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A New Evolutionary-Incremental Framework for Feature Selection

Advances in Artificial Intelligence 2014年第1期2014卷

作者： Mohamad-Hoseyn Sigari Muhammad-Reza Pourshahabi Hamid-Reza Pourreza Machine Vision Research Lab. Computer Engineering Department Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad 91779 Iranum.ac.ir Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE) School of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering University of Tehran Tehran 14399 Iranut.ac.ir

Feature selection is an NP-hard problem from the viewpoint of algorithm design and it is one of the main open problems in pattern recognition. In this paper, we propose a new evolutionary-incremental framework for feature selection. The proposed framework can be applied on an ordinary evolutionary algorithm (EA) such as genetic algorithm (GA) or invasive weed optimization (IWO). This framework proposes some generic modifications on ordinary EAs to be compatible with the variable length of solutions. In this framework, the solutions related to the primary generations have short length. Then, the length of solutions may be increased through generations gradually. In addition, our evolutionary-incremental framework deploys two new operators called addition and deletion operators which change the length of solutions randomly. For evaluation of the proposed framework, we use that for feature selection in the application of face recognition. In this regard, we applied our feature selection method on a robust face recognition algorithm which is based on the extraction of Gabor coefficients. Experimental results show that our proposed evolutionary-incremental framework can select a few number of features from existing thousands features efficiently. Comparison result of the proposed methods with the previous methods shows that our framework is comprehensive, robust, and well-defined to apply on many EAs for feature selection.

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O-glycan profiling of serum glycan for potential renal cancer biomarkers

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science China(Life sciences) 2013年第8期56卷 739-744页

作者： GAO Yi MA Fei ZHANG Wei ZHONG Fan TANG HaiLin XU DanFeng ZHAO Liang Department of Urology Changzheng Hospital of Second Military Medical University State Key Laboratory of Proteomics Beijing Proteome Research CenterBeijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Department of Automatic Control College of Mechatronics and AutomationNational University of Defense Technology Laboratory of Systems Biology Institutes of Biomedical SciencesFudan University

Serum was obtained from 25 male renal cell carcinoma(RCC) patients and 21 healthy males.O-glycans were released by a-elimination reaction and purified by graphitized carbon cartridge solid phase extraction,then profiled by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass *** noise removal and peak alignment,1372 peaks were extracted from 200000 data *** peaks were analyzed by calculation of differential sensitivity and *** combination of two feature peaks was chosen as a biomarker and could clearly differentiate RCC and normal samples in our study group.

关键词： mass spectrometry glycan renal cell carcinoma biomarkers

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Solving 3-Coloring Problem with Timed Tissue P Systems

Solving 3-Coloring Problem with Timed Tissue P Systems

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The Second Asian Conference on Membrane Computing(ACMC2013)

作者： Yunyun Niu Tao Song Jianhua Xiao School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Peking University Department of Control Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology The Research Center of Logistics Nankai University

In traditional tissue P systems, each rule has a precise same execution time. That way of using the rules is not quite realistic from a biological point of view, because external conditions always change in an unpredicted manner. In this study, we investigate the use of time in tissue P systems. The timed tissue P systems is constructed by adding a time mapping to the rules to specify the execution time for each rule. Furthermore, a uniform and time-free solution to 3-coloring problem is proposed, where the execution time of the computational processes involved can vary arbitrarily and the output produced is always the same.

关键词： membrane computing, tissue P system, time-free solution, 3-coloring problem

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Search for magnetic monopoles and stable particles with high electric charges in 8 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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Physical Review D 2016年第5期93卷 052009-052009页

