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Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems

作者： M. Ulm J. Schobel M. Reimann T. Buck J. Dechow R. Muller-Fiedler H.-P. Trah E. Kasper Corporate Research and Development Microsystems and Thin Film Technology Robert Bosch GmbH Gerlingen-Schillerhoehe Germany Corporate Research and Development Telematics Wireless and Image Processing Systems Robert Bosch GmbH Hildesheim Germany Institute of Semiconductor Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

In recent years, great advances have been made in the field of silicon millimeter-wave integrated circuits (SIMMWIC) as well as In microsystems technology. These developments jointly allow the preparation of micromechanical capacitive switches, which exhibit excellent RF properties far into the millimeter-wave frequency range. This paper presents coplanar bridge and longitudinal switches and discusses their applicability for automotive surround sensing systems. It comprises a detailed review of RF properties in addition to an short introduction to the systems background. Furthermore, aspects are treated which are important for the application, such as thermal and mechanical properties, reliability aspects and packaging and mounting technologies.

关键词： Micromechanical devices Switches Automotive engineering Millimeter wave integrated circuits Millimeter wave technology Radio frequency Silicon Integrated circuit technology Bridge circuits Mechanical factors

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Numerical modeling on pulse discharge for a high power fast-axial-flow CO2 laser

Numerical modeling on pulse discharge for a high power fast-...

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Modeling and Simulation of Higher-Power Laser Systems IV

作者： Peng, Xiaoyuan Li, Shimin Xu, Lei National Engineering Research Center for Laser Processing Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China Image Technology and Development Company Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China

The numerical modeling on pulse discharge for a high power carbon-dioxide laser was developed to describe and predict laser operating characteristics. The influence of turbulence and convection on the output of a high power fast axial flow carbon-dioxide laser is especially considered in this paper. An obvious requirement is that the pulse has a precisely specified time shape in order to obtain well-controlled optical pulse. The active medium is described by assuming a five-temperature model and balancing the quantum densities of vibrational states of the CO2 and N2 molecules. The conclusions are very helpful to realize pulse operation in cw carbon-dioxide lasers, especially in the laser equipment which is applied to drilling, welding and cutting. ©2004 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.

关键词： Numerical models

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Secondary structure computer prediction of the poiiovirus 5' non-coding region is improved by a genetic algorithm

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Bioinformatics 1997年第1期13卷 1-12页

作者： Currey, Kathleen M. Shapiro, Bruce A. SIDS Institute Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore MD 21201 22 South Greene Street United States Laboratory of Mathematical Biology Division of Basic Sciences National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center Frederick MD 21702 United States Image Processing Section Laboratory of Mathematical Biology Division of Basic Sciences National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center Frederick MD 21702 United States

Comparison of the secondary structure of the 5' non-coding region of poliovirus 3 RNA derived from the genetic algorithm with the model of Skinner et al. (J. Mol. Biol., 207, 379–392, 1989) demonstrates many of the confirmed structural elements. The genetic algorithm (Shapiro and Navetta, J. Supercomput., 8, 195–201, 1994) generates a population of all possible stems, then mixes, combines, and recombines these stems in multiple iterations on a massively parallel computer, ultimately selecting a most fit structure based on its energy. The secondary structure of the region containing the determinants of neurovirulence was better predicted using the genetic algorithm, whereas the dynamic programing algorithm (Zuker, Science, 244, 48–52, 1989) required phylogenetic comparative sequence analysis to arrive at the correct conclusion. In addition, artificial mutations were introduced throughout this region of the genome and although rearrangements in structure may occur, many structures persisted, suggesting that the given structures thus selected may have evolved to withstand isolated mutations. The genetic algorithm-derived structure for the 5' non-coding region compares favorably with the biological data and functions previously described, and contains all of the ‘persistent’ structures, suggesting also that the persistence factor may be an aid to validating structures. © 1997, Oxford University Press.

