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The role of GPT in promoting inclusive higher education for people with various learning disabilities: a review

PeerJ computer Science 2025年 11卷 e2400-e2400页

作者： Gadekallu, Thippa Reddy Yenduri, Gokul Kaluri, Rajesh Rajput, Dharmendra Singh Lakshmanna, Kuruva Fang, Kai Chen, Junxin Wang, Wei Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lebanese American University Byblos Lebanon School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vellore Institute of Technology University Tamil Nadu India Zhongda Group Jiaxing China College of Information Science and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing China Division of Research and Development Lovely Professional University Phagwara India School of Computer Science and Engineering VIT-AP University Andhra Pradesh Amaravati India School of Mathematics and Computer Science Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University Hangzhou China School of Software Dalian University of Technology Dalian China Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotional Intelligence and Pervasive Computing Artificial Intelligence Research Institute Shenzhen MSU-BIT University Shenzhen China School of Medical Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China

The generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a notable breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence, as it empowers machines to effectively comprehend and engage in interactions with humans. The GPT exhibits the capacity to enhance inclusivity and accessibility for students with learning disabilities in the context of higher education, hence potentially facilitating substantial advancements in the field. GPT can provide personalized and diverse solutions that successfully cater to the distinct requirements of students with learning disabilities. This motivated us to conduct an extensive review to assess the effectiveness of GPT in enhancing accessibility and inclusivity in higher education for students with learning disabilities. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the GPT and its significance for enhancing inclusivity in the field of higher education. In this research, we also examined the possible challenges and constraints associated with the integration of GPT into inclusive higher education, along with potential solutions. Overall, this review is intended for educators, students with and without learning disabilities, policymakers, higher education institutes, researchers, and educational technology developers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of GPT in promoting inclusive higher education for people with various learning disabilities, its impacts on inclusive higher education, emerging challenges, and potential solutions. Copyright 2025 Gadekallu et al.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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Vehicular Road Crack Detection with Deep Learning: A New Online Benchmark for Comprehensive Evaluation of Existing Algorithms

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ma, Nachuan Song, Zhengfei Hu, Qiang Liu, Chuang-Wei Han, Yu Zhang, Yanting Fan, Rui Xie, Lihua College of Electronics & Information Engineering Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems the State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Autonomous Systems Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems Tongji University Shanghai201804 China School of Computer Science and Technology Donghua University Shanghai201620 China School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore639798 Singapore

In the emerging field of urban digital twins (UDTs), advancing intelligent road inspection (IRI) vehicles with automatic road crack detection systems is essential for maintaining civil infrastructure. Over the past decade, deep learning-based road crack detection methods have been developed to detect cracks more efficiently, accurately, and objectively, with the goal of replacing manual visual inspection. Nonetheless, there is a lack of systematic reviews on state-of-the-art (SoTA) deep learning techniques, especially data-fusion and label-efficient algorithms for this task. This paper thoroughly reviews the SoTA deep learning-based algorithms, including (1) supervised, (2) unsupervised, (3) semi-supervised, and (4) weakly-supervised methods developed for road crack detection. Also, we create a dataset called UDTIRI-Crack, comprising 2, 500 high-quality images from seven public annotated sources, as the first extensive online benchmark in this field. Comprehensive experiments are conducted to compare the detection performance, computational efficiency, and generalizability of public SoTA deep learning-based algorithms for road crack detection. In addition, the feasibility of foundation models and large language models (LLMs) for road crack detection is explored. Afterwards, the existing challenges and future development trends of deep learning-based road crack detection algorithms are discussed. We believe this review can serve as practical guidance for developing intelligent road detection vehicles with the next-generation road condition assessment systems. The released benchmark UDTIRI-Crack is available at https://***/submission/. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Self-supervised learning

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User Grouping-Based Hierarchical Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Downlink Communication

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IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking 2025年

作者： Yang, Zhixiang Feng, Lei Zhou, Fanqin Xie, Kunyi Qiu, Xuesong Xiong, Zehui Yuen, Chau Han, Zhu Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology Beijing100876 China Singapore University of Technology and Design Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design Singapore487372 Singapore Nanyang Technological University School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Singapore639798 Singapore University of Houston Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering HoustonTX77004 United States Kyung Hee University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul446-701 Korea Republic of

