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Robust Detection of Malicious Encrypted Traffic via Contrastive Learning

IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 2025年 20卷 4228-4242页

作者： Shen, Meng Wu, Jinhe Ye, Ke Xu, Ke Xiong, Gang Zhu, Liehuang Beijing Institute of Technology School of Cyberspace Science and Technology Beijing100081 China Beijing Institute of Technology School of Computer Science Beijing100081 China Tsinghua University Department of Computer Science and Technology Beijing100084 China Institute of Information Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China

Traffic encryption is widely used to protect communication privacy but is increasingly exploited by attackers to conceal malicious activities. Existing malicious encrypted traffic detection methods rely on large amounts of labeled samples for training, limiting their ability to quickly respond to new attacks. These methods also are vulnerable to traffic obfuscation strategies, such as injecting dummy packets. In this paper, we propose SmartDetector, a robust malicious encrypted traffic detection method via contrastive learning. We first propose a novel traffic representation named Semantic Attribute Matrix (SAM), which can effectively distinguish between malicious and benign traffic. We also design a data augmentation method to generate diverse traffic samples, which makes the detection model more robust against different traffic obfuscation strategies. We propose a malicious encrypted traffic classifier that first pre-trains a model via contrastive learning to learn deep representations from unlabeled data, then fine-tunes the model with a supervised classifier to achieve accurate detection even with only a few labeled samples. We conduct extensive experiments with five public datasets to evaluate the performance of SmartDetector. The results demonstrate that it outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in three typical scenarios. Specifically, in the evasion attack detection scenario, SmartDetector achieves an F1 score and AUC above 93%, with average improvements of 19.84% and 18.17% over the SOTA method, respectively. © 2005-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Data obfuscation

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Multi-Expert Adaptive Selection: Task-Balancing for All-in-One Image Restoration

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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video technology 2025年第5期35卷 4619-4634页

作者： Yu, Xiaoyan Zhou, Shen Li, Huafeng Zhu, Liehuang Beijing Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Beijing100081 China Kunming University of Science and Technology Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation Kunming650500 China Beijing Institute of Technology School of Cyberspace Science and Technology Beijing100081 China

The use of a single image restoration framework to achieve multi-task image restoration has garnered significant attention from researchers. However, several practical challenges remain, including meeting the specific and simultaneous demands of different tasks, balancing relationships between tasks, and effectively utilizing task correlations in model design. To address these challenges, this paper explores a multi-expert adaptive selection mechanism. We begin by designing a feature representation method that accounts for both the pixel channel level and the global level, encompassing low-frequency and high-frequency components of the image. Based on this method, we construct a multi-expert selection and ensemble scheme. This scheme adaptively selects the most suitable expert from the expert library according to the content of the input image and the prompts of the current task. It not only meets the individualized needs of different tasks but also achieves balance and optimization across tasks. By sharing experts, our design promotes interconnections between different tasks, thereby enhancing overall performance and resource utilization. Additionally, the multi-expert mechanism effectively eliminates irrelevant experts, reducing interference from them and further improving the effectiveness and accuracy of image restoration. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method is both effective and superior to existing approaches, highlighting its potential for practical applications in multi-task image restoration. © 1991-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Restoration

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A verifiable variable threshold visual image secret sharing scheme

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Multimedia Systems 2025年第3期31卷 1-18页

作者： Yang, Yu-Guang Cheng, Wen Xu, Guang-Bao Jiang, Dong-Huan Zhou, Yi-Hua Shi, Wei-Min Jiang, Dong-Hua College of Computer Science and Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China College of Computer Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao266590 China College of Mathematics and Systems Science Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao266590 China School of Computer Science and Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou511400 China

