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A Lightweight Feature Enhancement Model for Infrared Small Target Detection

IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第9期25卷 15224-15234页

作者： Cheng, Kuanhong Ma, Teng Fei, Rong Li, Junhuai Xi’an University of Technology School of Computer Science and Engineering Shaanxi Xi’an710048 China

Infrared small target detection (IRSTD) is a critical yet challenging task due to low target-background contrast, minimal target texture, and high noise levels. While data-driven methods have significantly advanced performance, persistent challenges remain. Traditional pooling schemes in multiscale networks often sacrifice crucial details necessary for detecting small targets, and existing attention mechanisms struggle to balance performance with computational efficiency. To address these challenges, we propose the hybrid feature mining network (HFMNet), a lightweight and efficient model designed to enhance feature representation for IRSTD. First, to reduce detailed loss caused by conventional pooling—which can amplify noise (e.g., max pooling) or suppress contrast (e.g., average pooling)—we introduce the cross-pooling shallow enhancement module (CSEM). By integrating diverse pooling strategies across parallel shallow streams, CSEM preserves fine details, improves localization, and prevents target loss in deeper layers. Second, for efficient local-global context modeling, we propose the hybrid feature mining module (HFMM). This module combines local and global attention by decomposing large 2-D convolutions into coupled 1-D convolutions and incorporating dilated convolutions, broadening the receptive field while reducing complexity. Coupled with the vision state-space module (VSSM) for global context modeling, HFMM effectively integrates local and global information to enhance detection performance. The effectiveness of our HFMNet has been evaluated on four benchmark datasets. In comparison to other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods, the Pd reaches 92.52% on the IRSTD-1K dataset and 99.08% on the NUAA-SIRST dataset, with only 6.09M parameters, making it a promising lightweight solution for IRSTD applications. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Multimodal and Temporal Graph Fusion Framework for Advanced Phishing Website Detection

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 74128-74146页

作者： Kavya, S. Sumathi, D. Vellore Institute of Technology School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vellore India

Phishing attacks are among the persistent threats that are dynamically evolving and demand advanced detection mechanisms to counter more sophisticated techniques. Traditional detection approaches are usually based on single-modal features or static analysis, failing to capture the complex, multi-faceted nature of phishing websites and their dynamic behaviors. Thus, we present a robust Multi-Modal and Temporal Graph Fusion Framework integrating advanced learning paradigms that enhance accuracy and adaptability in phishing detection. Our work proposes four brand-new methods: Multi-Modal Hypergraph Fusion Network (MM-HFN), Temporal Graph Neural Network with Attention (TGNN-Att), Federated Graph Contrastive Learning Network (FGCL-Net), and Multi-Modal Temporal Hypergraph Fusion Network (MMTHF-Net). MM-HFN leverages hypergraphs to capture complex, high-order relationships at textual levels (BERT) and graph-based features versus visual ones (CNNs) for an accuracy in the 95–97% range. TGNN-Att addresses temporal variations in phishing behavior by using attention-enhanced temporal graph networks and LSTMs, providing dynamic detection with 94–96% accuracy. FGCL-Net ensures privacy-preserving learning across decentralized datasets through federated contrastive learning, achieving 93–95% accuracy while safeguarding data privacy. Finally, MMTHF-Net fuses multi-modal and temporal features into a dynamic hypergraph framework, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy of 96–98% with an F1-score of 0.97. These approaches together allow for exact, real-time phishing detection by capturing static and temporal behaviors, high-order relationships, and cross-modal features. The framework proposed demonstrates significant improvements compared to the state of the art, eliminating the shortcomings of single-modality and static analysis while offering scalability, privacy, and adaptability levels. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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Electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection based on multiwalled carbon nanotube/molybdenum disulfide quantum dots with machine learning integration and anti-interference capability

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Tungsten 2025年第1期7卷 137-151页

作者： Geethukrishnan Onkar Apte Kiran Kumar Tadi Energy Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEE) Lab Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology