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Predicting rna h-type pseudoknots with the massively parallel genetic algorithm

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Bioinformatics 1997年第4期13卷 459-471页

作者： Shapiro, Bruce A. Wu, Jin Chu Image Processing Section Laboratory of Experimental and Computational Biology Division of Basic Sciences National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center National Instututes of Health Frederick MD 21702 Bldg 469 Rm 150 United States Frederick Biomedical Supercomputing Center SAIC Frederick/LECB NCI-FCRDC Frederick MD 21702 United States

Motivation: Using the genetic algorithm (GA) for RNA folding on a massively parallel supercomputer, MasPar MP-2 with 16384 processors, we successfully predicted the existence of H-type pseudoknots in several sequences Results: The GA is applied to folding the tRNA-like 3′ end of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) RNA sequence with 82 nucleotides, the 3′ UTRs of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV)-2 RNA sequence with 619 nucleotides and STNV-1 RNA sequence with 622 nucleotides, and the bacteriophage T2, T4 and T6 gene 32 mRNA sequences with 946, 1340 and 946 nucleotides, respectively. The GA's results match the phylogenetically supported tertiary structures of these sequences. Availability: Available on request from *** Contact: E-mail: bshapiro@***. © 1997, Oxford University Press.

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An annealing mutation operator in the genetic algorithms for rna folding

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Bioinformatics 1996年第3期12.0卷 171-180页

作者： Shapiro, Bruce A. Wu, Jin Chu Image Processing Section Laboratory of Mathematical Biology Division of Basic Sciences National Cancer Institute Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center National Institutes of Health Frederick MD 21702 Bldg 469 Rm 150 United States Frederick Biomedical Super computing Center SAIC Frederick/LMB NCI-FCRDC Frederick MD 21702 United States

An annealing mutation operator in the genetic algorithms (GA) for RNA folding on a MasPar MP-2 has been designed. The mutation probability descends along a hyperbola with respect to the size of the secondary structure, hence the total number of mutations at each generation drops linearly. Especially for long sequences with thousands of nucleotides as opposed to hundreds of nucleotides, the new mutation operator can make the distribution of free energies over all processors on MasPar MP-2 converge only after hundreds of generations. Based upon this new mutation operator, a technique to terminate the GA is also developed. The new mutation operator runs very efficiently. Some variations of the annealing mutation operator are also discussed. © 1996, Oxford University Press.

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Optimum threshold generation for automated visual inspection of large-scale integration wafer patterns

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SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS IN JAPAN 1996年第11期27卷 74-86页

作者： Maeda, S Kubota, H Makihira, H Production Engineering Research Laboratory Hitachi Ltd. 292 Yohohama Japan 244 Shuqji Maeda:graduated in 1978 from the Department of Electronic Engineering Kobe University where he obtained a Master's degree in 1980. He is now affiliated with Hitachi Ltd. as a Senior Researcher 3rd Department in the Production Engineering Research Laboratory where he is engaged in research on industrial application of image processing such as automatic visual inspection for semiconductor and liquid crystal displays. Bitoshi Kubota:graduated in 1971 from the Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering at Yamanashi University where he obtained a Master's degree in 1973. He is now affiliated with Hitachi Ltd. as a Senior Researcher 3rd Department in the Production Engineering Research Laboratory where he is engaged in research and development of semiconductor production facilities. Hiroshi Mnkiharrr:graduated in 1956 from the Department of Electrical Engineering at Mihara Tech. High School. He is affiliatedwith Hitachi Ltd. as a Researcher 3rd Department in the Production Engineering Research Laboratory. Previously he was engaged in the development of transistor TVs at Yokohama Works and memory devices at Odawara Works. Currently he is engaged in the development of semiconductor production facilities in the Production Engineering Research Laboratory.

The authors have developed a submicron-level defect detection method that avoids the unnecessary detection of grains produced by some layers. As part of an automated visual inspection system for Large-Scale Integration wafer multilayer patterns, the developed method can detect defects reliably by automatically generating an optimum threshold for each pattern according to the occurrence of grains in each area of the pattern, and then binarizing the subtracted gray-scale images with the threshold. This method is used in comparison inspections of periodic cell patterns in the same die. This can be realized without using design pattern and process information. This paper proposes an edge-preserving grain-noise smoothing algorithm that generates a uniform threshold for each region surrounded by the pattern edges according to the grains detected using the multiple cell patterns to be inspected. It is confirmed through experiments with actual LSI wafers that defects on the order of 0.5 mu m and greater, which exist at pattern edges and in the regions having no grains, can be detected stably without the unnecessary detection of grains, even with grain sizes on the order of 1 similar to 1.3 mu m in some layers.