This paper proposes a visual image encryption algorithm based on 2D compressive sensing and variable threshold secret sharing, aiming to achieve efficient, secure, and flexible image encryption and decryption. Firstly, the plain image is compressed and encrypted using the 2D compressive sensing technique, while the measurement matrix and disordered sequence are generated through an improved chaotic system. Secondly, the shadow image is produced using the variable threshold secret sharing scheme, and a corresponding authentication signature is generated to verify the integrity and authenticity of the shadow image. Finally, the shadow image and its signature are embedded into a carrier image to generate a cipher image with visual steganography. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves excellent performance in terms of operational efficiency, visual encryption quality, and decryption performance. The encryption execution time is 0.694 s, the PSNR of decrypted images is approximately 32 dB, and the PSNR of cipher images is around 42 dB, ensuring high visual concealment and reconstruction quality while maintaining security. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Image compression

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Joint Task Offloading and Resource Allocation Strategy for Space-Air-Ground Integrated Vehicular Networks

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清华大学学报自然科学版（英文版） 2025年第3期30卷 1027-1043页

作者： Yuanshuo Gang Yuexia Zhang Zhihai Zhuo School of Information and Communication Engineering Beijing Information Science and Technology UniversityBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology Ministry of EducationBeijing Information Science and Technology UniversityBeijing 100101China

Space-Air-Ground integrated Vehicular Network(SAGVN)aims to achieve ubiquitous connectivity and provide abundant computational resources to enhance the performance and efficiency of the vehicular ***,there are still challenges to overcome,including the scheduling of multilayered computational resources and the scarcity of spectrum *** address these problems,we propose a joint Task Offloading(TO)and Resource Allocation(RA)strategy in SAGVN(namely JTRSS).This strategy establishes an SAGVN model that incorporates air and space networks to expand the options for vehicular TO,and enhances the edge-computing resources of the system by deploying edge *** minimize the system average cost,we use the JTRSS algorithm to decompose the original problem into a number of subproblems.A maximum rate matching algorithm is used to address the channel allocation and the Lagrangian multiplier method is employed for computational *** acquire the optimal TO decision,a differential fusion cuckoo search algorithm is *** simulation results demonstrate the significant superiority of the JTRSS algorithm in optimizing the system average cost.

关键词： edge computing Resource Allocation(RA) Space-Air-Ground integrated Vehicular Network(SAGVN) Task Offloading(TO)

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A Decoupling-Type Strategy for the Allen-Cahn Equation on Curved Surfaces

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Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications 2025年第1期45卷 73-83页

作者： Xiaoman XIE Qing PAN School of Computer and Communication Engineering Changsha University of Science & Technology

In this paper, we construct an efficient decoupling-type strategy for solving the Allen-Cahn equation on curved surfaces. It is based on an FEM-EIEQ(Finite Element Method and explicit-Invariant Energy Quadratization) fully discrete scheme with unconditional energy stability. Spatially the FEM is adopted, using a triangular mesh discretization strategy that can be adapted to complex regions. Temporally, the EIEQ approach is considered, which not only linearizes the nonlinear potential but also gives a new variable that we combine with the nonlocal splitting method to achieve the fully decoupled computation. The strategy can successfully transform the Allen-Cahn system into some completely independent algebraic equations and linear elliptic equations with constant coefficients, we only need to solve these simple equations at each time step. Moreover, we conducted some numerical experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy.

关键词： FEM-EIEQ Allen-Cahn equation surface

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RaSA: Robust and Adaptive Secure Aggregation for Edge-Assisted Hierarchical Federated Learning

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IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 2025年 20卷 4280-4295页

作者： Wang, Lingling Huang, Mei Zhang, Zhengyin Li, Meng Wang, Jingjing Gai, Keke Qingdao University of Science and Technology School of Information Science and Technology Shandong Qingdao266061 China Hefei University of Technology School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Anhui Hefei230601 China Beijing Institute of Technology School of Cyberspace Science and Technology Beijing100081 China

