The swift expansion of Low-Power Internet of Things (LP-IoT) devices has significantly impacted industries such as smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial automation. In these interconnected environments,...
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Why do humans punish free riders at their own expense? This behavior represents an evolutionary puzzle in human societies. This study explores the role of exit strategies in fostering altruistic punishment within evol...
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Why do humans punish free riders at their own expense? This behavior represents an evolutionary puzzle in human societies. This study explores the role of exit strategies in fostering altruistic punishment within evolutionary game theory. We extend the traditional prisoner's dilemma model by incorporating exiters, players who opt out for a small payoff while nullifying their opponent's payoff, and altruistic punishers who cooperate and punish non-cooperators. Our findings indicate that in well-mixed populations, exiters destabilize defection but do not promote altruistic punishment. In social networks, however,exiters enable altruistic punishment via cyclic dominance among altruistic punishers, defectors, and exiters. Notably, this cyclic dominance is sensitive to exit payoffs; adjustments can lead to cyclic dominance of non-punishing cooperators, defectors, and exiters, or to a bi-stable state between these two types of cyclic dominance. These results highlight the nuanced impact of exiters on altruistic punishment, emphasizing the need for careful incentivization of exit behavior. While exiters can support altruistic punishment in networked populations, their effectiveness is not a panacea and is highly sensitive to exit payoffs, indicating limits to the voluntary participation mechanism.
This work focuses on the temporal average of the backward Euler-Maruyama(BEM)method,which is used to approximate the ergodic limit of stochastic ordinary differential equations(SODEs).We give the central limit theorem...
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This work focuses on the temporal average of the backward Euler-Maruyama(BEM)method,which is used to approximate the ergodic limit of stochastic ordinary differential equations(SODEs).We give the central limit theorem(CLT)of the temporal average of the BEM method,which characterizes its asymptotics in *** the deviation order is smaller than the optimal strong order,we directly derive the CLT of the temporal average through that of original equations and the uniform strong order of the BEM *** the case that the deviation order equals to the optimal strong order,the CLT is established via the Poisson equation associated with the generator of original *** experiments are performed to illustrate the theoretical *** main contribution of this work is to generalize the existing CLT of the temporal average of numerical methods to that for SODEs with super-linearly growing drift coefficients.
In a hyperconnected environment, medical institutions are particularly concerned with data privacy when sharing and transmitting sensitive patient information due to the risk of data breaches, where malicious actors c...
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As the use of web browsers continues to grow, the potential for cybercrime and web-related criminal activities also increases. Digital forensic investigators must understand how different browsers function and the cri...
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This paper deals with numerical solutions for nonlinear first-order boundary value problems(BVPs) with time-variable delay. For solving this kind of delay BVPs, by combining Runge-Kutta methods with Lagrange interpola...
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This paper deals with numerical solutions for nonlinear first-order boundary value problems(BVPs) with time-variable delay. For solving this kind of delay BVPs, by combining Runge-Kutta methods with Lagrange interpolation, a class of adapted Runge-Kutta(ARK) methods are developed. Under the suitable conditions, it is proved that ARK methods are convergent of order min{p, μ+ν +1}, where p is the consistency order of ARK methods and μ, ν are two given parameters in Lagrange interpolation. Moreover, a global stability criterion is derived for ARK methods. With some numerical experiments, the computational accuracy and global stability of ARK methods are further testified.
Practical problems in scientific computation that solve differential equations rarely have explicit exact solutions. Therefore, verifying the correctness of such programs has long been a challenge due to the difficult...
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This paper illustrates how a transformation technique can be used to demonstrate the relationship among e-voting, e-auction, e-cheque, and e-cash, even though they serve distinct purposes. Initially, we examine the de...
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Online streaming feature selection has garnered widespread attention due to its efficiency and adaptability in dynamic data environments. However, existing methods primarily focus on the correlation and redundancy amo...
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Dynamic power cables transmit electricity from floating offshore renewable energy devices to seabed connections. While global numerical models are commonly used to design cable configurations, smallscale wave tank exp...
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