作者： G. Aad B. Abbott J. Abdallah O. Abdinov R. Aben M. Abolins O. S. AbouZeid H. Abramowicz H. Abreu R. Abreu Y. Abulaiti B. S. Acharya L. Adamczyk D. L. Adams J. Adelman S. Adomeit T. Adye A. A. Affolder T. Agatonovic-Jovin J. Agricola J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra S. P. Ahlen F. Ahmadov G. Aielli H. Akerstedt T. P. A. Åkesson A. V. Akimov G. L. Alberghi J. Albert S. Albrand M. J. Alconada Verzini M. Aleksa I. N. Aleksandrov C. Alexa G. Alexander T. Alexopoulos M. Alhroob G. Alimonti L. Alio J. Alison S. P. Alkire B. M. M. Allbrooke P. P. Allport A. Aloisio A. Alonso F. Alonso C. Alpigiani A. Altheimer B. Alvarez Gonzalez D. Álvarez Piqueras M. G. Alviggi B. T. Amadio K. Amako Y. Amaral Coutinho C. Amelung D. Amidei S. P. Amor Dos Santos A. Amorim S. Amoroso N. Amram G. Amundsen C. Anastopoulos L. S. Ancu N. Andari T. Andeen C. F. Anders G. Anders J. K. Anders K. J. Anderson A. Andreazza V. Andrei S. Angelidakis I. Angelozzi P. Anger A. Angerami F. Anghinolfi A. V. Anisenkov N. Anjos A. Annovi M. Antonelli A. Antonov J. Antos F. Anulli M. Aoki L. Aperio Bella G. Arabidze Y. Arai J. P. Araque A. T. H. Arce F. A. Arduh J-F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos M. Arik A. J. Armbruster O. Arnaez V. Arnal H. Arnold M. Arratia O. Arslan A. Artamonov G. Artoni S. Asai N. Asbah A. Ashkenazi B. Åsman L. Asquith K. Assamagan R. Astalos M. Atkinson N. B. Atlay K. Augsten M. Aurousseau G. Avolio B. Axen M. K. Ayoub G. Azuelos M. A. Baak A. E. Baas M. J. Baca C. Bacci H. Bachacou K. Bachas M. Backes M. Backhaus P. Bagiacchi P. Bagnaia Y. Bai T. Bain J. T. Baines O. K. Baker E. M. Baldin P. Balek T. Balestri F. Balli W. K. Balunas E. Banas Sw. Banerjee A. A. E. Bannoura H. S. Bansil L. Barak E. L. Barberio D. Barberis M. Barbero T. Barillari M. Barisonzi T. Barklow N. Barlow S. L. Barnes B. M. Barnett R. M. Barnett Z. Barnovska A. Baroncelli G. Barone A. J. Barr F. Barreiro J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa R. Bartoldus A. E. Barton P. Bartos A. Basalaev A. Bassalat A. Basye R. L. Bates S. J. Batista J. R. Batley M. Battaglia M. Bauce F. Bauer H. S. Ba CPPM Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3 Marseille France Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Institute of Physics Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences Baku Azerbaijan Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Department of Physics and Astronomy Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Department of Physics Technion: Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel Center for High Energy Physics University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA Department of Physics Stockholm University Sweden The Oskar Klein Centre Stockholm Sweden INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine Sezione di Trieste Udine Italy ICTP Trieste Italy AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science Krakow Poland Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York USA Department of Physics Northern Illinois University DeKalb Illinois USA Fakultät für Physik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München München Germany Particle Physics Department Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Oliver Lodge Laboratory University of Liverpool Liverpool United Kingdom Institute of Physics University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia II Physikalisches Institut Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Germany Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP Lisboa Portugal Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE Universidad de Granada Granada (Spain) Portugal Department of Physics Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR Dubna Dubna Russia INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Roma Tor Vergata Roma Italy Fysiska

A search for highly ionizing particles produced in proton-proton collisions at 8 TeV center-of-mass energy is performed by the ATLAS Collaboration at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The data set used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 7.0 fb−1. A customized trigger significantly increases the sensitivity, permitting a search for such particles with charges and energies beyond what was previously accessible. No events were found in the signal region, leading to production cross section upper limits in the mass range 200–2500 GeV for magnetic monopoles with magnetic charge in the range 0.5gD<|g|<2.0gD, where gD is the Dirac charge, and for stable particles with electric charge in the range 10<|z|<60. Model-dependent limits are presented in given pair-production scenarios, and model-independent limits are presented in fiducial regions of particle energy and pseudorapidity.