Secure Aggregation (SA), in the Federated Learning (FL) setting, enables distributed clients to collaboratively learn a shared global model while keeping their raw data and local gradients private. However, when SA is implemented in edge-intelligence-driven FL, the open and heterogeneous environments will hinder model aggregation, slow down model convergence speed, and decrease model generalization ability. To address these issues, we present a Robust and adaptive Secure Aggregation (RaSA) protocol to guarantee robustness and privacy in the presence of non-IID data, heterogeneous system, and malicious edge servers. Specifically, we first design an adaptive weights updating strategy to address the non-IID data issue by considering the impact of both gradient similarity and gradient diversity on the model aggregation. Meanwhile, we enhance privacy protection by preventing privacy leakage from both gradients and aggregation weights. Different from previous work, we address system heterogeneity in the case of malicious attacks, and the malicious behavior from edge servers can be detected by the proposed verifiable approach. Moreover, we eliminate the influence of straggling communication links and dropouts on the model convergence by combining efficient product-coded computing with repetition-based secret sharing. Finally, we perform a theoretical analysis that proves the security of RaSA. Extensive experimental results show that RaSA can ensure model convergence without affecting the generalization ability under non-IID scenarios. Moreover, the decoding efficiency of RaSA achieves 1.33x and 6.4x faster than the state-of-the-art product-coded and one-dimensional coded computing schemes. © 2005-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Differential privacy

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Joint Watermarking and Encryption for Social Image Sharing

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第5期83卷 2927-2946页

作者： Conghuan Ye Shenglong Tan Shi Li Jun Wang Qiankun Zuo Bing Xiong School of Information Engineering Hubei University of EconomicsWuhan430205China School of Computer and Communication Engineering Changsha University of Science&TechnologyChangsha410114China

With the fast development of multimedia social platforms,content dissemination on social media platforms is becomingmore *** image sharing can also raise privacy *** encryption can protect social ***,most existing image protection methods cannot be applied to multimedia social platforms because of encryption in the spatial *** this work,the authors propose a secure social image-sharing method with watermarking/fingerprinting and ***,the fingerprint code with a hierarchical community structure is designed based on social network ***,discrete wavelet transform(DWT)from block discrete cosine transform(DCT)directly is *** that,all codeword segments are embedded into the LL,LH,and HL subbands,*** selected subbands are confused based on Game of Life(GoL),and then all subbands are diffused with singular value decomposition(SVD).Experimental results and security analysis demonstrate the security,invisibility,and robustness of our ***,the superiority of the technique is elaborated through comparison with some related image security *** solution not only performs the fast transformation from block DCT to one-level DWT but also protects users’privacy in multimedia social *** the proposed method,JPEG image secure sharing in multimedia social platforms can be ensured.

关键词： Multimedia security digital watermarking image encryption image sharing privacy protection

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NC-Load: On-Demand Program Loading and Running for Computing Sharing Among IoT Devices

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第9期12卷 12242-12256页

作者： Dong, Yanhao Duan, Sijing Lyu, Feng Zhao, Peng Zhang, Yongmin Ren, Ju Zhang, Yaoxue Central South University School of Computer Science and Engineering Hunan Changsha410083 China Tsinghua University Department of Computer Science and Technology Beijing100084 China

The number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased rapidly in recent years, but lack effective methods to integrate their computational power. In this article, we propose NC-Load, which couples IoT devices into a multiprocessor system, allowing process scheduling across different devices to share their computing power and improve overall throughput. Specifically, NC-Load consists of three key designs, i.e., remote page fault (RPF), lightweight program cropping, and identical memory layout migration, contributing to three merits compared to existing systems: 1) high storage efficiency: the target device launches the program with a locally stored lightweight icon and leverages RPFs to retrieve the required code/data from the source device;2) on-demand memory loading: only the required memory portions are transmitted when scheduling programs across different devices, which ensures quick recovery of the program;and 3) consistent memory layout: to ensure consistency of addresses after program offloading, the virtual memory area layout of the source device is migrated to the target device. We implement NC-Load on Linux 6.1 and conduct performance evaluation using unmodified programs and the N-Queens cases. The results demonstrate that NC-Load can achieve superior performance in terms of storage efficiency, program performance, memory usage, and throughput. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Multiprocessing systems