The precise detection and measurement of dopamine（DA）,a crucial neurotransmitter in the human body,plays a significant role in diagnosing,preventing,and treating neurological diseases associated with its levels.A highly sensitive DA electrochemical sensor was constructed by combining molybdenum disulfide quantum dots（MSQDs） with multiwalled carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs）.The MSQDs were synthesized using the shear exfoliation *** sensors consist of MSQDs with Mo-S edge catalytic centers for the DA redox reaction,and MWCNTs amplify the sensor *** linearity of the sensor for the detection of DA was tested in the presence of ascorbic acid(AA,50 μmol·L-1) and uric acid(UA,200 μmol·L-1),and exhibited linearity from 2 to 966 μmol·L-1of DA with 0.097 μA(mol·L-1)-1sensitivity and a low limit of detection of0.6 μmol·L-1（the ratio between signal and noise,S/N=3）.Moreover,the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor were also studied using *** is no increase in amperometric current after adding the most potentially interfering *** sensor was successfully applied to recover DA in human blood sera ***,machine learning algorithms were operated to aid in the near-precise detection of DA in the heterogeneous mixture containing AA and *** algorithms facilitate the identification and quantification of DA amidst coexisting interferents,including AA,that are commonly present in biological matrices.

关键词： Dopamine MoS_2 Biosensor Multiwalled carbon nanotubes Machine learning Complex mixture

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Analysis of IoT Applications in Highly Precise Agriculture Farming

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Recent Patents on engineering 2025年第2期19卷 71-81页

作者： Reddy N, Latha Masila P, Gopinath School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamilnadu Vellore632014 India

Background: The IoT (Internet of Things) assigns to the capacity of Device-to-Machine (D2M) connections, which is a vital component in the development of the digital economy. IoT integration with a human being enables real-time decision-making in communication, collaboration, and technology analytics. Furthermore, environmental factors impacting plants, such as air humidity, temperature, air quality index, and soil wetness, are not frequently documented, emphasizing the development of a data monitoring system for future agricultural research and development. Methods: An IoT-based Intelligent Farming System is proposed. An innovative IoT-based intelligent farming system is developed that integrates real-time data monitoring, machine learning algorithms, and IoT technology to address the identified gaps and challenges. Results: In the face of climate change, extreme weather, and environmental constraints, increased food demand must be satisfied. Intelligent agriculture enabled by IoT technology can reduce waste and increase productivity for producers and farmers, from fertilizer use to tractor trips. Conclusion: In conclusion, this patent paper provides insightful and informative commentary on the progress made in technology within the agriculture industry and the challenges that still need to be overcome to achieve optimal outcomes. © 2025 Bentham Science Publishers.

关键词： IoT agriculture soil quality weather conditions machine learning environmental constraints

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IoT based Predictive Modeling Techniques for Cancer Detection in Healthcare Systems

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Recent Patents on engineering 2025年第2期19卷 82-94页

作者： Ramya, T. Gopinath, M.P. School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Vellore India

Background: The main objective of the Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly influenced and altered technology, such as interconnection, interoperability, and sensor devices. To ensure seamless healthcare facilities, it's essential to use the benefits of ubiquitous IoT services to assist patients by monitoring vital signs and automating functions. In healthcare, the current state-of-the-art equipment cannot detect many cancers early, and almost all humans have lost their lives due to this lethal sickness. Hence, early diagnosis of cancer is a significant difficulty for medical experts and researchers. Methods: The method for identifying cancer, together with machine learning and IoT, yield reliable results. In the Proposed model FCM system, the SVM methodology is reviewed to classify either benign or malignant disease. In addition, we applied a recursive feature selection to identify characteristics from the cancer dataset to boost the classifier system's capabilities. Results: This method is being applied in conjunction with fuzzy cluster-based augmentation, and classification can employ continuous monitoring to forecast lung cancer to improve patient care. In the process of effective image segmentation, the fuzzy-clustering methodology is implemented, which is used for the goal of obtaining transition region data. Conclusion: The Otsu thresholding method is applied to help recover the transition region from a lung cancer image. Furthermore, morphological thinning on the right edge and the segmentation-improving pictures are employed to increase segmentation performance. In future work, we intend to design a prototype to ensure real-time analysis to provide enhanced results. Thus, this work may open doors to carry patent-based outcomes. © 2025 Bentham Science Publishers.

