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A Scalable Deep Attention Mechanism of Instance Segmentation for the Investigation of Chromosome

SLAS technology 2025年 33卷 100306页

作者： Neelam Umbreen Sara Ali Hasan Sajid Yasar Ayaz Shrooq Alsenan Yunyoung Nam So Yeon Kim Muhammad Baber Sial National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan. Electronic address: neelamumbreen.phd@smme.edu.pk. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) Monash Research Institute of Science and Technology Monash University 8Q9C+R6W Suzhou Jiangsu China. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad NUST-COVENTRY Human-Robot Interaction (NC-HRI) Laboratory Pakistan Intelligent Field Robotics Laboratory (IFRL) National Center for Artificial Intelligence (NCAI) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan. Electronic address: sarababer@smme.nust.edu.pk. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan. Electronic address: hasan.sajid@smme.nust.edu.pk. Intelligent Field Robotics Laboratory (IFRL) National Center for Artificial Intelligence (NCAI) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan. Electronic address: yasar@smme.nust.edu.pk. Information Systems Department College of Computer and Information Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: shalsenan@pnu.edu.sa. Emotional and Intelligent Child Care Convergence Research Center Soonchunhyang University Asan 31538 Korea. Electronic address: ynam@sch.ac.kr. Department of Artificial Intelligence Department of Software and Computer Engineering Ajou University. Electronic address: jebi1771@ajou.ac.kr. School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China. Electronic address: babersial@***.

Chromosome segmentation in metaphase images is a critical yet challenging task in cytogenetics and genomics due to the inherent complexity, variability in chromosome shapes, and the scarcity of high-quality annotated datasets. This study proposes a robust instance segmentation framework that integrates an automated annotation pipeline with an enhanced deep learning architecture to address these challenges. A novel dataset is introduced, comprising metaphase images and corresponding karyograms, annotated with precise instance segmentation information across 24 chromosome classes in COCO format. To overcome the labor-intensive manual annotation process, a feature-based image registration technique leveraging SIFT and homography is employed, enabling the accurate mapping of chromosomes from karyograms to metaphase images and significantly improving annotation quality and segmentation performance. The proposed framework includes a custom Mask R-CNN model enhanced with an Attention-based Feature Pyramid Network (AttFPN), spatial attention mechanisms, and a LastLevelMaxPool block for superior multi-scale feature extraction and focused attention on critical regions of the image. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the model's efficacy, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.579 at IoU = 0.50:0.95, surpassing the baseline Mask R-CNN and Mask R-CNN with AttFPN by 3.94% and 5.97% improvements in mAP and AP50, respectively. Notably, the proposed architecture excels in segmenting small and medium-sized chromosomes, addressing key limitations of existing methods. This research not only introduces a state-of-the-art segmentation framework but also provides a benchmark dataset, setting a new standard for chromosome instance segmentation in biomedical imaging. The integration of automated dataset creation with advanced model design offers a scalable and transferable solution, paving the way for tackling similar challenges in other domains of biomedical and cytogenetic imagi

关键词： Chromosome segmentation Instance segmentation, cytogenetics Mask R-CNN attention mechanism biomedical imaging multi-scale feature fusion

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Statistical approach to detection of attacks for stochastic cyber-physical systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Marelli, Damián Sui, Tianju Fu, Minyue Lu, Renquan School of Automation Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou China French Argentine International Center for Information and Systems Sciences National Scientific and Technical Research Council Argentina School of Control Science and Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Newcastle CallaghanNSW2308 Australia School of Automation Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Decision and Cooperative Control Guandong University of Technology Guangzhou China