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Latency minimization for multiuser computation offloading in fog-radio access networks

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Digital communications and Networks 2025年第1期11卷 160-171页

作者： Wei Zhang Shafei Wang Ye Pan Qiang Li Jingran Lin Xiaoxiao Wu School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Cognition and Intelligent Control Beijing100089China

Recently,the Fog-Radio Access Network(F-RAN)has gained considerable attention,because of its flexible architecture that allows rapid response to user *** this paper,computational offloading in F-RAN is considered,where multiple User Equipments(UEs)offload their computational tasks to the F-RAN through fog *** UE can select one of the fog nodes to offload its task,and each fog node may serve multiple *** tasks are computed by the fog nodes or further offloaded to the cloud via a capacity-limited fronhaul *** order to compute all UEs'tasks quickly,joint optimization of UE-Fog association,radio and computation resources of F-RAN is proposed to minimize the maximum latency of all *** min-max problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Program(MINP).To tackle it,first,MINP is reformulated as a continuous optimization problem,and then the Majorization Minimization(MM)method is used to find a *** MM approach that we develop is unconventional in that each MM subproblem is solved inexactly with the same provable convergence guarantee as the exact MM,thereby reducing the complexity of MM *** addition,a cooperative offloading model is considered,where the fog nodes compress-and-forward their received signals to the *** this model,a similar min-max latency optimization problem is formulated and tackled by the inexact *** results show that the proposed algorithms outperform some offloading strategies,and that the cooperative offloading can exploit transmission diversity better than noncooperative offloading to achieve better latency performance.

关键词： Fog-radio access network Fog computing Majorization minimization WMMSE

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When Crypto Fails: Demystifying Cryptographic Defects in Ethereum Smart Contracts

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IEEE Transactions on Software engineering 2025年第5期51卷 1381-1398页

作者： Zhang, Jiashuo Chen, Jiachi Shen, Yiming Zhang, Tao Wang, Yanlin Chen, Ting Gao, Jianbo Chen, Zhong Peking University School of Computer Science Beijing100871 China Sun Yat-sen University School of Software Engineering Zhuhai510275 China Macau University of Science and Technology School of Computer Science and Engineering 999078 China University of Electronic Science and Technology of China School of Computer Science and Engineering Chengdu611731 China Kashi Institute of Electronics and Information Industry Kashi844000 China Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation Beijing100044 China

Ethereum has officially provided a set of system-level cryptographic APIs to enhance smart contracts with cryptographic capabilities. These APIs have been utilized in over 13.8% of Ethereum transactions, motivating developers to implement various on-chain cryptographic tasks, such as digital signatures. However, since developers may not always be cryptographic experts, their ad-hoc and potentially defective implementations could compromise the theoretical guarantees of cryptography, leading to real-world security issues. To mitigate this threat, we conducted a comprehensive study aimed at demystifying and detecting cryptographic defects in smart contracts. Through the analysis of 3,762 real-world security reports, we defined 12 types of cryptographic defects in smart contracts with detailed descriptions and practical detection patterns. Based on this categorization, we proposed CryptoScan, the first static analyzer to automate the pre-deployment detection of cryptographic defects in smart contracts. CryptoScan utilizes cross-contract and inter-procedure static analysis to identify crypto-related execution paths and employs taint analysis to extract fine-grained crypto-specific semantics for defect detection. Furthermore, we collected a large-scale dataset containing 79,598 real-world crypto-related smart contracts and evaluated CryptoScan's effectiveness on it. The results demonstrated that CryptoScan achieves an overall precision of 96.1% and a recall of 93.3%. Notably, CryptoScan revealed that 19,707 (24.8%) out of 79,598 smart contracts contain at least one cryptographic defect. Although not all defects directly cause financial losses, they indicate prevalent non-standard cryptographic implementations that should be addressed in real-world practices. © 1976-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Smart contract

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