiving funding and controlling for baseline levels of crime, socioeconomic characteristics, city size, and population diversity and mobility. Our analyses suggest that COPS hiring and innovative grant programs have resulted in significant reductions in local crime rates in cities with populations greater than 10,000 for both violent and nonviolent offenses. Multivariate analysis shows that in cities with populations greater than 10,000, an increase in one dollar of hiring grant funding per resident contributed to a corresponding decline of 5.26 violent crimes and 21.63 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Similarly, an increase in one dollar of innovative grant funding per resident has contributed to a decline of 12.93 violent crimes and 45.53 property crimes per 100,000 persons. In addition, the findings suggest that COPS grants have had no significant negative effect on violent and property crime rates in cities with less than 10,000 population. Policy Implications: The findings of this study imply that COPS program funding to medium- and large-size cities has been an effective force in reducing both violent and property crime. Federal government grants made directly to law enforcement agencies to hire additional officers and promote innovations may be an effective way to reduce crime on a national scale.

关键词： Community policing Criminal justice policy Police hiring Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services Policing

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Dental Education in India and Japan: Implications for U.S. Dental programs for Foreign-Trained Dentists

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Journal of Dental Education 2005年第4期69卷

作者： Takashi Komabayashi D.D.S., Ph.D. Karthik Raghuraman B.D.S., M.P.H. R. Raghuraman M.Sc., Ph.D. Shinji Toda D.D.S., Ph.D. Makoto Kawamura B.S., D.D.S., Ph.D. Sheppard M. Levine D.D.S. William F. Bird D.D.S., M.P.H., Dr.P.H. International Dentist Program Student (Class of 2005) and Staff Research Associate Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences School of Dentistry University of California San Francisco International Dentist Program Student (Class of 2005) School of Dentistry University of California San Francisco Chair and Professor School of Dentistry University of Chennai Republic of India Visiting Assistant Professor Research Associate Department of Health Science Kanagawa Dental Collage Yokosuka Japan Lecturer Preventive Dentistry Hiroshima University Hospital Japan Associate Clinical Professor Clinical Professor and Associate Dean Clinic Administration Director International Dentist Program School of Dentistry University of California San Francisco

An understanding of international dental education systems is critical for the education of foreign-trained dentists in U.S. dental programs. However, there is little information on this topic. This article provides information regarding 1) dental history, 2) dental school system, 3) curriculum/examination at dental school, and 4) dental licensure in India and Japan. There are 185 dental schools in India and twenty-nine in Japan. The number of first-year dental students is 12,872 and 2,647 in India and Japan, respectively. A five-year dental education, which includes 4,035 curriculum hours, leads to the B.D.S. degree in India, whereas a six-year dental education program, which includes 5,060 curriculum hours, leads to the D.D.S. degree in Japan. No undergraduate predental study is needed prior to entry into dental school in both countries. In India, the entrance examination is extremely competitive; however, there is no nationwide licensure examination. In Japan, dental schools use more sophisticated dental materials and equipment in the clinical phases of the curriculum than in India, but there is no clinical examination at the time of graduation. Several implications for U.S. dental programs for foreign-trained dentists with respect to screening applicants and curriculum development are discussed.

关键词： international dentist program foreign-trained dentist India Japan dental school curriculum dental license dental practice culture

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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE LOS ANGELES COUNTY REPEAT OFFENDER PREVENTION program: ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION*

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Criminology & Public Policy 2005年第2期4卷

作者： SHELDON X. ZHANG LENING ZHANG Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at the San Diego State University. His research interests include juvenile corrections evaluation research and Chinese organized crime. His most recent articles have appeared in Criminology British Journal of Criminology and Research in Crime and Delinquency. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Southern California. Associate Professor in the Department of Behavioral Science at Saint Francis University (PA). His research interests include crime/criminal justice substance abuse and program evaluation. His most recent articles have appeared in the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency An International Journal of Police Strategy & Management Journal of Criminal Justice Substance Use & Misuse and Criminal Justice and Behavior. He received his Ph.D. from SUNY Albany.

research Summary: The Los Angeles County Repeat Offender Prevention program (ROPP) was designed to improve school performance and prevent reoffending among the enrolled juvenile offenders through a milieu of social services. It was a 3-year pilot project established as part of a statewide juvenile correctional program funded by the California State Legislature, which commenced in 1999 and ended in 2001. A true experimental design was employed, and a total of 327 first-time juvenile probationers were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. At the end of the project, 204 subjects (106 in the treatment group and 98 in the control group) had a successful program termination. The data show that subjects in the treatment group were more likely to have better school performance than those in the control group. In the first 6-month period after program enrollment, they were also less likely to have new criminal offenses than their counterparts in the control group; however, no significant effect was found in any additional 6-month periods. Both groups were not significantly different in their probation technical violations. Policy Implications: The study results suggest that intensive supervision and coordinated team efforts in providing probation services can markedly improve juvenile offenders' school-related performances and prevent new criminal offenses at the starting period. However, such an intervention model is unlikely to produce consistent and cost-effective justice system effects in the long run. Juveniles who fit the high-risk profiles do not necessarily become chronic offenders; future correctional interventions need to focus not only on individual level factors but also on the social context that gave rise to their problem behaviors in the first place.

关键词： Intensive Supervision Experimental Criminology Juvenile Corrections

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Peer Reporting to Control Employee Theft

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Security Journal 2004年第2期17卷 7-19页

作者： Michael J Scicchitano Tracy Johns Read Hayes Robert Blackwood Directs the Masters Program in Public Affairs and the Florida Survey Research Center in the Department of Political Science at the University of Florida nd an Instructor in the Department of Sociology Research Associate in the Florida Survey Research Center University of Florida Director of the Loss Prevention Research Council and a Research Associate at the University of Florida Operations Associate at the University of Florida

Organizations use many methods to control chronic losses due to theft. Since many studies indicate employee deviance is a significant problem, companies implement a series of countermeasures, including peer-reporting hotlines and incentives. This paper explores the dynamics of peer reporting, as well as current peer-reporting processes. Although study participants used peer reporting, the components of their programs varied widely.

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Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency

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ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY 2005年第5期94卷 S1-S63页

作者： Bonilla, FA Bernstein, IL Khan, DA Ballas, ZK Chinen, J Frank, MM Kobrynski, LJ Levinson, AI Mazer, B Nelson, RP Orange, JS Routes, JM Shearer, WT Sorensen, RU [*] Department of Medicine Children's Hospital Boston Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts [?] Department of Medicine Environmental Health University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati Ohio [??] Section of Allergy Immunology Department of Medicine Neurology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania [???] Department of Pediatrics Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans Louisiana [?] Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas [??] Division of Allergy Immunology Montreal Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics McGill University Montreal Quebec [] Department of Pediatrics Children's Health Center Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina [] National Jewish Medical Research Center Associate Professor of Medicine Immunology University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver Colorado [§] Division of Allergy/Immunology Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa the Iowa City Veteran's Administration Medical Center Iowa City Iowa [§§] Department of Medicine Division of Hematology/Oncology Hematological Malignancy Program/Immunology Indianapolis Indiana [?] National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland [??] Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Immunology Department of Pediatrics University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania [**] Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia [***] Allergy Immunology Service Texas Children's Hospital Professor of Pediatrics Immunology Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas

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