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A Comprehensive Survey on Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) Detection Techniques

computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第8期80卷 2675-2719页

作者： Singamaneni Krishnapriya Sukhvinder Singh Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and TechnologyPondicherry UniversityKalapet605014India

The increase in number of people using the Internet leads to increased cyberattack *** Persistent Threats,or APTs,are among the most dangerous targeted *** attacks utilize various advanced tools and techniques for attacking targets with specific *** countries with advanced technologies,like the US,Russia,the UK,and India,are susceptible to this targeted *** is a sophisticated attack that involves multiple stages and specific ***,TTP(Tools,Techniques,and Procedures)involved in the APT attack are commonly new and developed by an attacker to evade the security ***,APTs are generally implemented in multiple *** one of the stages is detected,we may apply a defense mechanism for subsequent stages,leading to the entire APT attack *** detection at the early stage of APT and the prediction of the next step in the APT kill chain are ongoing *** survey paper will provide knowledge about APT attacks and their essential *** follows the case study of known APT attacks,which will give clear information about the APT attack process—in later sections,highlighting the various detection methods defined by different researchers along with the limitations of the *** used in this article comes from the various annual reports published by security experts and blogs and information released by the enterprise networks targeted by the attack.

关键词： Advanced persistent threats APT cyber security intrusion detection cyber attacks

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VKFQ:A Verifiable Keyword Frequency Query Framework with Local Differential Privacy in Blockchain

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第3期78卷 4205-4223页

作者： Youlin Ji Bo Yin Ke Gu School of Computer and Communication Engineering Changsha University of Science and TechnologyChangsha410114China

With its untameable and traceable properties,blockchain technology has been widely used in the field of data *** to preserve individual privacy while enabling efficient data queries is one of the primary issues with secure data *** this paper,we study verifiable keyword frequency(KF)queries with local differential privacy in *** the numerical and the keyword attributes are present in data objects;the latter are sensitive and require privacy ***,prior studies in blockchain have the problem of trilemma in privacy protection and are unable to handle KF *** propose an efficient framework that protects data owners’privacy on keyword attributes while enabling quick and verifiable query processing for KF *** framework computes an estimate of a keyword’s frequency and is efficient in query time and verification object(VO)size.A utility-optimized local differential privacy technique is used for privacy *** data owner adds noise locally into data based on local differential privacy so that the attacker cannot infer the owner of the keywords while keeping the difference in the probability distribution of the KF within the privacy *** propose the VB-cm tree as the authenticated data structure(ADS).The VB-cm tree combines the Verkle tree and the Count-Min sketch(CM-sketch)to lower the VO size and query *** VB-cm tree uses the vector commitment to verify the query *** fixed-size CM-sketch,which summarizes the frequency of multiple keywords,is used to estimate the KF via hashing *** conduct an extensive evaluation of the proposed *** experimental results show that compared to theMerkle B+tree,the query time is reduced by 52.38%,and the VO size is reduced by more than one order of magnitude.

关键词： Security data sharing blockchain data query privacy protection

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Align is not Enough: Multimodal Universal Jailbreak Attack against Multimodal Large Language Models

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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video technology 2025年第6期35卷 5475-5488页

作者： Wang, Youze Hu, Wenbo Dong, Yinpeng Liu, Jing Zhang, Hanwang Hong, Richang Hefei University of Technology School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hefei230009 China Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Chinese academy of science Institute of automation Beijing100190 China Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering 639798 Singapore

Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), significantly enhancing their capabilities by integrating visual information and other types, thus aligning more closely with the nature of human intelligence, which processes a variety of data forms beyond just text. Despite advancements, the undesirable generation of these models remains a critical concern, particularly due to vulnerabilities exposed by text-based jailbreak attacks, which have represented a significant threat by challenging existing safety protocols. Motivated by the unique security risks posed by the integration of new and old modalities for MLLMs, we propose a unified multimodal universal jailbreak attack framework that leverages iterative image-text interactions and transfer-based strategy to generate a universal adversarial suffix and image. Our work not only highlights the interaction of image-text modalities can be used as a critical vulnerability but also validates that multimodal universal jailbreak attacks can bring higher-quality undesirable generations across different MLLMs. We evaluate the undesirable context generation of MLLMs like LLaVA, Yi-VL, MiniGPT4, MiniGPT-v2, and InstructBLIP, and reveal significant multimodal safety alignment issues, highlighting the inadequacy of current safety mechanisms against sophisticated multimodal attacks. This study underscores the urgent need for robust safety measures in MLLMs, advocating for a comprehensive review and enhancement of security protocols to mitigate potential risks associated with multimodal capabilities. © 1991-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Human form models

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Research on Image Defogging Algorithm Based on Improved FFA-Net

IAENG International Journal of Computer Science

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IAENG International Journal of computer science 2024年第6期51卷 634-641页

作者： Qinrong, Li Chi, Ma Qiang, Guo Hui, Hu School of Computer Science and Software Engineering University of Science and Technology LiaoNing AnShan114051 China School of Computer Science and Engineering Huizhou University Huizhou516007 China

Images captured under severe weather conditions, such as haze and fog, suffer from image quality degradation caused by atmospheric particle diffusion. This degradation manifests as color fading, reduced contrast, and adversely affects the performance of various computer vision tasks. To address this, this paper presents an end-to-end feature fusion attention network (FFA-Net) designed to directly restore haze-free images. By incorporating the SSIM loss into the original loss function, the proposed method effectively captures the visual disparities between the estimated defogged image and the authentic haze-free image. Additionally, it mitigates the color distortion problem inherent in the original algorithm. To address the challenge of low brightness in input images, a low illumination enhancement module is introduced, seamlessly integrated with the FFA-Net defogging method. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of different defogging algorithms is conducted using two distinct foggy datasets. Multiple evaluation metrics are employed to assess the performance of these algorithms. The findings indicate that our algorithm significantly outperforms others in terms of objective indicators such as PSNR and SSIM, as well as visual effects. © (2024), (International Association of Engineers). All rights reserved.

关键词： Image enhancement

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Minimum Spanning Tree Image Segmentation Model Based on New Weights

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2024年第13期48卷 15-30页

作者： Li, Hong School of Computer Information Engineering Shanxi Technology and Business College Taiyuan030006 China

The quality of image segmentation results has a direct impact on subsequent image processing and its application. Therefore, image segmentation represents a pivotal step in image processing and recognition. A minimum spanning tree image segmentation method using new weights is proposed to address the issues of low efficiency and low segmentation accuracy in traditional image segmentation methods. The study initially proposes a minimum spanning tree construction method based on color vector angle distance color difference measurement. This method compensates for the non-uniformity of color space through dynamic weight adjustment, and improves upon the fast multi-spanning tree segmentation algorithm with adaptive threshold. The proposed decomposition method preprocesses the image to reduce the image nodes. The experiment showed that the research method effectively improved color difference measurement accuracy. The segmentation accuracy, over segmentation rate, and under segmentation rate obtained by the research method demonstrated superior performance in terms of average values when compared to other segmentation methods. The average values were 0.984, 0.059, and 0.023, respectively. Compared to other minimum spanning tree segmentation algorithms, the research method improved the average segmentation time by 0.46 seconds, 0.49 seconds, 2.04 seconds, and 3.79 seconds, respectively. The segmentation algorithm studied in this study has good segmentation performance and improves the efficiency of image segmentation, which has certain practical application value in various image segmentation fields. © 2024 Slovene Society Informatika. All rights reserved.