We study the problem of detecting an attack on a stochastic cyber-physical system. We aim to treat the problem in its most general form. We start by introducing the notion of asymptotically detectable attacks, as those attacks introducing changes to the system’s output statistics which persist asymptotically. We then provide a necessary and sufficient condition for asymptotic detectability. This condition preserves generality as it holds under no restrictive assumption on the system and attacking scheme. To show the importance of this condition, we apply it to detect certain attacking schemes which are undetectable using simple statistics. Our necessary and sufficient condition naturally leads to an algorithm which gives a confidence level for attack detection. We present simulation results to illustrate the performance of this algorithm. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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Agile reactive navigation for a non-holonomic mobile robot using a pixel processor array

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Liu, Yanan Bose, Laurie Greatwood, Colin Chen, Jianing Fan, Rui Richardson, Thomas Carey, Stephen J. Dudek, Piotr Mayol-Cuevas, Walterio Bristol Robotics Laboratory University of Bristol BristolBS16 1QY United Kingdom Visual Information Laboratory University of Bristol BristolBS1 5DD United Kingdom Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Manchester ManchesterM13 9PL United Kingdom Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Ophthalmology University of California San DiegoCA92093 United States Hangzhou ATG Intelligent Technology Co. Ltd. Hangzhou China Amazon Seattle United States

This paper presents an agile reactive navigation strategy for driving a non-holonomic ground vehicle around a preset course of gates in a cluttered environment using a low-cost processor array sensor. This enables machine vision tasks to be performed directly upon the sensor’s image plane, rather than using a separate general-purpose computer. We demonstrate a small ground vehicle running through or avoiding multiple gates at high speed using minimal computational resources. To achieve this, target tracking algorithms are developed for the Pixel Processing Array and captured images are then processed directly on the vision sensor acquiring target information for controlling the ground vehicle. The algorithm can run at up to 2000 fps outdoors and 200fps at indoor illumination levels. Conducting image processing at the sensor level avoids the bottleneck of image transfer encountered in conventional sensors. The real-time performance of on-board image processing and robustness is validated through experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm’s ability to enable a ground vehicle to navigate at an average speed of 2.20 m/s for passing through multiple gates and 3.88 m/s for a ‘slalom’ task in an environment featuring significant visual clutter. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mobile robots

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An Early Stage Researcher's Primer on systems Medicine Terminology

Network and Systems Medicine

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Network and systems Medicine 2021年第1期4卷 2-50页

作者： Zanin, Massimiliano Aitya, Nadim A.A. Basilio, José Baumbach, Jan Benis, Arriel Behera, Chandan K. Bucholc, Magda Castiglione, Filippo Chouvarda, Ioanna Comte, Blandine Dao, Tien-Tuan Ding, Xuemei Pujos-Guillot, Estelle Filipovic, Nenad Finn, David P. Glass, David H. Harel, Nissim Iesmantas, Tomas Ivanoska, Ilinka Joshi, Alok Boudjeltia, Karim Zouaoui Kaoui, Badr Kaur, Daman Maguire, Liam P. McClean, Paula L. McCombe, Niamh De Miranda, João Luís Moisescu, Mihnea Alexandru Pappalardo, Francesco Polster, Annikka Prasad, Girijesh Rozman, Damjana Sacala, Ioan Sanchez-Bornot, Jose M. Schmid, Johannes A. Sharp, Trevor Solé-Casals, Jordi Spiwok, Vojtěch Spyrou, George M. Stalidzans, Egils Stres, Blaa Sustersic, Tijana Symeonidis, Ioannis Tieri, Paolo Todd, Stephen Van Steen, Kristel Veneva, Milena Wang, Da-Hui Wang, Haiying Wang, Hui Watterson, Steven Wong-Lin, Kongfatt Yang, Su Zou, Xin Schmidt, Harald H.H.W. Centro de Tecnología Biomédica Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain Intelligent Systems Research Centre School of Computing Engineering and Intelligent Systems Ulster University Ulster United Kingdom Center for Physiology and Pharmacology Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany Holon Israel CNR National Research Council IAC Institute for Applied Computing Rome Italy Lab of Computing Medical Informatics and Biomedical Imaging Technologies School of Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece Université Clermont Auvergne INRAE UNH Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme MetaboHUB Clermont Clermont-Ferrand France Université de Technologie de Compiègne Compiègne France Labex MS2T Control of Technological Systems-of-Systems CNRS and Université de Technologie de Compiègne Compiègne France Faculty of Engineering University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia Kragujevac Serbia Steinbeis Advanced Risk Technologies Institute Doo Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia Pharmacology and Therapeutics School of Medicine Galway Neuroscience Centre National University of Ireland Galway Ireland School of Computing Ulster University Ulster United Kingdom Holon Israel Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas Lithuania Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje Macedonia Medicine Faculty Université Libre de Bruxelles CHU de Charleroi Charleroi Belgium Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine Biomedical Sciences Research Institute Ulster University Ulster United Kingdom Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre Portalegre Portugal Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers University Politehnica of B

