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Employing Intelligent Aerial Data Aggregators for the Internet of Things: Challenges and Solutions

IEEE Internet of Things Magazine 2022年第1期5卷 136-141页

作者： Li, Kai Ni, Wei Noor, Alam Guizani, Mohsen Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems Research Centre Portugal Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Digital Productivity and Services Flagship Australia Qatar University Qatar

Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices equipped with temperature and humidity sensors and cameras are increasingly deployed to monitor remote and human-unfriendly areas (e.g., farmlands, forests, rural highways, and electricity infrastructures). Aerial data aggregators such as autonomous drones provide a promising solution for collecting sensory data of IoT devices in human-unfriendly environments, enhancing network scalability and connectivity. The flexibility of a drone and favorable line-of-sight connection between the drone and IoT devices can be exploited to improve data reception at the drone. This article first discusses challenges of the drone-assisted data aggregation in IoT networks, such as incomplete network knowledge at the drone, limited buffers of the IoT devices, and lossy wireless channels. Next, we investigate the feasibility of onboard deep-reinforcement-learning-based solutions to allow a drone to learn its cruise control and data collection schedule online. For deep reinforcement learning in a continuous operation domain, deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) is suitable to deliver effective joint cruise control and communication decision, using its outdated knowledge of the IoT devices and network states. A case study shows that the DDPG-based framework can take advantage of the continuous actions to substantially outperform existing non-learning-based alternatives. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Drones

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LEM: a Tool for Large-Scale Workflow Control in Edge-Based Industry 5.0 Applications 19

LEM: a Tool for Large-Scale Workflow Control in Edge-Based I...

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19th Annual International Conference on Distributed computing in Smart systems and the Internet of Things, DCOSS-IoT 2023

作者： Reis, Rui Santos, Pedro M. Sousa, Mario J. Martins, Nuno Sousa, Joana Almeida, Luis Universidade Do Porto Faculdade de Engenharia Portugal Portugal Cister Research Center in Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9798350346497

Edge computing is poised to greatly boost Industry 5.0 by providing a computing substrate that can run highly specialized applications with minimal latency, reducing the requirements on computational resources at the end-user and allowing the sharing of resources between multiple end-users. The intended services and workflows need to be designed, configured and deployed at target edge devices, and during operation their status needs to be monitored. There are several industrial frameworks that provide such functionalities, but often there is little support to execute them simultaneously over many target devices. In this paper we present the LEM tool, a tool that enables the management (monitor, configure, deploy) of workflows in a large number of edge devices. The tool connects to existing industrial frameworks to provide these functionalities, abstracting the low level configuration aspects of each framework and enabling simultaneous configuration of multiple devices, a feature that many frameworks do not support. The tool offers a web-based GUI that allows the infrastructure manager to conveniently check the status of all devices and flows running in each device, deploy new flows on selected devices, and start and stop flows. Experimental measurements show residual response time overhead as the number of devices increases. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： edge Industry5.0 Node-RED workflow

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Enabling data-driven anomaly detection by design in cyber-physical production systems

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Cybersecurity 2022年第3期5卷 34-51页

作者： Rui Pinto Gil Goncalves Jerker Delsing Eduardo Tovar Department of Informatics Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal EISLAB Lulea University of TechnologyLuleaSweden Research Centre in Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems Polytechnic of Porto-School of EngineeringPortoPortugal

Designing and developing distributed cyber-physical production systems(CPPS)is a time-consuming,complex,and error-prone *** systems are typically heterogeneous,i.e.,they consist of multiple components implemented with different languages and development *** of the main problems nowadays in CPPS implementation is enabling security mechanisms by design while reducing the complexity and increasing the system’s *** the IEC 61499 standard is an excellent approach to tackle these challenges by enabling the design,deployment,and management of CPPS in a model-based engineering *** propose a method for CPPS design based on the IEC 61499 *** method allows designers to embed a bio-inspired anomaly-based host intrusion detection system(A-HIDS)in Edge *** A-HIDS is based on the incremental Dendritic Cell Algorithm(iDCA)and can analyze OPC UA network data exchanged between the Edge devices and detect attacks that target the CPPS’Edge *** study’s findings have practical implications on the industrial security community by making novel contributions to the intrusion detection problem in CPPS considering immune-inspired solutions,and cost-effective security by design system *** to the experimental data,the proposed solution can dramatically reduce design and code complexity while improving application maintainability and successfully detecting network attacks without negatively impacting the performance of the CPPS Edge devices.