关键词： Image segmentation

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An Apricot Detection Algorithm in Complex Environments Based on Improved YOLOv7

IAENG International Journal of Computer Science

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IAENG International Journal of computer science 2024年第12期51卷 2135-2144页

作者： Guo, Qiang Ma, Chi Hu, Hui School of Computer Science and Software Engineering University of Science and Technology LiaoNing AnShan114051 China School of Computer Science and Engineering Huizhou University Huizhou516007 China

Apricot detection is a prerequisite for counting and harvesting tasks. Existing algorithms face challenges in adapting to the impacts of complex environmental factors such as lighting variations, shadows, dense foliage, and the uneven distribution of samples in mechanized apricot harvesting. This paper proposes an enhanced model, YOLOv7-DC, based on YOLOv7, to address these challenges. YOLOv7-DC preprocesses diverse apricot tree samples to accommodate real-world harvesting detection scenarios. To improve model inference speed and detection accuracy, the detection network is redesigned with a new feature fusion method. DCNv2 is embedded within the efficient layer aggregation network (ELAN), and PConv is introduced to replace conventional convolutions, reducing the parameter impact of DCNv2. The training process incorporates the CBAM attention mechanism to enhance spatial and channel information. The ConvMixer architecture captures spatial and channel relationships transmitted to the detection head through the attention mechanism, improving the model’s detection accuracy for each specific classification sample. Experimental results show that YOLOv7-DC maintains good detection speed and recognition rates across various classification tasks. The improved model achieves a 6.2% increase in average detection accuracy compared to previous algorithms, with a 13% reduction in model parameters. YOLOv7-DC is better suited for handling imbalanced samples and complex environmental scenarios. © (2024), (International Association of Engineers). All rights reserved.

关键词： Apricot biloba detection Attention mechanism Feature fusion YOLOv7

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Towards machine-learning-driven effective mashup recommendations from big data in mobile networks and the Internet-of-Things

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Digital Communications and Networks 2023年第1期9卷 138-145页

作者： Yueshen Xu Zhiying Wang Honghao Gao Zhiping Jiang Yuyu Yin Rui Li School of Computer Science and Technology Xidian UniversityXi'an710126China School of Computer Engineering and Science Shanghai UniversityShanghai200444China School of Computer Science and Technology Hangzhou Dianzi UniversityHangzhou310018China

A large number of Web APIs have been released as services in mobile communications,but the service provided by a single Web API is usually *** enrich the services in mobile communications,developers have combined Web APIs and developed a new service,which is known as a *** emergence of mashups greatly increases the number of services in mobile communications,especially in mobile networks and the Internet-of-Things(IoT),and has encouraged companies and individuals to develop even more mashups,which has led to the dramatic increase in the number of *** a trend brings with it big data,such as the massive text data from the mashups themselves and continually-generated usage ***,the question of how to determine the most suitable mashups from big data has become a challenging *** this paper,we propose a mashup recommendation framework from big data in mobile networks and the *** proposed framework is driven by machine learning techniques,including neural embedding,clustering,and matrix *** employ neural embedding to learn the distributed representation of mashups and propose to use cluster analysis to learn the relationship among the *** also develop a novel Joint Matrix Factorization(JMF)model to complete the mashup recommendation task,where we design a new objective function and an optimization *** then crawl through a real-world large mashup dataset and perform *** experimental results demonstrate that our framework achieves high accuracy in mashup recommendation and performs better than all compared baselines.

关键词： Mashup recommendation Big data Machine learning Mobile networks Internet-of-Things

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Community Detection Applications in Mobile Networks:Towards Data-Driven Design for Next Generation Cellular Networks

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Journal of Communications and information Networks 2023年第2期8卷 155-163页

作者： Ayman Gaber Nashwa Abdelbaki Tamer Arafa School of Information Technology and Computer Science Nile UniversityGiza 12677Egypt

The existing radio access network(RAN)is facing many challenges to meet the very strict speed and latency requirements by different mobile applications in addition to the increasing pressure to reduce operating *** and development in RAN have been accelerated to tackle these challenges and to define how next generation mobile networks should look *** role of machine learning(ML)and artificial intelligence(AI)driven innovations within the RAN domain is strengthening and attracting lots of attention to tackle many of the challenging *** this paper we surveyed RAN network base stations(BSs)clustering and its applications in the *** paper also demonstrates how to leverage community detection algorithms to understand underlying community structures within *** areas(TAs)novel framework was developed by adapting existing community detection algorithm to solve the problem of statically partitioning a set of BSs into TA according to mobility ***,live network dataset in dense urban part of Cairo is used to assess how the developed framework is used to partition this part of the network more efficiently compared to other clustering *** obtained showed that the new methodology saved up to 34.6%of inter TA signaling overhead and surpassing other conventional clustering algorithms.

