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Enabling Intelligent Connectivity: A Survey of Secure ISAC in 6G Networks

IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 2025年第2期27卷 748-781页

作者： Zhu, Xiaoqiang Liu, Jiqiang Lu, Lingyun Zhang, Tao Qiu, Tie Wang, Chunpeng Liu, Yuan Beijing Jiaotong University School of Software Engineering Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation Beijing100044 China Tianjin University College of Intelligence and Computing Tianjin300350 China Qilu University of Technology School of Cyber Security and the Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security Ministry of Education Jinan250353 China

The rapid growth of intelligent sensing capabilities and super computation power in 6G mobile communication systems has facilitated their application in diverse domains such as smart health, smart factories, and the industrial Internet of Things. Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), as a core technology, has merged with artificial intelligence (AI) to enable intelligent connectivity, leading to a paradigm shift in traditional communication modes. This paper presents a visionary design for an ISAC-oriented unified IoT architecture that integrates software-defined communication and super-intelligent agents. By leveraging dynamic adaptability, self-learning, and optimization, the ISAC system can intelligently and flexibly respond to evolving requirements and environments. The architecture is redefined into three layers: the hardware layer, the omniscient layer, and the application layer. Furthermore, a retrospective survey of ISAC technology development over the past decade is conducted, highlighting new design principles for AI-empowered networks and multi-modals that support "intelligent connectivity" across various application scenarios and reinforce the security of ISAC. This paper categorizes the related works according to the different layer structures of the proposed architecture, and some important physical and machine learning models are introduced. Additionally, we summarize the current technological bottlenecks associated with ISAC and propose future research directions and potential solutions that lay the foundation for the future development of secure and intelligent communication networks. © 1998-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Computer architecture

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STBA: Towards Evaluating the Robustness of DNNs for Query-Limited Black-Box Scenario

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IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 2025年 27卷 2666-2681页

作者： Liu, Renyang Lam, Kwok-Yan Zhou, Wei Wu, Sixing Zhao, Jun Hu, Dongting Gong, Mingming Yunnan University School of Information Science and Engineering Kunming650500 China Nanyang Technological University College of Computing and Data Science 639798 Singapore Yunnan University School of Software Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace Kunming650500 China University of Melbourne Melbourne Centre for Data Science School of Mathematics and Statistics ParkvilleVIC3010 Australia

Extensive studies have revealed that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, especially black-box ones, which can heavily threaten the DNNs deployed in the real world. Many attack techniques have been proposed to explore the vulnerability of DNNs and further help to improve their robustness. Despite the significant progress made recently, existing black-box attack methods still suffer from unsatisfactory performance due to the vast number of queries needed to optimize desired perturbations. Besides, the other critical challenge is that adversarial examples built in a noise-adding manner are abnormal and struggle to successfully attack robust models, whose robustness is enhanced by adversarial training against small perturbations. There is no doubt that these two issues mentioned above will significantly increase the risk of exposure and result in a failure to dig deeply into the vulnerability of DNNs. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate DNNs' fragility sufficiently under query-limited settings in a non-additional way. In this paper, we propose the Spatial Transform Black-box Attack (STBA), a novel framework to craft formidable adversarial examples in the query-limited scenario. Specifically, STBA introduces a flow field to the high-frequency part of clean images to generate adversarial examples and adopts the following two processes to enhance their naturalness and significantly improve the query efficiency: a) we apply an estimated flow field to the high-frequency part of clean images to generate adversarial examples instead of introducing external noise to the benign image, and b) we leverage an efficient gradient estimation method based on a batch of samples to optimize such an ideal flow field under query-limited settings. Compared to existing score-based black-box baselines, extensive experiments indicated that STBA could effectively improve the imperceptibility of the adversarial examples and remarkably boost the attack success rate u

关键词： Structured Query Language

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FBI-Net: Frequency Band Integration Network for Infrared Small Target Segmentation

FBI-Net: Frequency Band Integration Network for Infrared Sma...

