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IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics 2025年

作者： Wang, Zixin Saleh, Mahdi Alwattar, Aula Alfredsson, Maria Horne, Robert J. Ang, Chee S. Condell, Joan Flowers, Emily Matcham, Faith Robinson, Tony Rooksby, John Saha, Sian Rose, Louise Batchelor, John C. Casson, Alexander J. Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials Manchester United Kingdom The University of Manchester School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Manchester United Kingdom The University of Manchester School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry Manchester United Kingdom University of Kent School of Chemistry and Forensic Science Canterbury United Kingdom University of Kent School of Engineering Canterbury United Kingdom University of Kent School of Computing Canterbury United Kingdom Ulster University School of Computing Engineering and Intelligent Systems Derry United Kingdom King’s College London Division of Digital Health and Applied Technology Assessment London United Kingdom University of Sussex School of Psychology Falmer United Kingdom Northumbria University Department of Computer and Information Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom

Printed electronics using flexible substrates are an emerging area, allowing next-generation electronics to conform and flex with different surfaces, from human skin to clothing. In the hybrid integration, or sea-of-rigids, approach, conventional microchips are mounted onto (generally) plastic substrates such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), with (typically) printed silver tracks for interconnections between components. An ongoing research direction is to replace plastic substrates with biodegradable substrates and to replace silver tracks with non-heavy metal-based tracks. While the substrates and tracks form only part of an overall system, replacing them is a step towards increased sustainability and helps to meet net-zero goals for printed electronic systems. Previously, several papers have investigated printed carbon tracks for low-frequency analog sensing applications. This paper explores the feasibility of using printed carbon tracks on biodegradable substrates for high-frequency applications such as digital signaling over a Serial-Peripheral Interface (SPI). We investigate the printability, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity of carbon ink screen-printed onto six commercially available sustainable and flexible substrates. Our results demonstrate that multi-layer screen printing substantially reduced the electrical resistance of carbon tracks, enabling SPI communication at frequencies up to 16 MHz with three layers of carbon ink. A Natureflex™ substrate provided the best balance of printability, thermal stability, and electrical performance. Substrates such as greaseproof paper and ClearFilm PU showed potential for flexible electronics, but require further optimization. This study provides valuable insights into selecting and optimizing biodegradable substrates for high-frequency digital systems, supporting the move towards more sustainable printed electronics. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Variable frequency oscillators

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SAV-SE: Scene-aware Audio-Visual Speech Enhancement with Selective State Space Model

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IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Signal Processing 2025年

作者： Qian, Xinyuan Gao, Jiaran Zhang, Yaodan Zhang, Qiquan Liu, Hexin Garcia, Leibny Paola Li, Haizhou University of Science and Technology Beijing School of Computer and Communication Engineering Beijing100083 China University of New South Wales School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Sydney2052 Australia Nanyang Technological University College of Computing and Data Science Singapore Singapore Johns Hopkins University CLSP and HLT-COE United States Chinese University of HongKong Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Computing Shenzhen518172 China Shenzhen Research Institute of Big data Shenzhen51872 China

Speech enhancement plays an essential role in various applications, and the integration of visual information has been demonstrated to bring substantial advantages. However, the majority of current research concentrates on the examination of facial and lip movements, which can be compromised or entirely inaccessible in scenarios where occlusions occur or when the camera view is distant. Whereas contextual visual cues from the surrounding environment have been overlooked: for example, when we see a dog bark, our brain has the innate ability to discern and filter out the barking noise. To this end, in this paper, we introduce a novel task, i.e. Scene-aware Audio-Visual Speech Enhancement SAV-SE. To our best knowledge, this is the first proposal to use rich contextual information from synchronized video as auxiliary cues to indicate the type of noise, which eventually improves the speech enhancement performance. Specifically, we propose the VC-S $^{2}$ E method, which incorporates the Conformer and Mamba modules for their complementary strengths. Extensive experiments are conducted on public MUSIC, AVSpeech and AudioSet datasets, where the results demonstrate the superiority of VC-S $^{2}$ E over other competitive methods. We will make the source code publicly available. Project demo page: https://***/ © 2007-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Speech enhancement

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KANsformer for Scalable Beamforming

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IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2025年

