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Circularity of Nutrients for Food Security: a Case Study of By-products from Meat Industry

Circular Economy and Sustainability 2024年第1期4卷 475-488页

作者： Ferrazza, Adriana Cioato Maluf, José Uebi Talamini, Edson Bioeconomics Research Group—NEB Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Agribusiness (CEPAN) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil Research and development Manager. Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering with emphasis on processes new products and energy recovery Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Paraná Toledo Brazil Bioeconomics Research Group—NEB Department of Economics and International Relations (DERI) Faculty of Economics (FCE) Interdisciplinary Center for Studies and Research in Agribusiness (CEPAN) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

The depletion of nutrients available in the soil is related to the long-term unsustainability of the food production system. Planetary biophysical limits make it urgent to adopt circularity practices that recover nutrients from being reused in production systems. The animal protein production system demands high amounts of nutrients, reducing the natural availability in the soil, increasing extraction from natural stocks, and dispersing nutrients abroad. However, nutrients can be recovered from slaughtered chicken by-products, such as mechanically separated meat residues and pre-hydrolyzed chicken bone. The present study compared the nutrients recovered from mechanically separated meat residues and pre-hydrolyzed chicken bone char by fast pyrolysis at 450 °C, 550 °C, and 650 °C. Results indicate that nitrogen, carbon, and chromium reduce as the pyrolysis temperature increases, while phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium increase. Nutrient recovery is less sensitive to pyrolysis temperature in pre-hydrolyzed chicken bone char than in mechanically separated meat residues-bone char (Tukey p < 0.05). In conclusion, the bone char production process can be fine-tuned regarding the pyrolysis temperature and the biomass loaded according to the nutrient targeted for recovery. Increasing the efficiency of nutrient cycling (soil–food–soil) can contribute to sustainable food security. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Biochar Biofertilizer Circular economy Recycling Resource use efficiency

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Recapitalizing the Navy through optimized manning and improved reliability

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 61-72页

作者： Anderson, dE Malone, TB Baker, CC Mr. David E. Anderson:is a Navel Engineer with the Naval Sea Systems Command where he is currently assigmd to the HumanSystems Integration branch. Mr Anderson has a Bachelor of Science degree an Environmental Engineering from Flurida Technological University and a Master's in Environmental Engiwering from the University of Central Flurida. He currentEy is an HSI manager for a number oflvay R&D and skig acquisition efforts. Dr. Thomas B. Malone:received a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is President of Carlow International Incorporated an organization dedicated to human factors research and development with emphasis an mantime systems. He has directed over 350 programs and projects in his 33 year career and is responsible for overall management of all contract programs within the Corporation. He is a Past President of the Human Factors and E r g m i c s Society (HFES) of which he is a Fellow. He is also a Fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences He was selected as a member of the N A S Space Sciences Technical Advisuiy Committee on Technoloo Requirements for Human Performance on Long Duration Space Missions in 2989 and 90. He was elected as the First Chair of the Systems Development Technical Group of the HFES. Dr Malone is currently managing eflorts to devehp and auto- mate standardized processes for canducting human systems integration (HSI) in the military weapon systems acquisition process and fov developing automated tools to facilitate fledormance of specific steps in the HSI process. Dr Malone also is currently occupied in applying human engineering to the DD 21 and is serving as the Chair ofthe System ManninglHuman Perfomzance Working IPT under the DD 21 ManninglHSI IPT chaired ty PMS 500M. Mr. Clifford Baker:has over 20 years experience in developing and applying human factors technology to complex systems. He holds a masters degree in psychology with a specialization in human factors engineering and he is a Board Certified Human Factors Engineering Profesional

Reduced manning is the process (and the result) of removing human functions from a system while retaining or improving system operability and effectiveness. Reliability and maintainability characterize a system's operability and effectiveness. Reduced manning impacts system reliability by changing the characteristics of (1) human error associated with system operation and maintenance, (2) time to repair failed components, and (3) mean-time-between-failures (MBTF) in a reduced manning environment. Simply reducing manning without compensating for system dependence on human involvement generally has a negative impact on system maintainability. Methods to address this include (1) human-system integration design of maintenance interfaces and (2) design of operations activities that are closely related to device failures. After demonstrating reliable performance through testing and operation, ship commanders can be assured that fewer people can effectively operate and maintain Navy ships and systems.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Hot methanol extraction for the analysis of volatile organic chemicals in subsurface core samples from dover Air Force Base, delaware