Background: systems Medicine is a novel approach to medicine, that is, an interdisciplinary field that considers the human body as a system, composed of multiple parts and of complex relationships at multiple levels, and further integrated into an environment. Exploring systems Medicine implies understanding and combining concepts coming from diametral different fields, including medicine, biology, statistics, modeling and simulation, and data science. Such heterogeneity leads to semantic issues, which may slow down implementation and fruitful interaction between these highly diverse fields. Methods: In this review, we collect and explain more than100 terms related to systems Medicine. These include both modeling and data science terms and basic systems medicine terms, along with some synthetic definitions, examples of applications, and lists of relevant references. Results: This glossary aims at being a first aid kit for the systems Medicine researcher facing an unfamiliar term, where he/she can get a first understanding of them, and, more importantly, examples and references for digging into the topic. © Massimiliano Zanin et al., 2021;Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2021.

关键词： Semantics

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Primal-dual optimization methods for large-scale and distributed data analytics

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Jakovetić, Dušan Bajović, Dragana Xavier, João Moura, José M.F. Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia Faculty of Technical Sciences University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia Instituto Superior Tećnico Universidade de Lisboa Institute for Systems and Robotics Laboratory for Robotics and Engineering Systems Lisbon Portugal Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States

The augmented Lagrangian method (ALM) is a classical optimization tool that solves a given "difficult" (constrained) problem via finding solutions of a sequence of "easier" (often unconstrained) sub-problems with respect to the original (primal) variable, wherein constraints satisfaction is controlled via the so-called dual variables. ALM is highly flexible with respect to how primal sub-problems can be solved, giving rise to a plethora of different primal-dual methods. The powerful ALM mechanism has recently proved to be very successful in various large scale and distributed applications. In addition, several significant advances have appeared, primarily on precise complexity results with respect to computational and communication costs in the presence of inexact updates and design and analysis of novel optimal methods for distributed consensus optimization. We provide a tutorial-style introduction to ALM and its analysis via control-theoretic tools, survey recent results, and provide novel insights in the context of two emerging applications: federated learning and distributed energy trading. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Constrained optimization

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Deep learning methods for automatic evaluation of delayed enhancement-MRI. The results of the EMIDEC challenge