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2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2025

作者： Xin, Biqiao Li, Qiang Mao, Qianchen Wang, Jinbao Wang, Bingshu School of Software Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data System Computing Technology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368741

Small targets in infrared imagery exhibit challenging characteristics due to their minimal semantic information and the extremely imbalanced distribution between the targets and the background. In this paper, we propose a frequency band integration network to extract salient features of infrared small targets in both the spatial and frequency domains. To excavate the high-frequency features of the small targets, we propose a frequency decoupling-fusion module. To decrease the semantic loss that occurs in deep networks, we propose a semantic injection mechanism to assist in retaining critical information from shallow layers. Experimental results show that our proposed method reaches higher prediction accuracy and robustness in the infrared small target segmentation task compared with other state-of-the-art approaches. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Feature Fusion Infrared Small Target Segmentation Semantic Injection Wavelet Transformation

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Image Tampering Detection With Frequency-Aware Attention and Multiview Fusion

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年第3期6卷 614-625页

作者： Xu, Xu Chen, Junxin Lv, Wenrui Wang, Wei Zhang, Yushu Dalian University of Technology School of Software Dalian116621 China Northeastern University School of Computer Science and Engineering Shenyang110004 China Shenzhen MSU-BIT University Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotion Intelligence and Pervasive Computing Artificial Intelligence Research Institute Shenzhen518172 China Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence Nanchang330013 China

Manipulated images are flooding our daily lives, which poses a threat to social security. Recently, many studies have focused on image tampering detection. However, they have poor performance on independent validation due to differences in image scenes and tampering methods. The key question is how to design a network that is able to adaptively enhance the tampering information and suppress the generalization features during training. To this end, we propose a dual-branch network with a frequency adaptation paradigm and a feature fusion module for robust tampering image detection. First, this paradigm is designed to adaptively highlight tampering features through frequency conversion and learnable weight. Second, a feature fusion module is developed to filter redundant features and dynamically fuse two-branch features. Experiments on eight typical datasets demonstrate that our model has advantages over state-of-the-art algorithms, and our paradigm can well empower semantic segmentation networks for tampering detection. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Semantic Segmentation

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An Empirical Study on Meta Virtual Reality Applications: Security and Privacy Perspectives

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IEEE Transactions on software engineering 2025年第5期51卷 1437-1454页

作者： Guo, Hanyang Dai, Hong-Ning Luo, Xiapu Xu, Gengyang He, Fengliang Zheng, Zibin Hong Kong Baptist University Department of Computer Science 999077 Hong Kong Sun Yat-sen University School of Software Engineering Zhuhai519082 China The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Computing 999077 Hong Kong

Virtual Reality (VR) has accelerated its prevalent adoption in emerging metaverse applications, but it is not a fundamentally new technology. On the one hand, most VR operating systems (OS) are based on off-the-shelf mobile OS (e.g., Android OS). As a result, VR apps also inevitably inherit privacy and security deficiencies from conventional mobile apps. On the other hand, in contrast to traditional mobile apps, VR apps can achieve an immersive experience via diverse VR devices, such as head-mounted displays, body sensors, and controllers. However, achieving this requires the extensive collection of privacy-sensitive human biometrics (e.g., hand-tracking and face-tracking data). Moreover, VR apps have been typically implemented by 3D gaming engines (e.g., Unity), which also contain intrinsic security vulnerabilities. Inappropriate use of these technologies may incur privacy leaks and security vulnerabilities although these issues have not received significant attention compared to the proliferation of diverse VR apps. In this paper, we develop a security and privacy assessment tool, namely the VR-SP detector for VR apps. The VR-SP detector has integrated program static analysis tools and privacy-policy analysis methods. Using the VR-SP detector, we conduct a comprehensive empirical study on 900 popular VR apps. We obtain the original apps from the popular SideQuest app store and extract Android PacKage (APK) files via the Meta Quest 2 device. We evaluate the security vulnerabilities and privacy data leaks of these VR apps through VR app analysis, taint analysis, privacy policy analysis, and user review analysis. We find that a number of security vulnerabilities and privacy leaks widely exist in VR apps. Moreover, our results also reveal conflicting representations in the privacy policies of these apps and inconsistencies of the actual data collection with the privacy-policy statements of the apps. Further, user reviews also indicate their privacy concerns about rele

关键词： Differential privacy

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Pairing-Free Blockchain-Assisted Certificateless Aggregation Signcryption Scheme for VANETs