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1997年第1期17卷 104-121页

作者： Ball, WP Xia, G durfee, dP Wilson, Rd Brown, MJ Mackay, dM William P. Ball is an assistant professor in the Department of Geography and environmental engineering at Johns Hopkins University (313 Ames Hall 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore MD 21218). His research interests are in the physical and chemical processes that control contaminant fate in aqueous systems both in the natural environment and in engineered processes of treatment and remediation. Recent work has included both laboratory and computer modeling studies related to contaminant fate and transport in subsurface environments. Ball holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in environmental engineering and science from Stanford University and a B.S. degree in civil engineering from the University of Virginia. He is a registered pro-fessional engineer in the state of Virginia. Guoshou Xia is a Ph.D. candidate at Johns Hopkins University He was previously a lecturer in the Department of Civil Engineering at Southeast University in China. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Hefei University and his M.S. degree in environmental engineering from East China University of Chemical Technology. His current research interests are in the area ofsubsurface contaminant transport with emphasis on better understanding the nature of organic contaminant interactions with subsurface solids. Donald P. Durfee received his M.S. degree in environmental engineering from Johns Hopkins University in 1993 and is currently a Ph.D. student at Johns Hopkins. He is studying contaminant fate and transport in the subsurface and is also interested in site characterization and remediation issues. Ryan D. Wilson is a research associate and Ph.D. student in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario. His research interests include field and modeling studies of semipassive remediation technologies and the behavior of gaseous tracers. Wilson received his B.Sc. in geology from the University of Alberta in 1987 and his M.Sc. in earth sciences (hydrogeology) from the University of Waterloo in 1993. Michael J. Br

The evaluation of contaminant concentrations in ground water and soil is an essential aspect of most hazardous waste remedial investigations. This paper describes methods applied toward obtaining, preserving, and analyzing subsurface samples for the determination of VOC concentrations in the saturated region of an unconfined coastal plain aquifer at dover Air Force Base (dAFB), delaware. The described protocol involved headspace-free subsampling of cores, field preservation of subsamples in methanol, and overnight extraction of the VOCs at elevated temperature (70 degrees C). Methanol-extracted compounds were subsequently transferred to hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography. The method was found to achieve quantitative extraction from the aquifer sands in a single step, although extraction from fine-grained and more strongly sorbing aquitard samples required multiple methanol extractions to achieve comparable recovery. An extensive set of dAFB results is presented as an indication of how these methods can be applied toward characterizing field-scale contamination with a high degree of resolution and accuracy. These data have enabled a quantitative estimate of the contaminant distribution at this site and offer valuable insight into processes of contaminant migration into the underlying aquitard. In these regards, the methods used are believed to have provided much more accurate results than could have been obtained using more commonly applied techniques.

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A RISK-BASEd APPROACH FOR MANAGING HAZARdOUS-WASTE

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1995年第1期15卷 79-89页

作者： CHIANG, CY PETKOVSKY, Pd MCALLISTER, PM Chen Y. Chiang received his Ph.D. in environmental engineering from Rice University. He is a senior research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center (3333 Hwy. 6 South Houston TX 77082 fax (713) 544–8727). He serves on the Hydrologic Science Panel of the National Science Foundation and on the Ground Water/Soil Technical Task Force of the American Petroleum Institute. He also serves on the Advisory Board of the Rutgers DARPA/ONR research program. His research interests include in situ bioremediation processes ground water/soil sampling and monitoring multiphase fluid flow phenomenon and risk/ exposure assessment. Paul Petkovsky is a senior research technician in the Groundwater Modeling Group of Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. His responsibilities include site data analysis and the numerical modeling of the fate and transport of organics in ground water. He is currently pursuing a B.S. in chemical engineering with an environmental emphasis at the University of Houston. Paul McAllister received a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Kansas in 1987 and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Notre Dame in 1991. He is currently an associate research engineer in Environmental RD&T at Shell Development Co.'s Westhollow Technology Center. Since joining Shell he has conducted research and provided technical support on ground water modeling and remediation issues. His research interests include in situ bioremediation of ground water and residual hydrocarbons natural attenuation of contaminants and subsurface fate and transport phenomena in the subsurface.

