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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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Towards ‘verifying’ a water treatment system

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Wang, Jingyi Jun, Sun Jia, Yifan Qin, Shengchao Xu, Zhiwu Singapore University of Technology and Design School of Computing Media and the Arts Teesside University College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Shenzhen University TUV-SUD Asia Pacific Pte Ltd Singapore

Modeling and verifying real-world cyber-physical systems is challenging, which is especially so for complex systems where manually modeling is infeasible. In this work, we report our experience on combining model learning and abstraction refinement to analyze a challenging system, i.e., a real-world Secure Water Treatment system (SWaT). Given a set of safety requirements, the objective is to either show that the system is safe with a high probability (so that a system shutdown is rarely triggered due to safety violation) or not. As the system is too complicated to be manually modeled, we apply latest automatic model learning techniques to construct a set of Markov chains through abstraction and refinement, based on two long system execution logs (one for training and the other for testing). For each probabilistic safety property, we either report it does not hold with a certain level of probabilistic confidence, or report that it holds by showing the evidence in the form of an abstract Markov chain. The Markov chains can subsequently be implemented as runtime monitors in SWaT. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Embedded systems

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Numerical investigation of solitary wave action on tworectangular boxes with a narrow gap

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2016年第12期35卷 89-99页

作者： NING Dezhi SU Xiaojie ZHAO Ming State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics University of Western Sydney Penrith NSW 2751 Australia CCCC Tianjin Port and Waterway Prospection and Design Research Institute CO. LTD Tianjin 300042 China

Based on the time-domain higher-order boundary element method(HOBEM), a two-dimensional numerical wave flume is developed to investigate solitary wave interaction with two rectangular boxes with a narrow *** the numerical model, the fully nonlinear boundary conditions are satisfied on the free surface, the mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian method is adopted to track the transient water surface and the fourth-order Runga-Kutta method is used to predict the velocity potential and wave elevation on the free surface. The acceleration potential technique is used to compute the transient wave forces along the wetted object surface. A piston-type wavemaker is used to generate solitary waves. The proposed model is validated by comparing the simulated wave run-up and the wave loads with the published experimental and numerical results of the reflection of a solitary wave from a vertical wall. Then, numerical experiments are performed to study the effects of the narrow gap and the size of each box on the wave run-ups at the two sides of the two-box system and in the narrow gap between two boxes, and the wave loads on the two boxes. The interaction between double solitary waves with a time interval between them with a two-box system is also investigated.

关键词： narrow gap numerical wave flume solitary wave wave force higher-order boundary element method

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Accelerating Cell Dynamics Simulations of Soft Materials using CUDA-GPU

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Materials Today: Proceedings 2017年第1期4卷 75-86页

作者： Hamidreza Soltani Dung Q. Ly Waqar Ahmed School of Physical Sciences and Computing University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2YF UK School of Engineering and Design Brunel University west London UB8 3PH UK Institute of Nanotechnology and Bioengineerin University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2YF UK

Soft materials are a highly demanded class of research for predicting the characteristics of phase separation and self-assembly into nanoscale structures. One of the most well-known methods to demonstrate and simulate dynamic behavior of particles, such as particle tracking, and to consider different effects of simulation parameters is cell dynamic simulation. In fact, cell dynamic simulation as a cellular computerization can be used to investigate different aspects of morphological topographies of soft material system. To achieve accurate and efficient computational results for cell dynamic simulation method, two factors are essential and vital: first, computing/calculating time-scale; and second, simulation system size. Consequently, finding available computing algorithms and resources such as sequential algorithm for implementing a complex technique and achieving precise results is critical and expensive. Therefore, it is very important to consider a parallel algorithm and programming model to solve time-consuming and massive computational processing. This paper presents a novel GPU-based parallel acceleration approach to cell dynamics simulations (CDS) for a spherical phase diblock copolymer under a shear flow. A new achievement is based on a commodity NVIDIA Quadro K5000 graphic card and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) C language.

