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14th International Conference on engineering design, ICED 2003

作者： Eckert, C.M. Clarkson, P.J. Stacey, M.K. Engineering Design Centre University of Cambridge Trumpington Street CambridgeCB2 1PZ United Kingdom School of Computing De Montfort University The Gateway LeicesterLE1 9BH United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)1904670008

design covers a wide range of human activities. It is inherently multi-facetted, multi-layered and complex. design research serves the dual purpose of understanding the phenomenon of design and improving particular aspects of design. Understanding design requires multidisciplinary research drawing on such diverse fields as psychology, sociology and computer science. This paper proposes a framework with in which design research can be carried out in big research teams. It contains eight major stages. Four fundamental research efforts drawing on different domains (Empirical studies of design behaviour, Development of theory, Development of tools and procedures, Introduction of tools and procedures) and emphasis the important of separate evaluation after each stage. Individual projects can contain any number of these stages, provided the researchers are aware of the bigger picture. The paper concludes with a comparison with DRM.

关键词： Empirical study Process Research methodology

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A methodology for comparing design processes 14

A methodology for comparing design processes

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14th International Conference on engineering design, ICED 2003

作者： Stacey, Martin Earl, Christopher Eckert, Claudia O'Donovan, Brendan School of Computing De Montfort University The Gateway LeicesterLE1 9BH United Kingdom Department of Design and Innovation Open University Walton Hall Milton KeynesMK7 6AA United Kingdom Engineering Design Centre Department of Engineering Cambridge University Trumpington Street CambridgeCB2 1PZ United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)1904670008

We gain insights into design processes by recognising similarities to other processes, often in radically different industries. The crucial determinants of what happens are characteristics shared with some other design processes. But there is no way to draw on comparisons beyond one's own experience. We are developing a programme of comparative design research that aims to map the similarities and differences between design processes, and develop a deeper understanding of how and why design is done differently in different industries, and how effective practices can be transferred between industries. In this paper we outline a methodology for creating analyses of design processes that facilitates both cross-process comparisons and the integration of different analytical perspectives on design. The analyst draws on a catalogue of previous design process descriptions for useful concepts, to map processes as a network of participants and activities and the relationships between them, and describe the causal relationships between the properties of the participants, activities and relationships.

关键词： design

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SWARD: Decision support processes for the UK water industry

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Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 2003年第4期14卷 444-459页

作者： Butler, D. Jowitt, P. Mcilkenny, G. Cavill, S. Ashley, R. Smith, H. Gouda, H. Blackwood, D. Gilmour, D. Davies, J. Oltean-Dumbrava, C. Foxon, T. Leach, M. Pearson, P. Samson, W. Souter, N. Hendry, S. Moir, J. Bouchart, F. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Imperial College London United Kingdom Department of Civil and Offshore Engineering Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh United Kingdom Pennine Water Group School of Engineering Design and Technology University of Bradford Bradford United Kingdom Urban Water Technology Centre University of Abertay Dundee Dundee United Kingdom School of Science and the Environment Coventry University Coventry United Kingdom School of Science and Engineering University of Abertay Dundee Dundee United Kingdom Department of Environmental Science and Technology Imperial College London United Kingdom School of Computing University of Abertay Dundee Dundee United Kingdom Scottish Waste Awareness ECAMPS Sterling United Kingdom Law Division Business School University of Abertay Dundee Dundee United Kingdom School of Social and Health Sciences University of Abertay Dundee Dundee United Kingdom Department of Civil Engineering University of Calgary Calgary Canada

In industrialised countries water service providers (WSPs) must provide an appropriate level of service with an acceptable performance at an acceptable cost to customers. In the UK a move towards sustainable development is now also a major goal for WSPs. However, the imposition of institutional systems and regulatory targets still encourage the adoption of less sustainable technologies or solutions by the water industry. It is within this context, that the Sustainable Water industry Asset Resource Decisions (SWARD) project has developed a set of decision support processes that allow WSPs to assess the relative sustainability of water/wastewater system asset development decisions. A Guidebook has been produced that takes the WSP and its stakeholders through the processes essential to incorporating sustainability in asset investment decision-making. Several case studies that demonstrate the SWARD principles in application are included within the Guidebook, the experience of which is described in this paper. © 2003, MCB UP Limited