作者： Xie, Xinke Lu, Yang Chi, Chong-Yung Chen, Wei Ai, Bo Niyato, Dusit Beijing Jiaotong University State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation Beijing100044 China Beijing Jiaotong University School of Computer Science and Technology Beijing100044 China National Tsing Hua University Institute of Communications Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Beijing Jiaotong University School of Electronics and Information Engineering Beijing100044 China Nanyang Technological University College of Computing and Data Science 639798 Singapore

This paper proposes an unsupervised deep-learning (DL) approach by integrating Transformer and Kolmogorov-Arnold networks (KAN) termed KANsformer to realize scalable beamforming for mobile communication systems. Specifically, we consider a classic multi-input single-output energy efficiency maximization problem subject to the total power budget. The proposed KANsformer first extracts hidden features via a multi-head self-attention mechanism and then reads out the desired beamforming design via KAN. Numerical results are provided to evaluate the KANsformer in terms of generalization performance, transfer learning and ablation experiment. Overall, the KANsformer outperforms the existing benchmark DL approaches, and is adaptable to the variation in the number of mobile users with real-time and near-optimal inference. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Budget control

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Towards Depth-continuous Scene Representation with Displacement Field for Robust Light Field Depth Estimation

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IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 2025年

作者： Chen, Rongshan Sheng, Hao Yang, Da Cong, Ruixuan Cui, Zhenglong Wang, Sizhe Wang, Tun Zhao, Mingyuan Beihang University State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems School of Computer Science and Engineering Beijing100191 China Beihang University Key Laboratory of Data Science and Intelligent Computing International Innovation Institute 166 Shuanghongqiao Street Pingyao Town Yuhang District Hangzhou31 1115 China Macao Polytechnic University Faculty of Applied Sciences Macao999078 China

The light field (LF) captures both the spatial and angular information of scenes, enabling accurate depth estimation. However, previous deep learning methods typically model surface depth only while ignoring the continuous nature of depth in 3D scenes. In this paper, we use the displacement field (DF) to describe this continuous property, and propose a novel depth-continuous scene representation for robust LF depth estimation. Experiments demonstrate that our representation enables the network to generate highly detailed depth maps with fewer parameters and faster speeds. Specifically, inspired by the signed distance field in 3D object descriptions, we aim to exploit the intrinsic depth-continuous property of 3D scenes via DF and define a novel depth-continuous scene representation. Then, we introduce a simple, yet general, learning framework for depth-continuous scene embedding, and the proposed network, DepthDF, achieves state-of-the-art performance on both synthetic and real-world LF datasets, ranking 1st on the HCI 4D light field benchmark. Furthermore, previous LF depth estimation methods can also be seamlessly integrated into this framework. Finally, we extend this framework beyond LF depth estimation to various tasks, including multiview stereo depth inference, LF superresolution, and LF salient object detection. Our experiments demonstrate an improved performance when continuous scene representation is applied, suggesting that our framework can potentially provide insights for more fields. © 1999-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Stereo image processing

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Advanced Photovoltaic Module Characterization: Using Image Transformers for Current–Voltage Curve Prediction From Electroluminescence Images

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IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 2025年

作者： Byford, Brandon K. Boucheron, Laura E. King, Bruce H. Braid, Jennifer L. New Mexico State University Klipsch School of Electrical & Computer Engineering Las Cruces 88003 NM United States Sandia National Laboratories Photovoltaic Systems Evaluation Laboratory Albuquerque 87123 NM United States

Individual photovoltaic (PV) module health monitoring can be a daunting task for operation and maintenance of solar farms. Modules can be inspected through luminescence, thermal imaging, and current–voltage (I–V) curve analyzes for identification of damage and power loss. I–V curves provide easily interpretable data to determine module health as they directly provide electrical performance metrics. However, in order to obtain these curves, modules must be disconnected from the array and either removed to a solar simulator or characterized in situ with corrections for module temperature, the incident solar spectrum, and intensity. Luminescence or thermal images of a module are relatively easy to acquire in situ. Electroluminescence (EL) images highlight physical defects in the modules but do not provide easily interpretable features to correlate with electrical performance. This work presents a SWin transformer network to predict I–V curves for PV modules from their corresponding EL images. The predicted I–V curves allow the accurate prediction of the maximum power point (MPP), short-circuit current I_sc, and open-circuit voltage V_oc with a mean error less of than 1%. Comparing single diode model (SDM) parameters extracted from the predicted curves to those extracted from the true curves, the series resistance R_s demonstrates a mean error of 5.19%, and the photocurrent I a mean error of 0.197%. The shunt resistance R_sh and dark current I_o parameters are predicted with larger errors because of their sensitivity to small changes in the I–V curve. © 2011-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Characterization of photovoltaic (PV) current–voltage (I–V) characteristics electroluminescence (EL) machine learning