关键词： Cell dynamics simulation Graphics processing unit CUDA Speed-up Occupancy

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Fins integrated phase change material for solar photovoltaic for South East United Kingdom

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2019年第1期2149卷

作者： Sourav Khanna Preeti Singh Sanjeev Newar Vashi Sharma Tapas K. Mallick Jovana Radulovic Rinat Khusainov David Hutchinson Victor Becerra 1School of Energy and Electronic Engineering University of Portsmouth Portsmouth PO1 3DJ UK 2Simulate Learning Solutions Pvt. Ltd. IIT Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India 3Department of Industrial and Management Engineering IIT Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India 4Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India 5Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn TR10 9FE UK 6School of Mechanical and Design Engineering University of Portsmouth Portsmouth PO1 3DJ UK 7School of Computing University of Portsmouth Portsmouth PO1 3DJ UK 8Faculty of Technology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth PO1 3AH UK

The temperature rise degrades the power of solar cells. The use of phase change material (PCM) is a self-regulatory process of upgrading the performance. Fins can additionally upgrade the performance. A photovoltaic (PV) equipped with fins embedded PCM is modelled in Fluent. Three arrangements: PV with no temperature management, PCM equipped PV and fins embedded PCM for PV are compared for South East UK. The outcomes convey that, for summers at Portsmouth (50.80°N, 1.09°W), the aggregated daily electrical output of a 4000Wp photovoltaic array can be elevated by 1200Wh and 1400Wh using phase change material and fins embedded phase change material respectively.

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Visuospatial skill learning for robots

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Ahmadzadeh, S. Reza Mastrogiovanni, Fulvio Kormushev, Petar School of Interactive Computing Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA United States Department of Informatics Bioengineering Robotics and Systems Engineering University of Genova via Opera Pia 13 Genova16145 Italy Dyson School of Design Engineering Imperial College London LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom

A novel skill learning approach is proposed that allows a robot to acquire human-like visuospatial skills for object manipulation tasks. Visuospatial skills are attained by observing spatial relationships among objects through demonstrations. The proposed Visuospatial Skill Learning (VSL) is a goal-based approach that focuses on achieving a desired goal configuration of objects relative to one another while maintaining the sequence of operations. VSL is capable of learning and generalizing multi-operation skills from a single demonstration, while requiring minimum prior knowledge about the objects and the environment. In contrast to many existing approaches, VSL offers simplicity, efficiency and user-friendly human-robot interaction. We also show that VSL can be easily extended towards 3D object manipulation tasks, simply by employing point cloud processing techniques. In addition, a robot learning framework, VSL-SP, is proposed by integrating VSL, Imitation Learning, and a conventional planning method. In VSL-SP, the sequence of performed actions are learned using VSL, while the sensorimotor skills are learned using a conventional trajectory-based learning approach. such integration easily extends robot capabilities to novel situations, even by users without programming ability. In VSL-SP the internal planner of VSL is integrated with an existing action-level symbolic planner. Using the underlying constraints of the task and extracted symbolic predicates, identified by VSL, symbolic representation of the task is updated. Therefore the planner maintains a generalized representation of each skill as a reusable action, which can be used in planning and performed independently during the learning phase. The proposed approach is validated through several real-world *** Codes 68T40 Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Demonstrations

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Heat transfer performance of buried extremely long ground-coupled heat exchangers with concentric pipes

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Energy Procedia 2017年 143卷 106-111页

作者： Guosheng Jia John C. Chai Cong Zhou Min Zhao Zeyu Tao Lianying Zhang Xiaohu Yang Xiangzhao Meng Liwen Jin Group of Building Environment and Sustainability Technology Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Building Environment and Energy School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China Department of Engineering and Technology School of Computing and Engineering University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK Shanghai CCI Energy Investment Co. Ltd. Shanghai 200030 China China Northwest Architecture Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd. Xi’an 710016 China

This study focuses on the heat transfer between the vertical concentric tubes buried underground and the medium-deep rock-soil geothermal energy. The numerical simulation based on an in-house FORTRAN computation program was performed to analyze the mechanism of heat exchange underground. The program was shown to predict the test results of outlet water temperature and heat gain very well under the corresponding operating conditions when engineering data of an actual geothermal well were obtained to validate the numerical scheme. The effects of inlet water temperature and flow rate on the heat exchanger performance were also analyzed in detail. The comparison indicated that the present numerical scheme is able to predict the heat transfer performance of extremely long ground-coupled heat exchanger subject to various geothermal conditions.