关键词： Particle production Hypothetical particles Magnetic monopoles Hadron colliders

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Nonlinear analysis of dynamical complex networks 2014

Abstract and Applied Analysis

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Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014年第1期2014卷

作者： Wang, Zidong Shen, Bo Dong, Hongli Hu, Jun He, Xiao Ding, Derui Department of Computer Science Brunel University Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH United Kingdom Communication Systems and Networks (CSN) Research Group Faculty of Engineering King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia School of Information Science and Technology Donghua University Shanghai 200051 China College of Electrical and Information Engineering Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318 China Research Institute of Intelligent Control and Systems Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China Department of Applied Mathematics Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150080 China Department of Automation Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Department of Applied Mathematics Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu 241000 China

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Erratum to “Local Fractional Functional Method for Solving Diffusion Equations on Cantor Sets”

Abstract and Applied Analysis

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Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014年第1期2014卷

作者： Yuan Cao Wei-Gang Ma Lian-Chuan Ma National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 *** School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 *** Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Xi’an University of Technology Xi’an 710048 ***

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A Data center Energy-saving System and Method based on Virtual IT Resource Distribution Technology

A Data Center Energy-saving System and Method based on Virtu...

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2013 International Conference on Mechanical engineering and Instrumentation(ICMEI 2013)

作者： Yan Liang Fuqiang Wang Gang Li Xing Fang Changrong Ge Xinyan Zhao Key Laboratory of Computer Network of Shandong Province Shandong Computer Science center School of Management Harbin Institute of Technology Shandong Computer Science center Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Broadband Technologies & Applications Automatic stations of troops 94370 PLA

A data center energy-saving system and method based on virtual IT technology resource distribution technology is proposed in this paper. Through monitoring virtual environment resources in data center, the limited IT resources can be dynamically migrated and the auxiliary equipment resources such as air conditioner can be rationally managed. Then the resources can be reasonably and efficiently allocated by monitoring the virtual environment. With a closed-loop feedback control mechanism, it effectively improves the utilization of data center resources, and ultimately achieves the operation and maintenance for data center of green energy-saving target. This method was implemented in a true data center for cloud computing. Test results show that the total energy consumption of this system can be reduced by 13%, and the power usage effectiveness drops to 1.5.

关键词： Data center Virtual IT Resource Virtual Environment Monitoring Dynamic Migration Closed-loop Feedback

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Complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor technology-compatible tunneling field-effect transistors with 14nm gate, sigma-shape source, and recessed channel

Complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor technology-compatibl...

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作者： Sun, Min-Chul Kim, Sang Wan Kim, Hyun Woo Kim, Hyungjin Park, Byung-Gook Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Seoul National University Seoul 151-744 Korea Republic of Device Solutions Business Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Yongin Gyeonggi 446-711 Korea Republic of

A new design of tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) focusing on the compatibility to the current Si complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology is proposed. In addition to use of the structural components of the state-of-the-art CMOS technologies, such as-shaped embedded SiGe and the replacement gate techniques, two-step sidewall image transfer gate-patterning and channel recess process are adopted to form highly-scaled nanoscale TFET. Process integration scheme and the expected device characteristics are examined on the basis of technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation on 14-nm-gate model devices. Tunability of transfer characteristics with doping around tip region, control of short-channel effect with channel recess, and improvement of current drivaility with SiGe composition are studied. Design of the source region is found to be critical in controlling the current drivability of the device and output characteristics. © 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.

关键词： Si-Ge alloys

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POLARBEAR constraints on cosmic birefringence and primordial magnetic fields

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Physical Review D 2015年第12期92卷 123509-123509页

