Owing to the high depth of tissue penetration, non-invasiveness, and controllability, ultrasound (US)-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has shown broad application prospects for tumor treatment. However, the electron...
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Owing to the high depth of tissue penetration, non-invasiveness, and controllability, ultrasound (US)-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has shown broad application prospects for tumor treatment. However, the electron-hole separation inefficiency of sonosensitizers and the tumor hypoxia remain two major challenges limiting the effect of SDT. Here, ultrafine photoetched bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) nanorods modified with DSPE-PEG 2000 (PEBVO@PEG NRs) were fabricated to achieve in situ self-supply of oxygen (O 2 ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for hypoxic tumor therapy. The photoetching approach could enhance the charge separation by inducing enriched oxygen vacancies on the surface of BiVO 4 , thereby improving the generation efficiency of ROS and O 2 . The PEBVO@PEG overcome the main obstacles of traditional sonosensitizers in the SDT process and show promising sonodynamic therapeutic effects, thus providing new strategies for improving the performance of sonosensitizer and hypoxic tumor elimination.
Background The sex-specific associations between birth weight and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life remain controversial. This study aimed to examine the shape of the relationship between birth we...
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Background The sex-specific associations between birth weight and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life remain controversial. This study aimed to examine the shape of the relationship between birth weight and the risk of CKD in men and women. Methods A total of 277,252 participants free of CKD at baseline from the United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) prospective cohort were included in the analysis. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the association between birth weight and the risk of incident CKD with adjustment for potential confounders. Results During a median follow-up of 11.9 years, we identified 13,030 (4.7%) CKD cases. Compared with normal birth weight (2.5–4.0 kg), low birth weight (LBW, <2.5 kg) was associated with an 11% higher risk of CKD in men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.11 [95% CI 1.01–1.21]) and a 27% higher risk of CKD in women (HR: 1.27 [1.19–1.36]) ( p for interaction = 0.02). High birth weight (HBW, >4.0 kg) was associated with an 11% lower risk of CKD (HR: 0.89 [0.83–0.95]) in men but not in women (HR: 0.96 [0.89–1.04]) ( p for interaction = 0.13). Furthermore, the LBW-CKD association was stronger in obese (HR: 1.28 [1.18–1.39]) than in nonobese participants (HR: 1.16 [1.09–1.24], p for interaction = 0.03). Conclusions We found an L-shaped relationship between birth weight and the risk of CKD in women but a linear shape in men. The LBW-CKD association was mitigated to some extent by maintaining healthy body weight in adulthood. Our findings support the notion that the CKD risk should be managed from a lifecycle perspective.
The communities that embraced data archiving efforts decades ago are now, in the era of data-driven biology, those gaining the most from the AI revolution. The structural biology community was a pioneer in this regard...
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