关键词： visual inspection threshold edge-preserving

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Adaptability of K-L expansion technique for ambiguous face image retrieval

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART III-FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC SCIENCE 1996年第10期79卷 35-46页

作者： Oda, M Akamatsu, S Fukamachi, H ATR Human Information Processing Laboratories Kyoto Japan 619-02 Shigeru Akamatsu received his B.E. M.E. and Dr. of Eng. degrees in Mathematical Enginwring and Instrumentation Physics in 1975 1977 and 1994 respectively from the University of Tokyo Japan. In 1977 he joined the Electrical Communications Laboratories Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation Yokosuka Japan. From 1977 through 1985 he was engaged in the research and development of optical character recognition systems for handwritten Chmese characters. During the academic year 1985-86 he was a Visiting Researcher at the University of California Irvine California U.S.A. Until 1992 he was a Senior Research Engineer Supervisor at W Human Interface Laboratories and conducted research on human image recognition with a special interest in face recognition. Since 1992 he has been with ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories Kyoto Japan where he is currently Head of Department 2. His research interests include computational and cognitive studies on high-level vision with a special interest in facial information processing by man and computer. He is a member of the Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineers of Japan the Information Processing Society of Japan ACM and the IEEE Computer Society. Hidm Fukamachi received his B.E. degree in Image Technology from the Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics in 1990. He joined NTT Software Corp. in 1990 where he was engaged in the development of image processing software. Since 1993 he has been with ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories.

Some facial images are not necessarily clear images in the human brain. However, it can be easily judged whether a face matches the image in our mind;this is true even when the drawing or the expression of the target image is difficult to comprehend. This is because even if the image cannot be imagined like a picture, it does exist. The authors have proposed a system with which a retriever can retrieve an ambiguous target image from an image database. The system's retrieval efficiency and ease-of-retrieval were clarified by experiments using line drawn facial images. In this paper, the system is extended to photographs of faces. The most difficult problem in treating photographs is determining the retrieval key. One consideration is to add the subjective impressions or features of physical figures as keywords for each image data. Regardless of the method, however, significant manpower is necessary. The K-L expansion technique is used here, which has been verified as effective for face identification, and expect to need only a small amount of manpower. This paper investigates whether the technique can also be useful in ambiguous image retrieval.

关键词： ambiguous image image retrieval K-L expansion facial image subjective similarity

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A high-speed high-density array-multiplier-accumulator for digital signal processing

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 1996年第2期79卷 86-97页

作者： Minami, T Kasai, R Matsuda, H Kusaba, R Member NTT LSI Laboratories Atsugi Japan 243-01 Graduated in 1980 from the Department of Electrical Engineering Kyushu University where he received his Master's degree in 1982 and joined NTT. Until March 1986 he was engaged in the development of application software for electronic switching systems. He then engaged in research and development of LSIs for image signal processing. At present he is Senior Research Engineer Advanced LSI Laboratory NTT LSI Laboratories. He is a member of IEEE. Graduated in 1972 from the Department of Electrical Engineering Osaka University where he received his Master's degree in 1974 and his Ph.D. in 1992. He joined NTT in 1974. He is engaged in research and development of analysis of MOS devices and design of ASIC for communication. At present he is Executive Research Engineer Advanced LSI Laboratory NTT LSI Laboratories. He is a member of IEEE. Graduated in 1987 from the Department of Communications Tohoku University where he received his Master's degree in 1989 and joined NTT. He is engaged in research and development of high-speed design for image processing LSIs. At present he is Research Engineer Advanced LSI Laboratory NTT LSI Laboratories. He is a member of the Information Processing Society. Graduated in 1985 from the Department of Electrical Engineering Keio University where he received his Master's degree in 1987 and joined NTT. He is engaged in CAD research. At present he is Senior Research Engineer Advanced LSI Laboratory NTT LSI Laboratories. He is a member of the Information Processing Society and IEEE.

