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Urban resilience: two diverging interpretations

Journal of Urbanism 2015年第3期8卷 222-240页

作者： Caputo, Silvio Caserio, Maria Coles, Richard Jankovic, Ljubomir Gaterell, Mark R. Department of the Built Environment Architecture and Building Faculty of Engineering & Computing Coventry University Coventry United Kingdom School of Architecture Faculty of The Arts Design and Media Birmingham City University Birmingham United Kingdom Low Impact Buildings Centre Faculty of Engineering & Computing Coventry University Coventry United Kingdom

This paper uses two diverging interpretations of resilience to review and assess current UK policies and guidelines for urban resilience, a term generally associated with the strength of key systems and cities and their capability to maintain functionality in the face of external shocks. Both developed in scientific studies, the first interpretation (engineering resilience) is based on a mechanistic model of systems that can recover their original state aftershocks, and the second (ecological resilience) is based on an evolutionary model enabling adaptation to disturbances. Through a literature review, practical applications to planning are discussed for each model in terms of long-term efficacy. The contribution of this paper to an understanding of urban resilience is therefore twofold. First, an identification of the long-term consequences on the built environment of the policies associated with each model is provided, with the mechanical model ultimately hindering, and the ecological model favouring, adaptation. Second, some approaches to generate effective responses to environmental and societal change are identified, together with enabling tools. Ultimately, this paper emphasizes that the idea of a resilient city is fit for this age characterized by uncertainty, although it requires the recognition within planning practice that urban adaptation cannot be attained with current methodologies, and that much can be learned from theories on the resilience of ecosystems. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.

关键词： urban adaptability urban resilience urban systems

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Digital sketching and haptic sketch modelling during product design and development

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International Journal of Product Development 2015年第3期20卷 239-263页

作者： Evans, Mark Pei, Eujin Cheshire, David Graham, Ian Loughborough Design School Loughborough University LoughboroughLE11 3TU United Kingdom Department of Design Brunel University London UxbridgeUB8 3PH United Kingdom Faculty of Computing Engineering and Science Staffordshire University Stoke-on-TrentST4 2DE United Kingdom Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Loughborough University LoughboroughLE11 3TU United Kingdom

During the practice of industrial design, digital methods are used to support the generation, development and specification of creative three dimensional (3D) form. Despite the increasing capabilities of digital methods, the distinctive nuances of current practice continue to use non-digital methods, particularly during the creative concept generation activities. This paper reports on a research project that combined emerging and established digital design technologies to define an approach for total 'Digital Industrial design' (DID) that employs only digital methods (e.g. no pens/paper) with no post-process finishing (e.g. smoothing/painting of rapid prototype parts). The paper concludes that DID has the greatest potential for change and benefit during concept generation, where haptic feedback modelling and monochrome 3D printing have the capacity to replicate some of the qualities of tactile formgiving associated with workshop-based sketch modelling. To maximise impact, the case study was translated into in a web-based resource. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Product design

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Haptic Interfaces for Compensating Dynamics of Rescue Walking Robots

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Procedia Computer Science 2015年 65卷 218-224页

作者： Octavian Melinte Luige Vladareanu Radu A. Munteanu Hongnian Yu Romanian Academy Institute of Solid Mechanics 15 C-tin Mille Street Bucharest 010141 Romania Technical University of Cluj-Napoca 15 C-tin Daicoviciu Cluj-Napoca Romania School of Design Engineering and Computing Bournemouth University Poole Dorset BH12 5BB UK

This paper presents a Neural Network approach to compensate dynamic terms, friction force in particular, of a rescue walking robot used in haptic interfaces. The impedance control through dynamic compensation of the friction force is studied, followed by the implementation of neural intelligent networks in the feed-forward loop in order to eliminate the corresponding terms in the dynamics, friction force in particular. The friction force model is analyzed using a general compensation method after which a trained Multi-Layer Neural Network is introduced in order to obtain an accurate friction model so that the movement of the walking robot feels free and unconstraint.

关键词： walking robot control intelligent control methods haptic interfaces neural networks

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A pre-operational study magnification measurement and error estimation of residual tibia kinematics within below knee prosthetics 4

A pre-operational study magnification measurement and error ...