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Lalande, Alain Chen, Zhihao Pommier, Thibaut Decourselle, Thomas Qayyum, Abdul Salomon, Michel Ginhac, Dominique Skandarani, Youssef Boucher, Arnaud Brahim, Khawla de Bruijne, Marleen Camarasa, Robin Correia, Teresa M. Feng, Xue Girum, Kibrom B. Hennemuth, Anja Huellebrand, Markus Hussain, Raabid Ivantsits, Matthias Ma, Jun Meyer, Craig Sharma, Rishabh Shi, Jixi Tsekos, Nikolaos V. Varela, Marta Wang, Xiyue Yang, Sen Zhang, Hannu Zhang, Yichi Zhou, Yuncheng Zhuang, Xiahai Couturier, Raphael Meriaudeau, Fabrice ImViA laboratory University of Burgundy Dijon France MRI department University Hospital of Dijon Dijon France Femto-ST laboratory University of Franche-Comté Belfort France Cardiology department University Hospital of Dijon Dijon France CASIS Company Quetigny France National Engineering School of Sousse University of Sousse Sousse Tunisia LASEE laboratory National Engineering School of Monastir University of Monastir Monastir Tunisia Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam Erasmus MC Rotterdam Netherlands Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam Netherlands Department of Computer Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Centre of Marine Sciences University of Algarve Faro Portugal School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville United States Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany Fraunhofer MEVIS Bremen Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Berlin Germany Department of Mathematics Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China Data Analysis and Intelligent Systems Lab Department of Computer Science University of Houston Houston United States Medical Robotics and Imaging Lab Department of Computer Science University of Houston Houston United States National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London United Kingdom College of Computer Science Sichuan University Chengdu China College of Biomedical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China School of Data Science Fudan University Shanghai China

A key factor for assessing the state of the heart after myocardial infarction (MI) is to measure whether the myocardium segment is viable after reperfusion or revascularization therapy. Delayed enhancement-MRI or DE-MRI, which is performed several minutes after injection of the contrast agent, provides high contrast between viable and nonviable myocardium and is therefore a method of choice to evaluate the extent of MI. To automatically assess myocardial status, the results of the EMIDEC challenge that focused on this task are presented in this paper. The challenge’s main objectives were twofold. First, to evaluate if deep learning methods can distinguish between normal and pathological cases. Second, to automatically calculate the extent of myocardial infarction. The publicly available database consists of 150 exams divided into 50 cases with normal MRI after injection of a contrast agent and 100 cases with myocardial infarction (and then with a hyperenhanced area on DE-MRI), whatever their inclusion in the cardiac emergency department. Along with MRI, clinical characteristics are also provided. The obtained results issued from several works show that the automatic classification of an exam is a reachable task (the best method providing an accuracy of 0.92), and the automatic segmentation of the myocardium is possible. However, the segmentation of the diseased area needs to be improved, mainly due to the small size of these areas and the lack of contrast with the surrounding structures. © 2021, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Cardiology

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Simulating emergent properties of human driving behavior using multi-agent reward augmented imitation learning

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Bhattacharyya, Raunak P. Phillips, Derek J. Liu, Changliu Gupta, Jayesh K. Driggs-Campbell, Katherine Kochenderfer, Mykel J. Stanford Intelligent Systems Laboratory Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UrbanaIL61801 United States

Recent developments in multi-agent imitation learning have shown promising results for modeling the behavior of human drivers. However, it is challenging to capture emergent traffic behaviors that are observed in real-world datasets. Such behaviors arise due to the many local interactions between agents that are not commonly accounted for in imitation learning. This paper proposes Reward Augmented Imitation Learning (RAIL), which integrates reward augmentation into the multi-agent imitation learning framework and allows the designer to specify prior knowledge in a principled fashion. We prove that convergence guarantees for the imitation learning process are preserved under the application of reward augmentation. This method is validated in a driving scenario, where an entire traffic scene is controlled by driving policies learned using our proposed algorithm. Further, we demonstrate improved performance in comparison to traditional imitation learning algorithms both in terms of the local actions of a single agent and the behavior of emergent properties in complex, multi-agent settings. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multi agent systems

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Air-to-air communications beyond 5G: A novel 3D CoMP transmission scheme

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Li, Yan Miridakis, Nikolaos I. Tsiftsis, Theodoros A. Yang, Guanghua Xia, Minghua School of Electronics and Information Technology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou510006 China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Zhuhai519082 China Institute of Physical Internet School of Electrical and Information Engineering Jinan University Zhuhai519070 China Dept. of Informatics and Computer Engineering University of West Attica 12243 Greece Dept. of Informatics University of Piraeus 18534 Greece School of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering Jinan University Zhuhai519070 China Institute of Physical Internet Jinan University Zhuhai519070 China