关键词： Decision making Sustainable development United Kingdom Water industry

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Noninvasive Measurement Techniques for Monitoring of Microvascular Function in the Diabetic Foot

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The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 2002年第3期1卷 161-169页

作者： Cobb, J. Claremont, D. Academic Biomedical Engineering Research Group(ABERG) School of Design Engineering and Computing Bournemouth University Poole Dorset United Kingdom

There are, currently, 3 established clinical techniques routinely employed to determine the risk of ulceration in the diabetic foot. These are assessment of the circulation, the nervous control of sensation, and foot sensitivity to loading. Macrovascular measurements are used to assess sufficiency of the arterial supply to the foot. Evaluation of somatic neuropathy provides an indication of loss of plantar sensation. Skin pressure measurements indicate abnormalities in plantar loading. This combined approach is effective in allowing preventative measures to be applied prior to the onset of ulceration. In contrast, clinical measurement of microvascular function in the diabetic foot is uncommon. Indeed, there remains uncertainty regarding the importance of micro-vascular complications in the development of foot ulcers. This is in part due to the difficulty of making in vivo measurements of microvascular function. This article evaluates 3 noninvasive measurement techniques for routine micro-vascular assessment of the diabetic foot: transcutaneous oxygen tension, laser Doppler flowmetry, and near-infrared spectroscopy. These techniques can be used to obtain useful parameters of microvascular function including surface oxygen, blood flow, intracellular oxygenation, and cellular respiration. In principle, such measurements can be related to underlying pathophysiology, for example, microangiopathy or autonomic neuropathy. This article considers how these general techniques can be adapted to support routine clinical measurement of microvascular function, particularly in the neuropathic diabetic foot. © 2002, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

关键词： blood flow diabetic foot laser Doppler flowmetry microcirculation near infrared spectroscopy transcutaneous oxygen tension

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The effect of the visual-auditory dimension of cognitive style

The effect of the visual-auditory dimension of cognitive sty...

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International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces

作者： D. John A. Boucouvalas School of Design Engineering and Computing Bournemouth University Poole UK

This paper is concerned with the effect that the visual-auditory dimension of cognitive style has on users of multimedia systems. The relative performance of users cannot be explained by examining their cognitive style classification that is calculated by a purely visual test. Therefore an extension to the visual classification is proposed that reflects the way individuals' perceive information that is presented using both audio and video. This paper reviews the visual definition of cognitive style and the auditory dimension. Then the performance of subjects in a series of experiments is analysed to assess whether the new definition of cognitive style explains their behaviour.

关键词： Multimedia systems Performance analysis Multimedia communication Multimedia computing design engineering Humans Automatic testing Information technology

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Discipline-Based Study Skills Support for First-Year Undergraduate Students

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Active Learning in Higher Education 2002年第1期3卷 24-39页

作者： Durkin, Kathy Main, Andrew Media School Talbot Campus Dorset BH12 5BB Fern Barrow Poole United Kingdom School of Design Engineering and Computing Talbot Campus Dorset BH12 5BB Fern Barrow Poole United Kingdom

Universities are expected to align their programmes with the new Quality Assurance Agency National Qualifications framework by the start of the academic year 2003ã¢â‚¬â€œ2004 (QAA 01). QAA have identified a number of ã¢â‚¬Ëœintellectã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ã¢â‚¬Ëœtransferableã¢â‚¬â„¢ skills in their guidelines, which they regard as essential to develop atall levels of higher education. They define ã¢â‚¬Ëœintellectã¢â‚¬â„¢ skills as including analysis, synthesis, evaluation and problem-solving. Transferable skills include communication (oral and written), teamwork, research skills, etc. This article argues that these skills can be developed through study skills support and considers the potential benefits of different approaches to academic study skills support for undergraduate students. © 2002, SAGE Publications. All rights reserved.