In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed risk-based management of hazardous waste. A major component of the proposed rule is the determination of non-site-specific screening concentration levels from waste leachate. Ground water at a downgradient exposure point must not exceed those screening levels, or more stringent requirements would apply. The screening concentration level is determined with verified models and equations that simulate the transport and attenuation of chemicals as they travel from the source area to the exposure point. A consortium of screening levels is determined in this paper by considering varying physical, chemical, and biological conditions. In addition, a method is developed for multicomponent leaching from contaminated soils in a landfill to determine the time-dependent behavior of a finite source. Finally, this paper discusses infiltration rate through the clay liner.

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EFFECTS OF SAMPLE ISOLATION ANd HANdLING ON THE RECOVERY OF PURGEABLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNdS

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1994年第2期14卷 142-152页

作者： GIBS, J IMBRIGIOTTA, TE FICKEN, JH PANKOW, JF ROSEN, ME Jacob Gibs is a water quality specialist with the USGS Water Resources Division (810 Bear Tavern Rd. Ste. 206 West Trenton NJ 08628). He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering in 1968 his M.S. in environmental engineering in 1975 and his Ph.D. in environmental engineering in 1983 all from Drexel University in Philadelphia. His research interests include evaluating representative ground water and surface water sampling techniques for trace levels of organic and inorganic compounds and designing new sampling devices. Thomas E. Imbrigiotta received a B.S. in chemistry with a concentration in environmental studies from Oakland University Rochester Michigan in 1975. He then attended the University of Wisconsin Madison and received an M.S. in water chemistry in 1982. He has been a hydrologist with the USGS Water Resources Division (810 Bear Tavern Rd. Ste. 206 West Trenton NJ 08628) since 1977. He worked in the Indiana District from 1977 to 1984 prior to coming to the New Jersey District. Currently he is project coordinator for the Picatinny Research project a study of the fate and transport of chlorinated solvents in ground water at Picatinny Arsenal New Jersey. Previously he was chief of a project evaluating sampling techniques for organics in ground water. James H. Ficken worked for the USGS Water Resources Division as a chemical engineer from 1964 to 1992. He received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1962 from Washington University in St. Louis Missouri. His research interests were water quality instrumentation and sensors that measure real-time environmental data. He contributed as a team member to the design and development of the USGS water quality flow-through and mini-monitor system. Ficken passed away in 1992. James F. Pankow is a professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Oregon Graduate Institute (Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology Department of Environmental Science and Engineering P.O. Box 1900 Portland OR 97291–1000). He

This report compares the recovery of purgeable organic compounds (POCs) obtained by using a downhole isobaric sampler developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, a helical-rotor submersible pump, and a point source bailer to collect and isolate samples of ground water from three wells in New York and New Jersey, the samples contained a total of 13 POCs detectable at concentrations ranging from 0.5 mug/L to about 400 mug/L. This report also compares the effects of sample handling, specifically the differences in POC concentration recovery when an isobaric sample container is filled at land surface vs. when it is filled downhole, and when samples are taken using a bailer with and without a bottom-emptying device. These case studies are used to quantify the possible effects of different sample-isolation and sample-handling techniques on POC recovery. The relative effectiveness of the three devices varied by site and by compound. Overall, the POC recoveries achieved by using the helical-rotor submersible pump and the downhole isobaric sampler were not significantly different at the 95 percent confidence level. POC recovery obtained by using the point source bailer was 11 percent lower overall. The downhole isobaric sampler results exhibited smaller coefficients of variation than did the helical-rotor submersible pump or the point-source bailer results. However, the differences between the coefficients of variation of the downhole isobaric sampler and those of the helical-rotor submersible pump were not significant the 95 percent confidence level. The nonsignificant smaller coefficient of variation of the downhole isobaric sampler apparently resulted from two fewer sample handling steps that exposed the sample water to ambient air. An independent experiment performed with a different downhole sampler at one of the wells used in this investigation produced a similar statistical result. Also, the POC recovery obtained by pouring sample water out the top Of a point source bail

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PLANNING OF SOIL-PORE WATER SAMPLING CAMPAIGNS USING PESTICIdE TRANSPORT MOdELING