In this paper, a novel 3D cellular model consisting of aerial base stations (aBSs) and aerial user equipments (aUEs) is proposed, by integrating the coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission technique with the theory of stochastic geometry. For this new 3D architecture, a tractable model for aBSs' deployment based on binomial Delaunay-tetrahedralization is developed, which ensures seamless coverage for a given space. In addition, a versatile and practical frequency allocation scheme is designed to eliminate the inter-cell interference effectively. Based on this model, performance metrics including the ergodic data rate and coverage probability are derived for two types of aUEs: i) general aUE (i.e., an aUE having distinct distances from its serving aBSs) and ii) the worst-case aUE (i.e., an aUE having equal distances from its serving aBSs). Simulation and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach emphatically outperforms the conventional binomial-Voronoi tessellation without CoMP. Insightfully, it provides a similar performance as to the binomial-Voronoi tessellation which utilizes the conventional CoMP scheme;yet, introducing a considerably reduced computational complexity and backhaul/signaling overhead. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validation

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Kavur, A. Emre Rädsch, Tim Sudre, Carole H. Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Cheplygina, Veronika Chen, Jianxu Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kofler, Florian Kooi, Thijs Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. van Calster, Ben Varoquaux, Gaël Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul F. Maier-Hein, Lena Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany NCT Heidelberg A Partnership Between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montreal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Leuven Belgium partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany and Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for Statistics in Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Center for Biomedical In

Validation metrics are key for tracking scientific progress and bridging the current chasm between artificial intelligence (AI) research and its translation into practice. However, increasing evidence shows that particularly in image analysis, metrics are often chosen inadequately. While taking into account the individual strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of validation metrics is a critical prerequisite to making educated choices, the relevant knowledge is currently scattered and poorly accessible to individual researchers. Based on a multi-stage Delphi process conducted by a multidisciplinary expert consortium as well as extensive community feedback, the present work provides the first reliable and comprehensive common point of access to information on pitfalls related to validation metrics in image analysis. While focused on biomedical image analysis, the addressed pitfalls generalize across application domains and are categorized according to a newly created, domain-agnostic taxonomy. The work serves to enhance global comprehension of a key topic in image analysis validation. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： computer vision

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Systematic Resource Allocation in Cloud RAN with Caching as a Service under Two Timescales

Systematic Resource Allocation in Cloud RAN with Caching as ...

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作者： Tang, Jianhua Quek, Tony Q. S. Chang, Tsung-Hui Shim, Byonghyo Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Language Information Processing College of Information Science and Engineering Hunan Normal University Changsha410081 China Institute of New Media and Communications Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Information Systems Technology and Design Pillar Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore487372 Singapore Department of Electronic Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin17104 Korea Republic of School of Science and Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen518172 China Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data Shenzhen518172 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute of New Media and Communications Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Recently, cloud radio access network (C-RAN) with caching as a service (CaaS) was proposed to merge the functionalities of communication, computing, and caching (CCC) together. In this paper, we dissect the interactions of CCC in C-RAN with CaaS from two dimensions: physical resource dimension and time dimension. In the physical resource dimension, we identify how to segment the baseband unit (BBU) pool resources (i.e., computation and storage) into different types of virtual machines (VMs). In the time dimension, we address how the long-term resource segmentation in the BBU pool impacts on the short-term transmit beamforming at the remote radio heads. We formulate the problem as a stochastic mixed-integer nonlinear programming (SMINLP) to minimize the system cost, including the server cost, VM cost and wireless transmission cost. After a series of approximation, including sample average approximation, successive convex approximation, and semidefinite relaxation, the SMINLP is approximated as a global consensus problem. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is utilized to obtain the solution in a parallel fashion. Simulation results verify the convergence of our proposed algorithm, and also confirm that the proposed scheme is more cost-saving than that without considering the integration of CCC. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Integer programming

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