关键词： Heat transfer performance Concentric tube heat exchanger FORTRAN program Geothermal

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The Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS)

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Bilic, Patrick Christ, Patrick Li, Hongwei Bran Vorontsov, Eugene Ben-Cohen, Avi Kaissis, Georgios Szeskin, Adi Jacobs, Colin Mamani, Gabriel Efrain Humpire Chartrand, Gabriel Lohöfer, Fabian Holch, Julian Walter Sommer, Wieland Hofmann, Felix Hostettler, Alexandre Lev-Cohain, Naama Drozdzal, Michal Amitai, Michal Marianne Vivanti, Refael Sosna, Jacob Ezhov, Ivan Sekuboyina, Anjany Navarro, Fernando Kofler, Florian Paetzold, Johannes C. Shit, Suprosanna Hu, Xiaobin Lipková, Jana Rempfler, Markus Piraud, Marie Kirschke, Jan Wiestler, Benedikt Zhang, Zhiheng Hülsemeyer, Christian Beetz, Marcel Ettlinger, Florian Antonelli, Michela Bae, Woong Bellver, Míriam Bi, Lei Chen, Hao Chlebus, Grzegorz Dam, Erik B. Dou, Qi Fu, Chi-Wing Georgescu, Bogdan Giró-I-Nieto, Xavier Gruen, Felix Han, Xu Heng, Pheng-Ann Hesser, Jürgen Moltz, Jan Hendrik Igel, Christian Isensee, Fabian Jäger, Paul Jia, Fucang Kaluva, Krishna Chaitanya Khened, Mahendra Kim, Ildoo Kim, Jae-Hun Kim, Sungwoong Kohl, Simon Konopczynski, Tomasz Kori, Avinash Krishnamurthi, Ganapathy Li, Fan Li, Hongchao Li, Junbo Li, Xiaomeng Lowengrub, John Ma, Jun Maier-Hein, Klaus Maninis, Kevis-Kokitsi Meine, Hans Merhof, Dorit Pai, Akshay Perslev, Mathias Petersen, Jens Pont-Tuset, Jordi Qi, Jin Qi, Xiaojuan Rippel, Oliver Roth, Karsten Sarasua, Ignacio Schenk, Andrea Shen, Zengming Torres, Jordi Wachinger, Christian Wang, Chunliang Weninger, Leon Wu, Jianrong Xu, Daguang Yang, Xiaoping Yu, Simon Chun-Ho Yuan, Yading Yue, Miao Zhang, Liping Cardoso, Jorge Bakas, Spyridon Braren, Rickmer Heinemann, Volker Pal, Christopher Tang, An Kadoury, Samuel Soler, Luc van Ginneken, Bram Greenspan, Hayit Joskowicz, Leo Menze, Bjoern Department of Informatics Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Quantitative Biomedicine University of Zurich Switzerland Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal Canada Department of Medical Imaging Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen Netherlands Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel-Aviv University Israel Germany Pattern Analysis and Learning Group Department of Radiation Oncology Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany Philips Research China Philips China Innovation Campus Shanghai China School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences King0s College London London United Kingdom Institute for AI in Medicine Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Computer Science Guangdong University of Foreign Studies China Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Germany Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Klinikum Rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital Nanjing University Medical School China Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg Germany Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School United States School of Computer Science and Engineering The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel University of Pennsylvania PA United States Pte. Ltd. Singapore Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab Department of Engineering Design Indian Institute of Technology Madras India Sensetime Shanghai China Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania United States Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PA United States Co. Ltd China MontréalQC Canada Department of Radiology Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine University of Montréal