关键词： RAN mobility optimization RAN intelligence community detection ML

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Slender loris optimization algorithm for solving optimization problems

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Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 2024年第4期46卷 8799-8810页

作者： Lakshmi, A. Vijaya Vaitheki, K. Joseph, K. Suresh Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Technology Pondicherry University India

Over the years, numerous optimization problems have been addressed utilizing meta-heuristic algorithms. Continuing initiatives have always been to create and develop new, practical algorithms. This work proposes a novel meta-heuristic approach employing the slender Loris optimization algorithm (SLOA), miming slender Loris behavior. The behavior includes foraging, hunting, migration and communication with each other. The ultimate goal of the devised algorithm is to replicate the food-foraging behaviour of Slender Loris (SL) and the quick movement of SL when threatened (i.e.) their escape from predators and also mathematically modelled the special communication techniques of SL using their urine scent smell. SLOA modelled SL’s slow food foraging behaviour as the exploitation phase, and moving between the tree and escaping from a predator is modelled as the exploration phase. The Eyesight of slender Loris plays a vital role in food foraging during nighttime in dim light. The operator’s Eyesight is modelled based on the angle of inclination of SL. The urine scent intensity is used here to be instrumental in preventing already exploited territory activities, which improves algorithm performance. The suggested algorithm is assessed and tested against nineteen benchmark test operations and evaluated for effectiveness with standard widely recognized meta-heuristics algorithms. The result shows SLOA performing better and achieving near-optimal solutions and dominance in exploration–exploitation balance in most cases than the existing state-of-the-art algorithms. © 2024 – IOS Press. All rights reserved.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Towards Blockchain-Based Secure BGP Routing,Challenges and Future Research Directions

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2035-2062页

作者： Qiong Yang Li Ma Shanshan Tu Sami Ullah MuhammadWaqas Hisham Alasmary Faculty of Information Technology Beijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124China School of Information Science and Technology North China University of TechnologyBeijing100144China Department of Computer Science Shaheed Benazir Bhutto UniversitySheringal18050Pakistan School of Computing and Mathematical Science Faculty of Engineering and ScienceUniversity of GreenwichLondonSE109LSUK School of Engineering Edith Cowan UniversityPerth6027Australia Department of Computer Science King Khalid UniversityAbha61421Saudi Arabia

Border Gateway Protocol(BGP)is a standard inter-domain routing protocol for the Internet that conveys network layer reachability information and establishes routes to different *** BGP protocol exhibits security design defects,such as an unconditional trust mechanism and the default acceptance of BGP route announcements from peers by BGP neighboring nodes,easily triggering prefix hijacking,path forgery,route leakage,and other BGP security ***,the traditional BGP security mechanism,relying on a public key infrastructure,faces issues like a single point of failure and a single point of *** decentralization,anti-tampering,and traceability advantages of blockchain offer new solution ideas for constructing secure and trusted inter-domain routing *** this paper,we summarize the characteristics of BGP protocol in detail,sort out the BGP security threats and their ***,we analyze the shortcomings of the traditional BGP security mechanism and comprehensively evaluate existing blockchain-based solutions to address the above problems and validate the reliability and effectiveness of blockchain-based BGP security methods in mitigating BGP security ***,we discuss the challenges posed by BGP security problems and outline prospects for future research.

关键词： BGP security blockchain prefix hijacking trust model secure routing

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