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第11期12卷 15545-15557页

作者： Wang, Yahui Peng, Cong Jia, Xiaoying Wen, Jiaming Zhang, Yuanyuan Xinyang Normal University School of Computer and Information Technology School of Software Xinyang464000 China Wuhan University School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan430072 China South-Central Minzu University School of Mathematics and Statistics Wuhan430074 China Wuhan University Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing Ministry of Education School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan430072 China University of Wollongong Institute of Cybersecurity and Cryptology School of Computing and Information Technology WollongongNSW2522 Australia Hubei University of Technology School of computer science Wuhan430072 China

Smart vehicle applications play a crucial role in intelligent transportation systems, enabling sensor-equipped vehicles to establish dynamic networks for efficient collection, sharing, and aggregation. This significantly enhances road security and efficiency by transmitting crucial information to traffic authorities. However, partial research on certificateless aggregation signcryption (CLAS) scheme reveals an intriguing phenomenon where each proposed scheme consistently exhibits numerous security vulnerabilities, particularly susceptible to public key replacement attacks. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a blockchain-assisted certificateless aggregation sign-cryption scheme (BACLAS), leveraging blockchain technology to securely store users' public key on a distributed ledger and prevent public key replacement attacks effectively. Furthermore, it is a provably secure communication scheme for real-world Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication while addressing practical security concerns. The BACLAS scheme ensures security in terms of existential unforgeability against adaptive chosen message attacks (EUF-CMA) and indistinguishability against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks (IND-CCA2) based on the hardness assumption of the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem and computational Diffie-Hellman problem in the random oracle model. The proposed scheme effectively reduces computational costs and time consumption, resulting in a significant reduction of the computation burden ranging from 50.02% to 88.28% compared to other competitive schemes. Moreover, it successfully addresses the key-escrow problem, thereby achieving enhanced security properties. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Vehicular ad hoc networks

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A Lightweight and High-Fidelity Model for Generalized Audio-Driven 3D Talking Face Synthesis 27th

A Lightweight and High-Fidelity Model for Generalized Audi...

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27th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2024

作者： Liu, Shunce Zhong, Yuwei Wang, Huixuan Peng, Jingliang Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing University of Jinan Jinan China School of Information Science and Engineering University of Jinan Jinan China School of Software and Microelectronics Peking University Beijing China School of Software Shandong University Jinan China

ISBN: (纸本)9783031781247

We present LW-GeneFace, a lightweight and high-fidelity model for generalized audio-driven facial animation, in this paper. We develop this model by reducing the size while maintaining the synthetic quality of GeneFace, an audio-driven facial animation model known for its high fidelity and generalization capabilities. Specifically, we compress the first and the third stages of GeneFace as they dominate the model size. In the first stage, we propose a lightweight version of the WaveNet-based network inspired by MobileNetV3 and DP-block. It utilizes depthwise separable convolution and dual-path feature extraction to compress the network while maintaining effective feature extraction. The shared network structure in the dual-path feature extraction further reduces model complexity and improves training efficiency. In the third stage, we generate realistic 3D renderings at reduced model size by introducing novelties in RAD-NeRF. Technically, we reduce the hash table sizes in the grid-based encoding modules, as well as present a lightweight bottleneck MLP architecture to increase the non-linearity of the model. Experimental results demonstrate that LW-GeneFace achieves state-of-the-art performance with both model size and synthetic quality considered. The source code of LW-GeneFace will be released after acceptance of this paper. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Animation

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3DGCformer: 3-Dimensional Graph Convolutional transformer for multi-step origin–destination matrix forecasting

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Applied Intelligence 2025年第6期55卷 1-18页

作者： Huang, Yiou Deng, Hao Zhao, Shengjie School of Computer Science and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing Shanghai China Engineering Research Center of Key Software Technologies for Smart City Perception and Planning Ministry of Education Shanghai China