This paper discusses the downsizing and speed improvement of short-word multiplier-accumulators, which are frequently used in digital signal processors. As a first step, the optimal configuration for an array-type carry-save adder is considered where the shortest path in the full-adder is used to propagate the sum signal and the carry signal is sent to the full-adder of the two lower stages by skipping a stage. A configuration of the full-adder suitable for the structure is proposed. The case of eight partial product additions shows that the delay can be reduced by 22 percent compared to a simple array-type carry-save adder. Then the short-word carry look-ahead adder using the pass-transistor logic is considered. It is shown that a single-stage carry look-ahead circuit with a four-bitwise iterative structure exhibits nearly the same delay as a two-stage carry look-ahead circuit. In other words, the former is better suited to downsizing. This paper intends to examine the effectiveness of the foregoing new array-type carry-save adder and the single-stage carry look-ahead circuit using the 0.5-mu m CMOS technology. A 16-bit x 14-bit + 31-bit multiplier-accumulator has been designed and is evaluated for cases where the array-type carry-save adder is used to handle accumulation as well as partial products. The resulting area and delay are 0.77 x 0.78 mm(2) and 6.8 ns, respectively. The effectiveness of the approach used in this paper is evaluated by constructing a multiplier-accumulator, but the method is also useful in constructing a multiplier.

关键词： product-sum operation array multiplier carry-save adder full-adder carry look-ahead adder

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Fundamental theory of natural observation method with complete reconstruction property by finite sum - Natural observation theory of normal type

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART III-FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC SCIENCE 1996年第11期79卷 84-96页

作者： Iijima, T Iwaki, M Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Ishikawa Japan 923-12 Taim Iijima received his B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1948 and joined the Electrotechnical Laboratory. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1957. He was involved in research on electromagnetic theory pattern recognition theory image processing speech recoption and OCR research development. He became Chief of Densoken Iijima Special Research Group and then Professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1972. He was Professor Emeritus in 1986 Professor at Tokyo Engineering University in 1986 Professor Emeritus in 1993 Professor at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in 1993 Vice President of the Institute in 1994 Editinghvestigation/General Affairs Secretary Inspector Councilor Chairman of Pattern Recognition Research Committee Head of Tokyo Region Vice President at I.E.I.C.E. Japan and became Honorary Member in 1993. He received the Paper Award four times Authorship Award once Achievement Award in 1976 Meritorious Award in 1989 and the Purple-Ribbon Prize in 1989.

A theory of natural observation methods was originally formulated for two complementary systems: neighboring type and equilibrium type. This paper introduces a new system, normal-type system, that is different from the forementioned two types. One characteristic feature of the normal-type natural observation method is its ability to reconstruct an original waveform from the sum of a finite number of observation values. The natural observation theory of a normal type evolves naturally under the condition that a waveform and its power component can be expressed in the sum form. These meanings are discussed by comparing a frequency response of the normal-type natural observation transform with that of a conventional filter bank. Furthermore, a criterion for determining observation parameters in order to realize the natural observation of normal type under a given tolerance of error is described. It is believed that the proposed theory offers new insights into systematization of the natural observation theory.

关键词： natural observation method neighboring type equilibrium type normal type

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Suture formation, premature sutural fusion, and suture default zones in Apert syndrome

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American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 1996年第4期62卷

作者： M. Michael Cohen Jr. Sven Kreiborg Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada Department of Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Development Laboratory for 3D Image Processing and Reconstruction Rigshospital and School of Dentistry University of Copenhagen and Institute of Mathematical Modeling Technical University of Denmark Copenhagen Denmark

On the basis of our studies, we postulate that suture formation in Apert syndrome is related to the relative maturity of abutting calvarial bones. The fused coronal suture, a consistent manifestation at birth, develops first because the ossification centers of the frontal and parietal bones are in intimate contact early during intrauterine life. Calvarial immaturity and the megalencephalic brain characteristic of the Apert syndrome appear to work in concert to produce a widely patent midline calvarial defect extending from the glabella to the posterior fontanelle. Because sagittal growth in the coronal sutures cannot take place, the megalencephalic brain grows upward and laterally, and bulges forward through the midline defect. The defect fills in by coalescence of bony islands without proper suture formation because the gap to be bridged is so great that the time window for developing sutural interdigitations may have closed. Other sutures, such as the lambdoid, squamosal, and sphenotemporal, develop with normal interdigitations because abutting bone margins are in close enough proximity to permit suture formation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： acrocephalosyndactyly sutures suture formation suture default zones craniosynostosis

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