关键词： Lung cancer

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Multi-target Cooperative Motion Tracking Based on Quantum Belief Propagation

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第10期12卷 14845-14855页

作者： Wan, Jiawang Xu, Cheng Shi, Yuchen Chen, Weizhao Ye, Fangwen Wang, Ran Zhang, Xiaotong University of Science and Technology School of Computer and Communication Engineering Beijing China University of Science and Technology Shunde Innovation School Beijing China

In this paper, we introduce a novel cooperative target tracking algorithm, namely the quantum-inspired belief propagation, aimed at rectifying the limitations observed in existing localization algorithms employed in multi-target cooperative tracking scenarios. Leveraging the principles of quantum superposition, our algorithm seeks to alleviate the uncertainty inherent in message fusion within belief propagation frameworks, thereby enhancing the accuracy and stability of multi-target cooperative localization. The utilization of the quantum Monte Carlo method facilitates the simulation of the message distribution process, with quantum particles embodying the superposition of multiple states concurrently. This approach effectively addresses the intractable integrations encountered in message updating on factor graphs, rendering the algorithm agnostic to the number of particles involved. Moreover, quantum unitary transformations and quantum black-box operations are deployed to encode factor graph function nodes for the propagation of quantum messages. This innovation surmounts the challenge posed by traditional factor graph function nodes' inability to process quantum messages. Experimental findings corroborated the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of accuracy and robustness. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Belief propagation

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Transforming the electrical grid: the role of AI in advancing smart, sustainable, and secure energy systems

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Energy Informatics 2025年第1期8卷 1-43页

作者： Rajaperumal, T.A. Columbus, C. Christopher School of Electrical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India

The evolution of the electrical grid from its early centralized structure to today’s advanced "smart grid" reflects significant technological progress. Early grids, designed for simple power delivery from large plants to consumers, faced challenges in efficiency, reliability, and scalability. Over time, the grid has transformed into a decentralized network driven by innovative technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI). AI has become instrumental in enhancing efficiency, security, and resilience by enabling real-time data analysis, predictive maintenance, demand-response optimization, and automated fault detection, thereby improving overall operational efficiency. This paper examines the evolution of the electrical grid, tracing its transition from early limitations to the methodologies adopted in present smart grids for addressing those challenges. Current smart grids leverage AI to optimize energy management, predict faults, and seamlessly integrate electric vehicles (EVs), reducing transmission losses and improving performance. However, these advancements are not without limitations. Present grids remain vulnerable to cyberattacks, necessitating the adoption of more robust methodologies and advanced technologies for future grids. Looking forward, emerging technologies such as Digital Twin (DT) models, the Internet of Energy (IoE), and decentralized grid management are set to redefine grid architectures. These advanced technologies enable real-time simulations, adaptive control, and enhanced human–machine collaboration, supporting dynamic energy distribution and proactive risk management. Integrating AI with advanced energy storage, renewable resources, and adaptive access control mechanisms will ensure future grids are resilient, sustainable, and responsive to growing energy demands. This study emphasizes AI’s transformative role in addressing the challenges of the early grid, enhancing the capabilities of the present smart grid, and shaping a secure

关键词： Risk management

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COVID-19 Pandemic: A Worldwide Critical Review with the Machine Learning Model-Based Prediction

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Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 2025年第1期106卷 339-349页

作者： Misra, Neeraj Kumar Das, Sanchali Satpathy, Sambit Addula, Santosh Reddy Trivedi, Munesh Chandra School of Electronics Engineering VIT-AP University Andhra Pradesh Amaravathi522237 India School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology Bennett University Greater Noida India Computer Science and Engineering Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida India Information Technology University of the Cumberlands Williamsburg United States Computer Science and Engineering PSSCIVE Bhopal Bhopal India