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NOMANet: A Graph Neural Network Enabled Power Allocation Scheme for NOMA

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Hou, Yipu Lu, Yang Chen, Wei Ai, Bo Niyato, Dusit Ding, Zhiguo State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation China School of Computer Science and Technology Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China School of Electronics and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China College of Computing and Data Science Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Khalifa University Abu Dhabi127788 United Arab Emirates

This paper proposes a graph neural network (GNN) enabled power allocation scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks. In particular, a downlink scenario with one base station serving multiple users over several subchannels is considered, where the number of subchannels is less than the number of users, and thus, some users have to share a subchannel via NOMA. Our goal is to maximize the system energy efficiency subject to the rate requirement of each user and the overall budget. We propose a deep learning based approach termed NOMA net (NOMANet) to address the considered problem. Particularly, NOMANet is GNN-based, which maps channel state information to the desired power allocation scheme for all subchannels. The multi-head attention and the residual/dense connection are adopted to enhance the feature extraction. The output of NOMANet is guaranteed to be feasible via the customized activation function and the penalty method. Numerical results show that NOMANet trained unsupervised achieves performance close to that of the successive convex approximation method but with a faster inference speed by about 700 times. Besides, NOMANet is featured by its scalability to both users and subchannels. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Channel state information

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Covert Communications with Enhanced Physical Layer Security in RIS-Assisted Cooperative Networks

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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2025年

作者： Li, Xingwang Liu, Musen Dang, Shuping Luong, Nguyen Cong Yuen, Chau Nallanathan, Arumugam Niyato, Dusit Henan Polytechnic University School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering Jiaozuo454003 China Southeast University National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Nanjing210096 China Jiaozuo Key Laboratory of Crow-Sensing Network Jiaozuo454003 China University of Bristol School of Electrical Electronic and Mechanical Engineering BristolBS8 1UB United Kingdom Phenikaa University Faculty of Computer Science Hanoi12116 Viet Nam Nanyang Technological University Singapore School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 639798 Singapore Queen Mary University of London School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science London United Kingdom Kyung Hee University Department of Electronic Engineering Gyeonggi-do Yongin-si17104 Korea Republic of Nanyang Technological University Singapore College of Computing and Data Science 639798 Singapore

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) technologies are recognized for their programmability and high energy efficiency respectively, which will be the key parts of the future sixth generation (6G) mobile communication technology. The combination of the two technologies can improve communication security by reducing the probability of detection and decoding through enhanced transmission and backscatter transmission in different communication slots. In this paper, a dual-function RIS that supports cooperative relaying for covert communications is proposed. It operates in different communication slots (enhanced transmission slot and backscatter slot), but the performance is affected by phase errors due to function switching. A source covertly communicates with an intended destination via the help of RIS and cooperative relay. There is an illegal monitor aims to detect and eavesdrop the covert message. For this system, the outage probability (OP), intercept probability (IP), and detection error probability (DEP) in different communication slots are derived to examine the system reliability and security. Moreover, the system security probability (SSP) is proposed, and a block coordinated ascent (BCA)-based iterative algorithm is used to jointly optimize the power allocation coefficients to maximize the SSP. Simulation results show that increasing the number of elements can improve the security performance and mitigate the negative impact of RIS phase errors. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Mobile telecommunication systems

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Towards Energy-Efficiency: Integrating MATD3 Reinforcement Learning Method for Computational Offloading in RIS-Aided UAV-MEC Environments