关键词： Artificial immune systems Cyber-physical production systems IEC 61499 Function blocks Industrial Internet of Things Anomaly-based host intrusion detection system Model-based engineering

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Comparing Performance of Machine Learning Tools Across computing Platforms 18

Comparing Performance of Machine Learning Tools Across Compu...

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18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence systems, FedCSIS 2023

作者： Vicente, Pedro Santos, Pedro M. Asulba, Barikisu Martins, Nuno Sousa, Joana Almeida, Luis Portugal Universidade Do Porto Faculdade de Engenharia Portugal Cister Research Center in Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems Portugal Nos Inovacao Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9788396744784

embedded systems (ES) are wide-spread in our world and responsible for many critical systems. More recently, machine learning (ML) tools have become a well-established solution for data-intensive tasks, but their application in embedded systems is still gaining traction and their real-time performance is often unclear. We provide a (non-extensive) review of the ML tools that may be suited for deployment in ES, from which we selected two representative tools - the well-established Python-based Scikit-Learn, and the interoperability-oriented ONNX Runtime - to compare their response time. Using archetypal datasets and four pre-trained ML models, we measure the prediction time for each sample, for each model, in Scikit-Learn and ONNX Runtime in a standard desktop (to compare performance of the tools in the same platform), and for ONNX Runtime in a representative ES, a Raspberry Pi v4 (to compare performance of the same tool across platforms). We report that ONNX considerably improves over Scikit-Learn, and experiences a negligible performance degradation when ported to the RPi. © 2023 Polish Information Processing Society.

关键词： embedded systems

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Cooperative Vehicle Platoon Intra-communications over Space-time Correlated Rice fading Channels with co-channel Interference 7

Cooperative Vehicle Platoon Intra-communications over Space-...

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7th IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things, WF-IoT 2021

作者： Samano-Robles, Ramiro Research Centre in Real-time and Embedded Computing Systems Porto Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781665444316

This paper investigates the performance of vehicle platoon intra-communications in the presence of node relaying cooperation. In the proposed scenario, all nodes are allowed to relay the signals of other entities towards the next/final destination. This improves channel conditions by mimicking large scale (virtual) antennas, thereby achieving the concept of cooperative diversity. The scenario considers a platoon of J vehicles assisted by a set of relay nodes. These potential relays include the same vehicles of the platoon, as well as base stations (BSs) and/or road-side units (RSUs). The objective is to evaluate the delay experienced by a packet transmitted by the leader towards all the vehicles of the formation. Each vehicle and each relayingable node is considered to relay the correctly received message to the remaining entities, but most importantly to all the vehicles of the platoon. We consider that if a given transmission attempt is not successfully received by all entities, then the transmitter and relays with a correct copy of the transmission engage in a persistent retransmission scheme that stops only when the packet has been correctly received by all the vehicles. Instantaneous and ideal feedback is used in all calculations. The criterion used to consider a packet correctly received by the destination is that the instantaneous signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) surpasses a reception threshold. It is assumed that the destination nodes store a copy of all the received transmissions over consecutive time slots and antenna elements. These signals are processed using ideal maximum-ratio combining (MRC) to obtain a more reliable copy of the information (i.e. using time and/or retransmission diversity). Multiple antennas are used by all the vehicles and nodes of the network under analysis. Novel spatial and temporal correlation tools are introduced in the channel model with Rice fading statistics and co-channel interference. Results suggest that RSUs

关键词： Fading channels

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Empirical Evaluation of the Two-Ray Model for mmWave Overwater Communication 1

Empirical Evaluation of the Two-Ray Model for mmWave Overwat...