关键词： experience learning person world relationship variation

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User performance with audio: The effect of subjects' cognitive styles

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Educational Psychology 2002年第2期22卷 133-147页

作者： John, David Boucouvalas, Anthony School of Design Engineering and Computing Bournemouth University United Kingdom

This work is concerned with the issue of user performance with audio interfaces. We examine how people perform when assigned with simple purely audio tasks. We define 'user performance' as the ratio of correct score divided by the time to complete the task. A test was devised to examine how the user cognitive style classification is related to user performance when dealing with audio tasks. Performance was significantly different between all tasks except for two cases. Subjects performed best where the level of cognitive demands placed on them were low and prefer tasks that use 'Speech', rather than 'Non-Speech'. Cognitive style was not found to be a significant factor influencing performance where all subjects performed well, but subjects' Verbal-Imagery classification was found to be a significant factor for the more complex tasks. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

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Future evolution of network technologies

Future evolution of network technologies

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International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces

作者： A.C. Boucouvalas School of Design Engineering and Computing Multimedia Communications Research Group Boumemouth University Poole UK

ISBN: (纸本)9539676959

Currently and within the last few tens of years we are experiencing the effects of computer connectivity made possible via networks and the Internet. The social changes this is bringing to our lives are or soon will be felt. The author considers the future evolution of network technology, including mobile communications and broadband.

关键词： Space technology Multimedia communication Multimedia systems Multimedia computing design engineering Productivity Refrigeration Internet telephony TV Computer networks

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Throughput and delay analysis of IEEE 802.11 protocol

Throughput and delay analysis of IEEE 802.11 protocol

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IEEE International Workshop on Networked Appliances

作者： P. Chatzimisios V. Vitsas A.C. Boucouvalas Multimedia Communications Research Group School of Design Engineering and Computing Bournemouth University Dorset UK

ISBN: (纸本)0780376862

Wireless technologies in the LAN environment are becoming increasingly important. The IEEE 802.11 standard is the most mature technology for wireless local area networks (WLANs). The performance of the medium access control (MAC) layer, which consists of distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF), has been examined over the past years. We present an analytical model to compute the saturated throughput of 802.11 protocol in the absence of hidden stations and transmission errors. A throughput analysis is carried out in order to study the performance of 802.11 DCF. Using the analytical model, we develop a frame delay analysis under traffic conditions that correspond to the maximum load that the network can support in stable conditions. The behaviour of the exponential backoff algorithm used in 802.11 is also examined.

关键词： Throughput Delay Access protocols Wireless LAN Analytical models Local area networks Media Access Protocol Error analysis Performance analysis Telecommunication traffic

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Performance analysis of the collision avoidance procedure of the advanced infrared (AIr) CSMA/CA protocol for wireless LANs

Performance analysis of the collision avoidance procedure of...

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IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology (VTC)

作者： V. Vitsas A.C. Boucouvalas Multimedia Communications Research Group School of Design Engineering and Computing Boumemouth University Poole Dorset UK

The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) advanced infrared (AIr) protocol for indoor optical wireless LAN is examined. AIr medium access control (MAC) layer utilizes a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme to coordinate medium access. To deal with hidden stations, AIr employs a request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) reservation scheme and a long collision avoidance slot (CAS) duration that includes the beginning of the receiver's CTS packet. AIr employs linear adjustment of the contention window (CW) size to minimize delays emerging from the long CAS duration. This paper develops an analytical model for the collision avoidance scheme of the AIr protocol that computes throughput performance assuming error free transmissions and a fixed number of stations. The model is validated by comparing analysis with simulation results. By differentiating the throughput equation, the optimum CW size that maximises throughput as a function of the number of the transmitting stations is derived. In the case of the AIr protocol where a collision lasts exactly one CAS, different conclusions result for maximum throughput as compared with the corresponding conclusions for the similar IEEE 802.11 protocol. By employing the analytical model, throughput performance for various parameter values is evaluated. The proposed linear CW adjustment is very effective in minimizing delays emerging from empty slots and collisions during the contention period. Linear CW adjustment combined with the long CAS duration provides an effective protection from collisions caused by hidden stations and offers an attractive collision avoidance scheme.

关键词： Performance analysis Collision avoidance Multiaccess communication Wireless application protocol Wireless LAN Throughput Content addressable storage Analytical models Access protocols Optical receivers

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