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1992年第3期12卷 195-202页

作者： BANTON, O LAFRANCE, P MARTEL, R VILLENEUVE, JP Olivier Banton (National Institute for Water Sciences Research INRS-Eau Université du Québec CP 7500 Sainte-Foy Quebec Canada G1V4C7) received his B.Sc. (Licence) in geology (1979) from the Université de Montpellier (France) his M.Sc. (DEA) in soil sciences (1981) from the Ecole d'Agronomie de Montpellier and his Ph.D. in hydrogeology (1985) from the Universités de La Reunion and de Montpellier. Professor Banton has taught and carried out research in ground water protection modeling at the INRS-Eau Université du Québec since 1986 principally in the area of water and solute transport modeling through soils. Pierre Lafrance is a professor at INRS-Eau Université du Québec. He received his B.Sc. degree in chemistry from the Université du Québec à Montréal (1977) his M.Sc. degree in environmental engineering (1979) from the Ecole Poly technique (Montréal) and his Doctorat d'Etat in chemical engineering (1985) from the Université de Limoges (France). His research areas concern experimental and modeling studies of the fate of organic contaminants in ground water with emphasis on attenuation processes in agricultural soils. Ecosystèmes urbains Quebec Quebec Canada G1S 2L4) holds a B.Sc. in geological engineering (1983) and an M.S. in hydrogeology (1986) from the Université Laval (Québec). Since 1986 he has worked for the Quebec Ministry of the Environment on hazardous waste site characterization and restoration. He is also involved in ground water monitoring and chemical transport in the vadose zone and ground water. He is completing a Ph.D. on the development of an aqueous solution to solubilize DNAPL at residual saturation in contaminated aquifers. Jean-Pierre Villeneuve received his B.Sc. in civil engineering (1963) from the Université Laval (Québec) and his Ph.D. in hydrology (1966) from the Université de Toulouse (France). A professor at the INRS-Eau Université du Québec since 1970 he is interested in the mathematical analysis of surface water and ground water systems.

Soil-pore water sampling by suction lysimeters monitors the fate of soil contaminants as a function of depth and time. However, sampling campaigns must be planned to most effectively monitor the migration of contaminants with a minimum expenditure of resources. The vertical migration of pesticides was studied at two sites treated with systemic s-triazine herbicides and equipped with suction lysimeters. The measured concentrations were compared with those calculated by a simulation model. This modeling was based on the processes that control the transport and fate of pesticide within the soil. The usefulness of such a tool was demonstrated by the good approximation obtained for pesticide concentrations and arrival times. Moreover, the significant spatial variability of concentrations observed justifies the use of a stochastic approach in modeling that takes into account the spatial variability of soil parameters. Also, the rapid transformation of herbicides observed in unsaturated soil zones demonstrates the importance of taking into account the sum of the toxic residues when evaluating the fate of s-triazines in soil.

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COMPARISON OF dOWNHOLE ANd SURFACE SAMPLING FOR THE dETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNdS (VOCS) IN GROUNd-WATER

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1992年第1期12卷 126-133页

作者： ROSEN, ME PANKOW, JF GIBS, J IMBRIGIOTTA, TE Michael E. Rosen received his B.A. in chemistry from the State University of New York at Binghamton in 1981 and a Ph.D. in environmental science and engineering from the Oregon Graduate Institute in 1988. His research interests include trace environmental analysis of organic compounds. He is now manager of the Voluntary Cleanup Section of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (Environmental Cleanup Division 811 S.W. 6th Ave. Portland OR 97204) where he is working to develop streamlined procedures and processes for the investigation and cleanup of hazardous substance sites. James F. Pankow is professor and chairman of the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Oregon Graduate Institute (Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology Department of Environmental Science and Engineering 19600 N.W. von Neumann Dr. Beaverton OR 97006–1999). He received his B.A. in chemistry in 1973 from the State University of New York in Binghamton and his Ph.D. in environmental engineering science from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena California in 1979. His group is involved in the study of the physical and chemical processes affecting the behavior of organic and inorganic chemicals in the environment. This work includes the development and application of sensitive analytical methods for the determination of trace organic contaminants in ground water systems. Jacob Gibs is an environmental engineer with the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division (810 Bear Tavern Rd. Ste. 207 West Trenton NJ 08628). He received a B.S. in mechanical engineering in 1968 an M.S. in environmental engineering in 1975 and a Ph.D. in environmental engineering in 1983 all from Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania. He is currently project chief of a study on representative sampling of ground water for trace levels of organic compounds. His research interests include evaluating ground water sampling techniques and devices for purgeable organic compounds design of sampling