Machine learning (ML) with data analysis has many successful applications and is widely employed daily. Additionally, they have played a significant role in combating the global coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. International occurrences of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted from the rapid global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, we examine the ML and data analysis techniques for diagnosis, treatment, and impact of COVID-19, which are based on artificial intelligence (AI). Moreover, we provide an overview of the current state of the art in AI-based machine learning and deep learning techniques as well as the datasets, tools, and performance of the tools that can be used to combat COVID-19. In this survey, we have attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent state-of-the-art approaches available to researchers in Mathematical and Statistical analysis and the larger medical community as a whole. It also includes information on how data and ML can be used to improve COVID-19 status and encourage further research to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks. Future directions and problems are also described in detail. © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2024.

关键词： COVID-19

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A survey on cross-user federated recommendation

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第4期68卷 7-32页

作者： Enyue YANG Yudi XIONG Wei YUAN Weike PAN Qiang YANG Zhong MING College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Shenzhen University School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Queensland WeBank AI Lab WeBank Department of Computer Science and Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology College of Big Data and Internet Shenzhen Technology University Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)

Recommender systems are effective in mitigating information overload, yet the centralized storage of user data raises significant privacy concerns. Cross-user federated recommendation(CUFR) provides a promising distributed paradigm to address these concerns by enabling privacy-preserving recommendations directly on user devices. In this survey, we review and categorize current progress in CUFR, focusing on four key aspects: privacy, security, accuracy, and efficiency. Firstly,we conduct an in-depth privacy analysis, discuss various cases of privacy leakage, and then review recent methods for privacy protection. Secondly, we analyze security concerns and review recent methods for untargeted and targeted *** untargeted attack methods, we categorize them into data poisoning attack methods and parameter poisoning attack methods. For targeted attack methods, we categorize them into user-based methods and item-based methods. Thirdly,we provide an overview of the federated variants of some representative methods, and then review the recent methods for improving accuracy from two categories: data heterogeneity and high-order information. Fourthly, we review recent methods for improving training efficiency from two categories: client sampling and model compression. Finally, we conclude this survey and explore some potential future research topics in CUFR.

关键词： cross-user federated recommendation federated recommendation federated learning recommender systems user privacy

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Exploring diversity and time-aware recommendations: an LSTM-DNN model with novel bidirectional dynamic time warping algorithm

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Soft Computing 2025年第4期29卷 2003-2013页

作者： Li, Te Chen, Liqiong Sun, Huaiying Hou, Mengxia Lei, Yunjie Zhi, Kaiwen School of Computer and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Meilong road Shanghai200237 China School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Haiquan road Shanghai201400 China School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Haiquan road Shanghai201400 China

With the advent of the Web 3.0 era, the amount and types of data in the network have sharply increased, and the application scenarios of recommendation algorithms are continuously expanding. Location recommendation has gradually become one of the popular application scenarios in recommendation algorithms. Traditional recommendation algorithms not only ignore the temporal attribute of data when recommending information to users, but also blindly pursue the recommendation accuracy, which will cause certain "information cocoon room" problems. Therefore, this article treats user historical data as a time series and proposes an LSTM-DNN model based on the novel bidirectional Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm. Firstly, in response to the issue of different users consuming different amounts of information, this article proposes a novel bidirectional DTW algorithm to calculate the similarity between different users. Secondly, this article supplements the user dataset from three perspectives: "utilization" and "exploration" of information, and spatiotemporal attributes of data, which alleviates the problem of data sparsity and cold start in the dataset to a certain extent. Moreover, it effectively enhances the diversity of recommendation results. Finally, this paper constructs an Long Short-Term Memory-Deep Neural Networks (LSTM-DNN) to dynamically obtain user interests and preferences, and proposes a new metric Cumulative Self-System Diversity (CSSD) to measure the diversity of algorithm recommendation results. Experiments have shown that the model effectively enhances the diversity of recommendation results while ensuring recommendation accuracy. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Time series

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