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4th International Conference on engineering Optimization, ENGOPT 2014

作者： Breen, Alex Dupac, Mihai Noroozi, Siamak Osborne, Neil School of Design Engineering and Computing Bournemouth University Bournemouth United Kingdom Anglo-European College of Chiropractic Bournemouth United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781138027251

Historically the measurement of vertical displacement (pistoning) of residual limb bones has been performed with markers placed on the surface of the socket and skin. This attempts to infer positional changes externally or within a simulated gait cycle, using static positions utilising static x-rays to visualise the movement of the bone itself. In this study the design optimisation of a biomedical experiment to quantify the movement of residual bones post amputation within the socket of their prosthesis is considered. A videofluoroscopic imaging protocol for the stump and socket of lower limb amputees is presented in an attempt to generate accurate and reliable data for stump/socket kinematics from images acquired at sub-second intervals. The protocol combines the above techniques to produce measurements of displacement that account for the distortion effects of medical imaging;that is, magnification errors and systematic errors generated by rotational motion out-of-plane to the imaging.A statistical analysis of these images is considered to quantify any difference in measurement when a 90° rotation of the stump and socket is performed. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

关键词： Bone

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Model checking with fairness assumptions using PAT

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2014年第1期8卷 1-16页

作者： Yuanjie SI Jun SUN Yang LIU Jin Song DONG Jun PANG Shao Jie ZHANG Xiaohu YANG College of Computer Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China Information System Technology and Design Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore 138682 Singapore School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 5ingapore School of Computing National University of Singapore Singapore 117417 Singapore Faculty of Science Technology and Communication University of Luxembourg Luxembourg L- 1359 Luxembourg

Recent development on distributed systems has shown that a variety of fairness constraints （some of which are only recently defined） play vital roles in designing self- stabilizing population protocols. Existing model checkers are deficient in verifying the systems as only limited kinds of fair- ness are supported with limited verification efficiency. In this work, we support model checking of distributed systems in the toolkit PAT （process analysis toolkit）, with a variety of fairness constraints （e.g., process-level weak/strong fairness, event-level weak/strong fairness, strong global fairness）. It performs on-the-fly verification against linear temporal prop- erties. We show through empirical evaluation （on recent pop- ulation protocols as well as benchmark systems） that PAT has advantage in model checking with fairness. Previously un- known bugs have been revealed against systems which are designed to function only with strong global fairness.

关键词： model checking fairness PAT verification tool,formal methods

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Towards verification of computation orchestration

Towards verification of computation orchestration

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作者： Dong, Jin Song Liu, Yang Sun, Jun Zhang, Xian School of Computing National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore Singapore

Recently, a promising programming model called Orc has been proposed to support a structured way of orchestrating distributed Web Services. Orc is intuitive because it offers concise constructors to manage concurrent communication, time-outs, priorities, failure of Web Services or communication and so forth. The semantics of Orc is precisely defined. However, there is no automatic verification tool available to verify critical properties against Orc programs. Our goal is to verify the orchestration programs (written in Orc language) which invoke web services to achieve certain goals. To investigate this problem and build useful tools, we explore in two directions. Firstly, we define a Timed Automata semantics for the Orc language, which we prove is semantically equivalent to the operational semantics of Orc. Consequently, Timed Automata models are systematically constructed from Orc programs. The practical implication is that existing tool supports for Timed Automata, e.g., Uppaal, can be used to simulate and model check Orc programs. An experimental tool has been implemented to automate this approach. Secondly, we start with encoding the operational semantics of Orc language in Constraint Logic Programming (CLP), which allows a systematic translation from Orc to CLP. Powerful constraint solvers like CLP(R) are then used to prove traditional safety properties and beyond, e.g., reachability, deadlock-freeness, lower or upper bound of a time interval, etc. Counterexamples are generated when properties are not satisfied. Furthermore, the stepwise execution traces can be automatically generated as the simulation steps. The two different approaches give an insight into the verification problem of Web Service orchestration. The Timed Automata approach has its merits in visualized simulation and efficient verification supported by the well developed tools. On the other hand, the CPL approach gives better expressiveness in both modeling and verification. The two approaches

关键词： Web services

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Fault-tolerant gait a quadruped robot with partially fault legs 10

Fault-tolerant gait a quadruped robot with partially fault l...