The relative precision and accuracy of sampling and analysis methods for the determination of trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water were compared. Samples were collected from a well containing nanogram-per-liter (ng/L) to microgram-per-liter (mu-g/L) levels of VOCs. A Keck helical rotor submersible pump was used to collect samples at the surface for analysis by purge and trap (P&T) and for analysis by adsorption/thermal desorption (ATd). downhole samples were collected by passing water through an ATd cartridge. Although slight spontaneous bubble outgassing occurred when the water was brought to the surface, the relative precisions and comparabilities of the surface and downhole methods were generally found to be equivalent from a statistical point of view. A main conclusion of this study is that bringing sample water to the surface for placement in VOC vials (and subsequent analysis by P&T) can be done reliably under many circumstances. However, care must still be taken to prevent adsorption losses and cross contamination. Samples subject to strong bubble outgassing will need to be handled in a special fashion (e.g., by downhole ATd) to minimize volatilization losses. Additionally, the higher sensitivity of the ATd method allows lower detection limits than are possible with P&T. For example, several compounds present at the ng/L level could be determined with confidence by ATd, but not by P&T.

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A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE dESIGN, OPERATION, ANd MONITORING OF INSITU SOIL-VENTING SYSTEMS

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GROUNd WATER MONITORING ANd REMEdIATION 1990年第2期10卷 159-178页

作者： JOHNSON, PC STANLEY, CC KEMBLOWSKI, MW BYERS, dL COLTHART, Jd Paul C. Johnson Ph.D. joined Shell Development Co.'s (Westhollow Research Center Room EC-649 P.O. Bo 1380 Houston TX 77251–1380) Environmental Science Department in 1987 after earning his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of California Davis and his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Princeton University. His current areas of research include the development and evaluation of soil treatment processes modeling and measuring transport phenomena in porous media and the development of transport models for predicting emissions and exposures used in envvironmental risk assessments. Curtis C Stanley received his degree in geology with an engineering minor from North Carolina State University in 1979. He is currently a senior hydrogeologist for Shell Oil Co. (Westhollow Research Center 2236 Two Shell Plaza Houston TX 77082) and is responsible for hydrogeologic response at Shell's retail facilities. Stanley is a Certified Professional Geological Scientist and also a Certified Ground Water Professional with the NWWA's Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. He is also a member of API's Ground Water Technology Taskforce and is an EPA Peer Reviewer. Marian W. Kemblowski Ph.D. is a senior research engineer in the Environmental Science Department at Shell Development Co. (Westhollow Research Center Houston TX 77082) where he has worked since 1985. He obtained his M.S. degree in civil engineering from the Technical University of Warsaw Poland in 1973 and his Ph.D. in ground water hydrology from the Institute for Land Reclamation in Warsaw Poland in 1978. In 1980–1981 he was a visiting hydrologist in the New Mexico School of Mining and Technology. From 1981 to 1985 he worked as an assistant scientist at the University of Kansas. His principal research interests are in the areas of numerical analysis transport in porous media and ground water monitoring systems. Dallas L. Byers is a technical associate in the Environmental Science Department at Shell Development. After receivin

When operated properly, in situ soil venting or vapor extraction can be one of the most cost-effective remediation processes for soils contaminated with gasoline, solvents, or other relatively, volatile compounds. The components of soil-venting systems are typically off-the-shelf items, and the installation of wells and trenches can be done by reputable environmental firms. However, the design, operation, and monitoring of soil-venting systems are not trivial. In fact, choosing whether or not venting should be applied at a given site is a difficult decision in itself. If one decides to utilize venting, design criteria involving the number of wells, well spacing, well location, well construction, and vapor treatment systems must be addressed. A series of questions must be addressed to decide if venting is appropriate at a given site and to design cost-effective in situ soil-venting systems. This series of steps and questions forms a “decision tree” process. The development of this approach is an attempt to identify the limitations of in situ soil venting, and subjects or behavior that are currently difficult to quantify and for which future study is needed.

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