作者： Peter A. R. Ade Kam Arnold Matt Atlas Carlo Baccigalupi Darcy Barron David Boettger Julian Borrill Scott Chapman Yuji Chinone Ari Cukierman Matt Dobbs Anne Ducout Rolando Dunner Tucker Elleflot Josquin Errard Giulio Fabbian Stephen Feeney Chang Feng Adam Gilbert Neil Goeckner-Wald John Groh Grantland Hall Nils W. Halverson Masaya Hasegawa Kaori Hattori Masashi Hazumi Charles Hill William L. Holzapfel Yasuto Hori Logan Howe Yuki Inoue Gregory C. Jaehnig Andrew H. Jaffe Oliver Jeong Nobuhiko Katayama Jonathan P. Kaufman Brian Keating Zigmund Kermish Reijo Keskitalo Theodore Kisner Akito Kusaka Maude Le Jeune Adrian T. Lee Erik M. Leitch David Leon Yun Li Eric Linder Lindsay Lowry Frederick Matsuda Tomotake Matsumura Nathan Miller Josh Montgomery Michael J. Myers Martin Navaroli Haruki Nishino Takahiro Okamura Hans Paar Julien Peloton Levon Pogosian Davide Poletti Giuseppe Puglisi Christopher Raum Gabriel Rebeiz Christian L. Reichardt Paul L. Richards Colin Ross Kaja M. Rotermund David E. Schenck Blake D. Sherwin Meir Shimon Ian Shirley Praween Siritanasak Graeme Smecher Nathan Stebor Bryan Steinbach Aritoki Suzuki Jun-ichi Suzuki Osamu Tajima Satoru Takakura Alexei Tikhomirov Takayuki Tomaru Nathan Whitehorn Brandon Wilson Amit Yadav Alex Zahn Oliver Zahn School of Physics and Astronomy Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3XQ United Kingdom Department of Physics University of California San Diego California 92093-0424 USA International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Via Bonomea 265 34136 Trieste Italy Department of Physics University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA Department of Astronomy Pontifica Universidad Catolica Santiago Chile Computational Cosmology Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA Space Sciences Laboratory University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada Physics Department McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0G4 Canada Department of Physics Blackett Laboratory Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Irvine California 92697-4575 USA Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Department of Physics University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Miura District Kanagawa 240-0115 Japan Kavli IPMU (WPI) UTIAS The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba 277-8583 Japan Department of Physics Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 USA Physics Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA AstroParticule et Cosmologie Univ Paris Diderot Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique/Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l’Univers Obs de Paris Sorbonne Paris Cité France Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics

We constrain anisotropic cosmic birefringence using four-point correlations of even-parity E-mode and odd-parity B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background measurements made by the POLARization of the Background Radiation (POLARBEAR) experiment in its first season of observations. We find that the anisotropic cosmic birefringence signal from any parity-violating processes is consistent with zero. The Faraday rotation from anisotropic cosmic birefringence can be compared with the equivalent quantity generated by primordial magnetic fields if they existed. The POLARBEAR nondetection translates into a 95% confidence level (C.L.) upper limit of 93 nanogauss (nG) on the amplitude of an equivalent primordial magnetic field inclusive of systematic uncertainties. This four-point correlation constraint on Faraday rotation is about 15 times tighter than the upper limit of 1380 nG inferred from constraining the contribution of Faraday rotation to two-point correlations of B-modes measured by Planck in 2015. Metric perturbations sourced by primordial magnetic fields would also contribute to the B-mode power spectrum. Using the POLARBEAR measurements of the B-mode power spectrum (two-point correlation), we set a 95% C.L. upper limit of 3.9 nG on primordial magnetic fields assuming a flat prior on the field amplitude. This limit is comparable to what was found in the Planck 2015 two-point correlation analysis with both temperature and polarization. We perform a set of systematic error tests and find no evidence for contamination. This work marks the first time that anisotropic cosmic birefringence or primordial magnetic fields have been constrained from the ground at subdegree scales.

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Measurement of jet charge in dijet events from s=8 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

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Physical Review D 2016年第5期93卷 052003-052003页