In this work, we report the set-up and results of the Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS), which was organized in conjunction with the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) 2017 and the International Conferences on Medical Image computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2017 and 2018. The image dataset is diverse and contains primary and secondary tumors with varied sizes and appearances with various lesion-to-background levels (hyper-/hypo-dense), created in collaboration with seven hospitals and research institutions. Seventy-five submitted liver and liver tumor segmentation algorithms were trained on a set of 131 computed tomography (CT) volumes and were tested on 70 unseen test images acquired from different patients. We found that not a single algorithm performed best for both liver and liver tumors in the three events. The best liver segmentation algorithm achieved a Dice score of 0.963, whereas, for tumor segmentation, the best algorithms achieved Dices scores of 0.674 (ISBI 2017), 0.702 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.739 (MICCAI 2018). Retrospectively, we performed additional analysis on liver tumor detection and revealed that not all top-performing segmentation algorithms worked well for tumor detection. The best liver tumor detection method achieved a lesion-wise recall of 0.458 (ISBI 2017), 0.515 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.554 (MICCAI 2018), indicating the need for further research. LiTS remains an active benchmark and resource for research, e.g., contributing the liver-related segmentation tasks in http://***/. In addition, both data and online evaluation are accessible via ***. © 2019, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Deep learning

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A tailor-made learning environment workspace for generation y graduates using product service system concept

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and engineering 2019年第1期705卷

作者： S Akmal R H Hambali S Maidin M R Shahmir S A Abdul Shukor Center for Advanced Computing Technology Institut Pengurusan Teknologi dan Keusahawanan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia. Centre of Smart System and Innovative Design Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia. Perodua Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. Lot 1896 Sungei Choh 48009 Rawang Selangor Malaysia. School of Mechatronic Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis 02600 Perlis Malaysia

This paper presents a workspace design of a tailor-made learning environment for students using the product-service systems (PSS) concept. Existing research regarding workspace design focuses on the design of the interior of classrooms to ensure that the learning process proceeds with minimum stress and maximum effectiveness. None of the current research had discussed the workspace outside of the classroom. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to propose a learning environment workspace in which students can gather, study, relax, socialize, eat, and work during class gaps. For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed to identify the behavior of the users to generate a list of requirements in the development of the learning workspace. This paper focused on students at the engineering Faculty and the learning environment workspace was called the OneForAll Center. Out of 10 functions of the proposed OneForAll Center, only four functions had the highest priority: a space to use a laptop and internet connection, a television, a vending machine and a printing section. The OneForAll Center has been illustrated in a 3D model and shown to the students, in which most of them agreed with the proposed services and facilities such as a space to use the laptop and internet connection and a printing section with a printing service. The OneForAll Center has been identified as a solution to improve learning outside the classroom, specifically to the provision of services to students.

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Collective Behavior of Self-propelled Particles in the presence of moving obstacles

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Materials Today: Proceedings 2017年第1期4卷 65-74页

作者： Israr Ahmed Dung Q. Ly Waqar Ahmed School of Physical Sciences and Computing University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE UK Department of Mathematics Shah Abdul Latif University khairpur Pakistan School of Engineering and Design Brunel University London Kingston Lane Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH UK School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE UK

The concept of self-propelled particles are widely used to various applications of bio nanotechnology, thus by exploiting this strategy they can be further designed as a strategy to enhance target specific drug delivery. Self-propelled particles can show important non equilibrium behaviour, and how they interact with moving obstacles has remained an open problem. In this work we introduce a new model which investigates the collective behaviour of the self-propelled particles in the presence of moving obstacles in heterogeneous medium. Effect of obstacle density, avoidance radius, and noise on the collective motion of the self-propelled particles is investigated. The findings of this study suggested that, with the smaller noise there was cohesion in the system and particles exhibited cluster formation whereas in the case of higher noise particles showed loss of cohesion and there existed no collective motion. Variations in the avoidance radius and obstacle density brought non-monotonic behaviour in the system.

关键词： Self-propelled particles Collective motion Moving obstacles

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