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1st IEEE Latin American Conference on Antennas and Propagation, LACAP 2024

作者： Celades, Jorge Rodriguez, Mauricio Gaitan, Miguel Gutierrez Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Escuela de Ingeniería Eléctrica Chile CISTER - Research Centre in Real-Time & Embedded Computing Systems Porto Portugal Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Department of Electrical Engineering Chile

ISBN: (纸本)9798331527587

Understanding and characterizing millimeter wave (mmWave) communication in real-world scenarios is crucial to design reliable communication systems for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including autonomous vessel's remote operation. To this aim, this research provides an empirical evaluation of large-scale fading for vessel-to-shore communication at 28 GHz. Specifically, we experimentally assess the path loss (PL) performance of short-range Line-of-Sight (LoS) links with low antenna heights. The measurements show trends that match well with the two-ray model PL predictions, yielding a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.56 dB in the 10-100 m range. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： large-scale fading mmWave overwater communication path-loss two-ray model

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Cooperative Vehicle Platoon Intra-communications over Space-time Correlated Rice fading Channels with co-channel Interference

Cooperative Vehicle Platoon Intra-communications over Space-...

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IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)

作者： Ramiro Sámano-Robles Research Centre in Real-time and Embedded Computing Systems Porto Portugal

关键词： Fading channels Correlation Road side unit Diversity reception Transmitting antennas Receiving antennas Delays

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Empirical Evaluation of the Two-Ray Model for mmWave Overwater Communication

Empirical Evaluation of the Two-Ray Model for mmWave Overwat...

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Antennas and Propagation (LACAP), IEEE Latin American Conference on

作者： Jorge Celades Mauricio Rodríguez Miguel Gutiérrez Gaitán Escuela de Ingeniería Eléctrica Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Chile CISTER - Research Centre in Real-Time & Embedded Computing Systems Porto Portugal Department of Electrical Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Chile

ISBN: (数字)9798331527587

ISBN: (纸本)9798331527594

Understanding and characterizing millimeter wave (mmWave) communication in real-world scenarios is crucial to design reliable communication systems for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including autonomous vessel’s remote operation. To this aim, this research provides an empirical evaluation of large-scale fading for vessel-to-shore communication at 28 GHz. Specifically, we experimentally assess the path loss (PL) performance of short-range Line-of-Sight (LoS) links with low antenna heights. The measurements show trends that match well with the two-ray model PL predictions, yielding a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.56 dB in the 10-100 m range.

关键词： Measurement uncertainty Receiving antennas Line-of-sight propagation Interference Predictive models Reliability engineering Market research Internet of Things Millimeter wave communication Root mean square

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Comparing Performance of Machine Learning Tools Across computing Platforms

Comparing Performance of Machine Learning Tools Across Compu...

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Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information systems (FedCSIS)

作者： Pedro Vicente Pedro M. Santos Barikisu Asulba Nuno Martins Joana Sousa Luis Almeida Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP) CISTER Research Center in Real-Time & Embedded Computing Systems Portugal Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Engenharia NOS Inovacao Portugal

关键词：

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EDF Scheduling and Minimal-Overlap Shortest-Path Routing for real-time TSCH Networks 2

EDF Scheduling and Minimal-Overlap Shortest-Path Routing for...

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2nd Workshop on Next Generation real-time embedded systems, NG-RES 2021

作者： Gaitán, Miguel Gutiérrez Almeida, Luís Santos, Pedro Miguel Yomsi, Patrick Meumeu CISTER-Research Centre in Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems Porto Portugal Faculty of Engineering University of Porto Portugal Institute of Engineering Portugal Facultad de Ingenieriá Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago de Chile Chile

ISBN: (纸本)9783959771788

With the scope of Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), wireless technologies have gained momentum in the industrial realm. Wireless standards such as WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, IEEE 802.15.4e and 6TiSCH are among the most popular, given their suitability to support real-time data traffic in wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN). Theoretical and empirical studies have covered prioritized packet scheduling in extenso, but only little has been done concerning methods that enhance and/or guarantee real-time performance based on routing decisions. In this work, we propose a greedy heuristic to reduce overlap in shortest-path routing for WSANs with packet transmissions scheduled under the earliest-deadline-first (EDF) policy. We evaluated our approach under varying network configurations and observed remarkable dominance in terms of the number of overlaps, transmission conflicts, and schedulability, regardless of the network workload and connectivity. We further observe that well-known graph network parameters, e.g., vertex degree, density, betweenness centrality, etc., have a special influence on the path overlaps, and thus provide useful insights to improve the real-time performance of the network. © Miguel Gutiérrez Gaitán, Luís Almeida, Pedro Miguel Santos, and Patrick Meumeu Yomsi.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks

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