The joint optimization of rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) offers a mutually beneficial solution. In this paper, we study a RIS-assisted downlink user grouping-based hierarchical RSMA communication network, where the base station transmits the common streams and private streams simultaneously to serve multiple users. The sum rate (SR) optimization problem is constructed to jointly optimize user grouping, beamforming, and rate splitting. To tackle the NP-hard problem, a user grouping algorithm is first provided to form the hierarchical RSMA model. Next, an equivalent weighted minimum mean-square error (WMMSE) problem is constructed and a WMMSE-based block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm is designed to update the remaining variables in an iterated way. Specifically, the optimization of transmit beamforming and the rate splitting matrix is reduced to solving a typical convex quadratically constrained quadratic program problem. The solution for passive beamforming is recovered from the intermediate result obtained by the manifold optimization method. Finally, the process of the BCD algorithm is presented. The numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme evidently surpasses one-layer RSMA scheme, NOMA scheme, SDMA scheme, and no RIS scheme, especially in overloaded scenarios. The proposed scheme further increases the SR of common steams compared to the hierarchical RSMA scheme and significantly reduces computational complexity compared to the generalized RSMA scheme. © 2015 IEEE.

关键词： Mean square error

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A Survey on Decentralized Identifiers and Verifiable Credentials

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IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 2025年

作者： Mazzocca, Carlo Acar, Abbas Uluagac, Selcuk Montanari, Rebecca Bellavista, Paolo Conti, Mauro University of Salerno Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics Fisciano84084 Italy Florida International University Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab School of Computing and Information Science MiamiFL33174 United States University of Bologna Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bologna40136 Italy University of Padua Department of Mathematics Padua35131 Italy

Digital identity has always been one of the keystones for implementing secure and trustworthy communications among parties. The ever-evolving digital landscape has undergone numerous technological transformations that have profoundly reshaped digital identity management, leading to a major shift from centralized to decentralized identity models. The latest stage of this evolution is represented by the emerging paradigm of Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), which gives identity owners full control over their data. SSI leverages Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) and Verifiable Credentials (VCs), which have been recently standardized by theWorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C). These technologies have the potential to build more secure and decentralized digital identity systems, significantly strengthening communication security in scenarios involving many distributed participants. It is worth noting that use of DIDs and VCs is not limited to individuals but extends to a wide range of entities including cloud, edge, and Internet of Things (IoT) resources. However, due to their novelty, existing literature lacks a comprehensive survey on DIDs and VCs beyond the scope of SSI. This paper fills this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of DIDs and VCs from multiple perspectives. It identifies key security threats and mitigation strategies, analyzes available implementations to guide practitioners in making informed decisions, and reviews the adoption of these technologies across various application domains. Moreover, it also examines related regulations, projects, and consortiums emerging worldwide. Finally, it discusses the primary challenges hindering their real-world adoption and outlines future research directions. © 1998-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Decentralized control

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RIS-Assisted Passive Localization (RAPL): An Efficient Zero-Overhead Framework Using Conditional Sample Mean

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Yao, Jiawei Mao, Yijie Chen, Mingzhe Hu, Ye School of Information Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai201210 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Frost Institute for Data Science and Computing University of Miami Coral GablesFL33146 United States Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Miami Coral GablesFL33146 United States

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) has been recognized as a promising solution for enhancing localization accuracy. Traditional RIS-based localization methods typically rely on prior channel knowledge, beam scanning, and pilot-based assistance. These approaches often result in substantial energy and computational overhead, and require real-time coordination between the base station (BS) and the RIS. To address these challenges, in this work, we move beyond conventional methods and introduce a novel data-driven, multiple RISs-assisted passive localization approach (RAPL). The proposed method includes two stages, the angle-of-directions (AoDs) between the RISs and the user is estimated by using the conditional sample mean in the first stage, and then the user’s position is determined based on the estimated multiple AoD pairs in the second stage. This approach only utilizes the existing communication signals between the user and the BS, relying solely on the measurement of received signal power at each BS antenna for a set of randomly generated phase shifts across all RISs. Moreover, by obviating the need for real-time RIS phase shift optimization or user-to-BS pilot transmissions, the method introduces no additional communication overhead, making it highly suitable for deployment in real-world networks. The proposed scheme is then extended to multi-RIS scenarios considering both parallel and cascaded RIS topologies. Numerical results show that the proposed RAPL improves localization accuracy while significantly reducing energy and signaling overhead compared to conventional methods. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Image coding