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10th UKACC International Conference on Control, CONTROL 2014

作者： Chen, Xianbao Qi, Chenkun Gao, Feng Tian, Xinghua Zhao, Xianchao Yu, Hongnian School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China School of Design Engineering and Computing Bournemouth University Poole DorsetBH12 5BB United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9781479950119

Legged robots have greater capability to traverse irregular terrains. However, one of the most common problems is the failure of the actuators when the robot is working in remote. Fault-tolerant gait about one fault actuator can be found. This paper proposes another algorithm for more than one fault actuators. The degree-of-freedoms (DOFs) of the robot body are divided into two parts: the major DOFs, which are critical in performing a gait;and secondary DOFs. The idea of the method is to find a proper kinematic resolution to perform major DOFs by controlling the secondary DOF of the robot. Simulations and experiments are presented here on a hydraulic quadruped robot. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Actuators

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MEA: designing a multimodal email support tool for persons with aphasia

MEA: Designing a multimodal email support tool for persons w...

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32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in computing Systems, CHI EA 2014

作者： Al Mahmud, Abdullah Van De Ven, Rick Slats, Laurens Van Der Veen, Esther Petkov, Zlati Mubin, Omar Faculty of Health Arts and Design School of Design Swinburne University of Technology 144 High Street Prahran VIC 3181 Australia Dept. of Industrial Design Eindhoven University of Technology Netherlands School of Computing Engineering and Mathematics University of Western Sydney Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781450324748

We describe the design of an assistive email interface for persons with aphasia who have problems in reading, writing, and or speaking. The email interface was designed by consulting persons with aphasia, their therapists and partners. Writing support such as readymade sentences and recommendations of words from free hand drawing were introduced. The application is suitable to be used in smart phone/tablet pc and highly praised by the therapists and persons with aphasia. Our user studies showed that the application has potential for persons with aphasia due to its simplicity in use and alternative means of language support while composing email messages.

关键词： Electronic mail

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Towards formal modelling and verification of pervasive computing systems

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lectu...

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Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 2014年 8780卷 62-91页

作者： Liu, Yan Zhang, Xian Liu, Yang Dong, Jin Song Sun, Jun Biswas, Jit Mokhtari, Mounir School of Computing National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore Singapore Networking Protocols Department Institute for Infocomm Research Singapore Singapore CNRS-IPAL Institut TELECOM Paris France

Smart systems equipped with emerging pervasive computing technologies enable people with limitations to live in their homes independently. However, lack of guarantees for correctness prevent such system to be widely used. Analysing the system with regard to correctness requirements is a challenging task due to the complexity of the system and its various unpredictable faults. In this work, we propose to use formal methods to analyse pervasive computing (PvC) systems. Firstly, a formal modelling framework is proposed to cover the main characteristics of such systems (e.g., context-awareness, concurrent communications, layered architectures). Secondly, we identify the safety requirements (e.g., free of deadlocks and conflicts) and specify them as safety and liveness properties. Furthermore, based on the modelling framework, we propose an approach of verifying reasoning rules which are used in the middleware for perceiving the environment and making adaptation decisions. Finally, we demonstrate our ideas using a case study of a smart healthcare system. Experimental results show the usefulness of our approach in exploring system behaviours and revealing system design flaws such as information inconsistency and conflicting reminder services. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014.

关键词： Middleware

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The computational generation and realization of spatial truss structures

The computational generation and realization of spatial trus...

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2014 International Conference on computing in Civil and Building engineering

作者： Zhao, X.Z. Wang, R.H. Shea, K. College of Civil Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu China Engineering Design and Computing Laboratory CLA F ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9780784413616

Computational methods have been successfully applied in structural analysis and drawings of large spatial structures. However, there are still huge challenges in performing conceptual design of structures using computers for what the human brain is able to do. A computational method, named performance-based structural synthesis, has been proposed and validated to generate and realize planar truss structures. However, it is insufficient for more general spatial truss structures whose geometries and load-carrying requirements are more complex compared with those of a planar truss. Therefore, this computational synthesis method based on planar shape grammar was extended and presented in this paper to generate three-dimensional spatial truss structures through building 3D shape grammars and multi-objective hybridized optimization algorithm. Meanwhile, techniques of load-generation were employed in the structural synthesis method to realize its engineering application. In the aspect of structural configuration, the method integrates structural topology, geometry and section size allocation. In the aspect of structural design and optimization, it takes into account the combining effects of safety, economy, construction and architectural elegance. Thus, the structure generated by this synthesis method must be the best design in terms of the overall structural performance and cost compared with that obtained by the traditional design method. © ASCE 2014.

关键词： trussed structures design-construct computational methods design approach Shape grammar aspect drawing Structural design synthesis Computers Planar

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