作者： G. Aad B. Abbott J. Abdallah O. Abdinov R. Aben M. Abolins O. S. AbouZeid H. Abramowicz H. Abreu R. Abreu Y. Abulaiti B. S. Acharya L. Adamczyk D. L. Adams J. Adelman S. Adomeit T. Adye A. A. Affolder T. Agatonovic-Jovin J. Agricola J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra S. P. Ahlen F. Ahmadov G. Aielli H. Akerstedt T. P. A. Åkesson A. V. Akimov G. L. Alberghi J. Albert S. Albrand M. J. Alconada Verzini M. Aleksa I. N. Aleksandrov C. Alexa G. Alexander T. Alexopoulos M. Alhroob G. Alimonti L. Alio J. Alison S. P. Alkire B. M. M. Allbrooke P. P. Allport A. Aloisio A. Alonso F. Alonso C. Alpigiani A. Altheimer B. Alvarez Gonzalez D. Álvarez Piqueras M. G. Alviggi B. T. Amadio K. Amako Y. Amaral Coutinho C. Amelung D. Amidei S. P. Amor Dos Santos A. Amorim S. Amoroso N. Amram G. Amundsen C. Anastopoulos L. S. Ancu N. Andari T. Andeen C. F. Anders G. Anders J. K. Anders K. J. Anderson A. Andreazza V. Andrei S. Angelidakis I. Angelozzi P. Anger A. Angerami F. Anghinolfi A. V. Anisenkov N. Anjos A. Annovi M. Antonelli A. Antonov J. Antos F. Anulli M. Aoki L. Aperio Bella G. Arabidze Y. Arai J. P. Araque A. T. H. Arce F. A. Arduh J-F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos M. Arik A. J. Armbruster O. Arnaez H. Arnold M. Arratia O. Arslan A. Artamonov G. Artoni S. Asai N. Asbah A. Ashkenazi B. Åsman L. Asquith K. Assamagan R. Astalos M. Atkinson N. B. Atlay K. Augsten M. Aurousseau G. Avolio B. Axen M. K. Ayoub G. Azuelos M. A. Baak A. E. Baas M. J. Baca C. Bacci H. Bachacou K. Bachas M. Backes M. Backhaus P. Bagiacchi P. Bagnaia Y. Bai T. Bain J. T. Baines O. K. Baker E. M. Baldin P. Balek T. Balestri F. Balli W. K. Balunas E. Banas Sw. Banerjee A. A. E. Bannoura L. Barak E. L. Barberio D. Barberis M. Barbero T. Barillari M. Barisonzi T. Barklow N. Barlow S. L. Barnes B. M. Barnett R. M. Barnett Z. Barnovska A. Baroncelli G. Barone A. J. Barr F. Barreiro J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa R. Bartoldus A. E. Barton P. Bartos A. Basalaev A. Bassalat A. Basye R. L. Bates S. J. Batista J. R. Batley M. Battaglia M. Bauce F. Bauer H. S. Bawa J. B. Beacham M. D. CPPM Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3 Marseille France Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Oklahoma Norman OK United States of America Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan Institute of Physics Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences Baku Azerbaijan Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Department of Physics and Astronomy Michigan State University East Lansing MI United States of America Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Department of Physics Technion: Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel Center for High Energy Physics University of Oregon Eugene OR United States of America Department of Physics Stockholm University Sweden The Oskar Klein Centre Stockholm Sweden INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine Sezione di Trieste Udine Italy ICTP Trieste Italy AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science Krakow Poland Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY United States of America Department of Physics Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL United States of America Fakultät für Physik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München München Germany Particle Physics Department Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Oliver Lodge Laboratory University of Liverpool Liverpool United Kingdom Institute of Physics University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia II Physikalisches Institut Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Germany Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP Lisboa Portugal Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos and CAFPE Universidad de Granada Granada Spain Department of Physics Boston University Boston MA United States of America Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR Dubna Dubna Russia INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata Italy Diparti

The momentum-weighted sum of the charges of tracks associated to a jet is sensitive to the charge of the initiating quark or gluon. This paper presents a measurement of the distribution of momentum-weighted sums, called jet charge, in dijet events using 20.3 fb−1 of data recorded with the ATLAS detector at s=8 TeV in pp collisions at the LHC. The jet charge distribution is unfolded to remove distortions from detector effects and the resulting particle-level distribution is compared with several models. The pT dependence of the jet charge distribution average and standard deviation are compared to predictions obtained with several leading-order and next-to-leading-order parton distribution functions. The data are also compared to different Monte Carlo simulations of QCD dijet production using various settings of the free parameters within these models. The chosen value of the strong coupling constant used to calculate gluon radiation is found to have a significant impact on the predicted jet charge. There is evidence for a pT dependence of the jet charge distribution for a given jet flavor. In agreement with perturbative QCD predictions, the data show that the average jet charge of quark-initiated jets decreases in magnitude as the energy of the jet increases.

关键词： Perturbative QCD Quantum chromodynamics Quark & gluon jets

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