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All-in-Memory Stochastic computing using ReRAM

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： de Lima, João Paulo C. Moghadam, Mehran Shoushtari Aygun, Sercan Castrillon, Jeronimo Hassan Najafi, M. Khan, Asif Ali Dresden University of Technology Dresden Germany Dresden Germany Electrical Computer and Systems Engineering Department Case Western Reserve University ClevelandOH United States School of Computing and Informatics University of Louisiana at Lafayette LafayetteLA United States Barkhausen Institut Dresden Germany

As the demand for efficient, low-power computing in embedded and edge devices grows, traditional computing methods are becoming less effective for handling complex tasks. Stochastic computing (SC) offers a promising alternative by approximating complex arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication, using simple bitwise operations, like majority or AND, on random bit-streams. While SC operations are inherently fault-tolerant, their accuracy largely depends on the length and quality of the stochastic bit-streams (SBS). These bit-streams are typically generated by CMOS-based stochastic bit-stream generators that consume over 80% of the SC system’s power and area. Current SC solutions focus on optimizing the logic gates but often neglect the high cost of moving the bit-streams between memory and processor. This work leverages the physics of emerging ReRAM devices to implement the entire SC flow in place: generating low-cost true random numbers and SBSs, conducting SC operations, and converting SBSs back to binary. Considering the low reliability of ReRAM cells, we demonstrate how SC’s robustness to errors copes with ReRAM’s variability. Our evaluation shows significant improvements in throughput (1.39×, 2.16×) and energy consumption (1.15×, 2.8×) over state-of-the-art (CMOS- and ReRAM-based) solutions, respectively, with an average image quality drop of 5% across multiple SBS lengths and image processing tasks. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Logic gates

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Nested Named Entity Recognition: A Survey of Latest Research

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Expert systems 2025年第7期42卷

作者： Ji, Lixia Dang, Yiping Du, Yunlong Gao, Wenzhao Zhang, Han School of Cyber Science and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China College of Computer Science Sichuan University Chengdu China Intelligent Systems Research Centre School of Computing Engineering & Intelligent Systems Ulster University Belfast United Kingdom Intelligent Policing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Police College Luzhou China

The research on nested named entity recognition (NER) is conducive to providing richer semantic representations and capturing the nested structure among entities, which is crucial for the execution of downstream tasks. This paper aims to summarise the nested NER methods that have been combined with emerging technologies in recent years. We summarise the nested NER methods that are integrated with emerging technologies from three dimensions: model, framework, and data. Additionally, we explore the research progress of nested NER in two scenarios: cross-lingual modality and multi-modal in different modalities. Furthermore, we discuss the practical applications of NER technology in five fields: biomedicine, justice, finance, media, and e-commerce. Through this review, we can clearly see the development trends of nested NER technology under emerging technologies and different modalities, as well as its broad application prospects in various fields. This provides a reference for future exploration directions in nested NER. © 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

关键词： application fields modal nested named entity recognition new technologies

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Edge Graph Intelligence: Reciprocally Empowering Edge Networks With Graph Intelligence

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IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 2025年

作者： Zeng, Liekang Ye, Shengyuan Chen, Xu Zhang, Xiaoxi Ren, Ju Tang, Jian Yang, Yang Shen, Xuemin Sherman Sun Yat-sen University School of Computer Science and Engineering Guangzhou510275 China Guangzhou511453 China Ministry of Education School of Computer Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University The Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing Guangzhou510275 China Tsinghua University Department of Computer Science and Technology Beijing100084 China Midea Group Shanghai201702 China Guangzhou511453 China Peng Cheng Laboratory Shenzhen518055 China Terminus Group Beijing100027 China University of Waterloo Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada

Recent years have witnessed a thriving growth of computing facilities connected at the network edge, cultivating edge networks as a fundamental infrastructure for supporting miscellaneous intelligent services. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) frontiers have extrapolated to the graph domain and promoted Graph Intelligence (GI). Given the inherent relation between graphs and networks, the interdiscipline of graph learning and edge networks, i.e., Edge GI or EGI, has revealed a novel interplay between them - GI aids in optimizing edge networks, while edge networks facilitate GI model deployment. Driven by this delicate closed-loop, EGI is recognized as a promising solution to fully unleash the potential of edge computing power and is garnering growing attention. Nevertheless, research on EGI remains nascent, and there is a soaring demand within both the communications and AI communities for a dedicated venue to share recent advancements. To this end, this paper promotes the concept of EGI, explores its scope and core principles, and conducts a comprehensive survey concerning recent research efforts on this emerging field. Specifically, this paper introduces and discusses: 1) fundamentals of edge computing and graph learning, 2) emerging techniques centering on the closed loop between graph intelligence and edge networks, and 3) open challenges and research opportunities of future EGI. By bridging the gap across communication, networking, and graph learning areas, we believe that this survey can garner increased attention, foster meaningful discussions, and inspire further research ideas in EGI. © 1998-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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Contrastive Modality-Disentangled Learning for Multimodal Recommendation

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ACM Transactions on Information systems 2025年第3期43卷 1-31页

作者： Xixun Lin Rui Liu Yanan Cao Lixin Zou Qian Li Yongxuan Wu Yang Liu Dawei Yin Guandong Xu Institute of Information Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Cyber Security University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Information Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan China School of Electrical Engineering Computing and Mathematical Sciences Curtin University Perth Australia Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Baidu Inc Beijing China School of Computer Science University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia and The Education University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

Multimodal recommendation, which utilizes rich multimodal information to learn user preferences, has attracted significant attention. Most works focus on designing powerful encoders for extracting multimodal features, and simply aggregate the learned features together to make prediction. Consequently, they have a limited capacity to learn the inter-modality knowledge including the modality-shared and modality-unique knowledge. In fact, learning the modality-shared knowledge enables us to align cross-modality data for fusing heterogeneous modality features. Learning the modality-unique knowledge is equally important when recommendation tasks only involve a small amount of shared features and the necessary information is contained within specific modality. In this article, we propose Contrastive Modality-Disentangled Learning (CMDL) to overcome this critical limitation. CMDL exactly captures the inter-modality knowledge by achieving modality disentanglement. Specifically, CMDL first disentangles the initial representation into the modality-invariant and modality-specific representations. Afterwards, CMDL introduces a novel manner of contrastive learning to approximate the MI upper bounds for achieving disentanglement regularization. Building upon the proposed regularization, CMDL encourages the modality-invariant and modality-specific representations to capture the modality-shared and modality-unique knowledge respectively and to be statistically independent to each other. Empirically, extensive experiments are conducted on benchmark datasets, demonstrating the superior performance of CMDL compared with strong multimodal recommenders.

关键词： Multimodal recommendation User preferences Disentangled representation learning Graph neural networks

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Joint Secure and Covert Communications for Active STAR-RIS Assisted ISAC systems

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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2025年

作者： Guo, Liang Jia, Jie Mu, Xidong Liu, Yuanwei Chen, Jian Wang, Xingwei Northeastern University School of Computer Science and Engineering China Northeastern University Engineering Research Center of Security Technology of Complex Network System Ministry of Education China Northeastern University Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing in Medical Image Ministry of Education Shenyang110819 China BelfastBT3 9DT United Kingdom Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering China

This paper investigates the design of jointly supporting physical layer security (PLS) and covert communications (CCs) in an active simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (a-STAR-RIS) assisted integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system. Due to the unified waveform design of ISAC signals, we consider a challenging scenario with two targets being suspicious attackers, where one warden target potentially detects the confidential transmission behavior of covert users and another eavesdropper target attempts to intercept the broadcasted confidential information of security users. We investigate the joint beamforming design at the base station (BS) and the a-STAR-RIS to achieve a high-quality sensing beampattern while meeting covertness and security communication requirements. (1) For the ideal scenario with perfect channel state information (CSI) and precise target locations, we propose an alternative optimization (AO) method to address the optimization problem involving highly coupled variables. Specifically, the optimal beamforming design at the BS is handled using the semi-definite relaxation (SDR) technique, while the beamforming design at the a-STAR-RIS is addressed through a penalty-based iterative algorithm. (2) A more practical case with uncertain target locations and imperfect CSI is considered to achieve a robust beamforming design, where the non-deterministic outage probability constraints are effectively transformed by employing the Bernstein-type inequality. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the a-STAR-RIS over the baseline cases and certify that the proposed algorithms can effectively balance the tradeoff among the sensing quality, covert and secure communication requirements. Besides, results also show that the proposed robust beamforming scheme can construct adequate sensing beampattern, even with imperfect CSI and uncertain target locations. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Beamforming

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