Forecasting Human mobility is of great significance in the simulation and control of infectious diseases like COVID-19. To get a clear picture of potential future outbreaks, it is necessary to forecast multi-step Origin–Destination (OD) matrices for a relatively long period in the future. However, multi-step Origin–Destination Matrix Forecasting (ODMF) is a non-trivial problem. First, previous ODMF models only forecast the OD matrix for the next time-step, and they cannot perform well on long-term multi-step forecasts due to error accumulation. Second, many ODMF methods capture spatial and temporal dependencies with separate modules, which is insufficient to model spatio-temporal correlations in the time-varying OD matrix sequence. To address the challenges in multi-step ODMF, we propose 3-Dimensional Graph Convolutional Transformer (3DGCformer). As an enhancement of the original 3DGCN, we propose a novel Origin–Destination Feature Propagation (ODFP) rule between 3DGCN layers and integrate 2 3DGCNs with different spatio-temporal graphs and corresponding feature propagation rules to model the formation of OD flows in a more comprehensive way. For multi-step forecasts, 3DGCformer uses Transformer to capture long-term global temporal dependency, and adapt its decoder using labeled tokens to avoid error accumulation and improve time efficiency. To avoid information loss as the number of regions increases, we propose a patch embedding approach to convert data from 3DGCNs to the Transformer module. We perform extensive experiments on 4 real-world human mobility datasets, and the results show that our proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Convolution

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ACRL-10K: A Dataset for Air Conditioner Refrigerant Leak Smoke Detection

ACRL-10K: A Dataset for Air Conditioner Refrigerant Leak Smo...

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2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2025

作者： Jiang, Yuhan Wang, Zhongyuan Hua, Jie Liang, Jinbi Xu, Zengmin National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software School of Computer Science Wuhan University Wuhan China School of Mathematics and Computing Science Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368741

In this paper, we introduce a new dataset for air conditioner refrigerant leak smoke detection, called ACRL-10K. The dataset is designed to develop algorithms for detecting refrigerant leak smoke faults during air conditioner recycling. It contains a total of 10, 724 images covering three common scenarios of air conditioner refrigerant leak: loading port, refrigerant extraction, and disassembly. All images are sourced from 656 video segments of real air conditioner recycling scenarios, captured by surveillance cameras deployed on an environmental company's recycling production line. The annotations for the refrigerant leak smoke in the images are performed by industry experts to ensure high accuracy and consistency. To the best of our knowledge, ACRL-10K is the first dataset specifically designed for refrigerant leak smoke detection. Based on the ACRL-10K dataset, we present the performance of mainstream object detectors, including the YOLO series, as a baseline to conduct the following work: 1) preliminarily summarize the challenges of using the dataset for refrigerant leak smoke detection;2) show the detection results of benchmark methods;and 3) make a comparison to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the baseline algorithms. In practice, the ACRL-10K dataset would hopefully advance research and applications in refrigerant leak early warning during air conditioner dismantling and recycling processes. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Air Conditioner Dataset Object Detection Refrigerant Leak Smoke Detection

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Three-Stage Transfer Learning with AlexNet50 for MRI Image Multi-Class Classification with Optimal Learning Rate

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Computer Modeling in engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 155-183页

作者： Suganya Athisayamani A.Robert Singh Gyanendra Prasad Joshi Woong Cho School of Computing Sastra Deemed to be UniversityThanjavur613401India Department of Computational Intelligence SRM Institute of Science and TechnologyKattankulathur603203India Department of AI and Software Engineering Kangwon National UniversitySamcheok25913Republic of Korea Department of Electronics Information and Communication EngineeringKangwon National UniversitySamcheok25913Republic of Korea

In radiology,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an essential diagnostic tool that provides detailed images of a patient’s anatomical and physiological *** is particularly effective for detecting soft tissue ***,radiologists manually interpret these images,which can be labor-intensive and time-consuming due to the vast amount of *** address this challenge,machine learning,and deep learning approaches can be utilized to improve the accuracy and efficiency of anomaly detection in MRI *** manuscript presents the use of the Deep AlexNet50 model for MRI classification with discriminative learning *** are three stages for learning;in the first stage,the whole dataset is used to learn the *** the second stage,some layers of AlexNet50 are frozen with an augmented dataset,and in the third stage,AlexNet50 with an augmented dataset with the augmented *** method used three publicly available MRI classification datasets:Harvard whole brain atlas(HWBA-dataset),the school of Biomedical engineering of Southern Medical University(SMU-dataset),and The National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospitals brain MRI dataset(NINS-dataset)for *** hyperparameter optimizers like Adam,stochastic gradient descent(SGD),Root mean square propagation(RMS prop),Adamax,and AdamW have been used to compare the performance of the learning ***-dataset registers maximum classification *** evaluated the performance of the proposed classification model using several quantitative metrics,achieving an average accuracy of 98%.

关键词： MRI tumors classification AlexNet50 transfer learning hyperparameter tuning optimizer

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