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Wu, Liangshun Zhang, Cong Zhang, Bin Du, Jianbo Qu, Junsuo Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing Tongji University Ministry of Education Shanghai201804 China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing East China Normal University Shanghai201210 China School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Control and Intelligent Process School of Automation Xi'an University of Posts & Telecommunications Xi'an710061 China Xinjiang University of Political Science and Law Tumushuke832003 China School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan430079 China Department of Computer City University of Hong Kong 999077 Hong Kong School of Communications and Information Engineering Xi'an University of Posts & Telecommunications Xi'an710061 China

With the proliferation of IoT devices, there is an escalating demand for enhanced computing and communication capabilities. Mobile Edge computing (MEC) addresses this need by relocating computing resources to the network edge, thereby delivering swifter and more efficient services. This paper introduces a computation offloading and energy consumption optimization framework that leverages Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and MEC. The scheme aims to maximize energy efficiency through the optimization of task allocation, RIS phase shifts, and UAV trajectories. By employing the Multi-Agent Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MATD3) reinforcement learning algorithm, the paper further refines UAV trajectories and RIS configurations. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method surpasses the traditional Concave-Convex Procedure (CCCP) algorithm in both UAV trajectory control and RIS configuration, demonstrating quicker convergence and enhanced stability. The method proves to be adaptable to diverse environments and tasks, showcasing notable benefits in RIS-assisted interference suppression, particularly with large RIS, thereby enhancing UAV data reception rates. Additionally, MATD3 exhibits faster and smoother convergence for extended task durations and smaller RIS scenarios. Simulation results reveal that UAVs tend to move closer to RIS, with energy efficiency falling as IoT tasks increase, affirming the proposed algorithm's high energy efficiency and effectiveness. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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Proactive Robust Hardening of Resilient Power Distribution Network: Decision-Dependent Uncertainty Modeling and Fast Solution Strategy

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Ma, Donglai Cao, Xiaoyu Zeng, Bo Jia, Qing-Shan Chen, Chen Zhai, Qiaozhu Guan, Xiaohong School of Automation Science and Engineering The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710049 China Department of Industrial Engineering The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15106 United States Center for Intelligent and Networked Systems Department of Automation Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China School of Electrical Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710049 China

To address the power system hardening problem, traditional approaches often adopt robust optimization (RO) that considers a fixed set of concerned contingencies, regardless of the fact that hardening some components actually renders relevant contingencies impractical. In this paper, we directly adopt a dynamic uncertainty set that explicitly incorporates the impact of hardening decisions on the worst-case contingencies, which leads to a decision-dependent uncertainty (DDU) set. Then, a DDU-based robust-stochastic optimization (DDU-RSO) model is proposed to support the hardening decisions on distribution lines and distributed generators (DGs). Also, the randomness of load variations and available storage levels is considered through stochastic programming (SP) in the innermost level problem. Various corrective measures (e.g., the joint scheduling of DGs and energy storage) are included, coupling with a finite support of stochastic scenarios, for resilience enhancement. To relieve the computation burden of this new hardening formulation, an enhanced customization of parametric column-and-constraint generation (P-C&CG) algorithm is developed. By leveraging the network structural information, the enhancement strategies based on resilience importance indices are designed to improve the convergence performance. Numerical results on 33-bus and 118-bus test distribution networks have demonstrated the effectiveness of DDU-RSO aided hardening scheme. Furthermore, in comparison to existing solution methods, the enhanced P-C&CG has achieved a superior performance by reducing the solution time by a few orders of magnitudes. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic programming

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Joint Optimization of Transmit Power and Trajectory for UAV-Enabled Data Collection With Dynamic Constraints

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IEEE Transactions on Communications 2025年

作者： Zhang, Hongyun Li, Bin Rong, Yue Zeng, Yong Zhang, Rui School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu610065 China The School of Electrical Engineering Computing and Mathematical Sciences Curtin University GPO Box U1987 PerthWA6845 Australia National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Southeast University Jiangsu Nanjing210096 China The Purple Mountain Laboratories Nanjing211111 China School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data The Chinese University of Hon g Kong Guangdong Shenzhen518172 China The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore117583 Singapore

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled data collection system with a rotary-wing UAV and multiple ground nodes (GNs) is investigated in this paper. The average transmission data rate is maximized through the coordinated optimization of the GNs’ transmit power and the UAV’s trajectory. In particular, the UAV dynamic constraints and physical constraints are imposed. The UAV dynamics, which are governed by a group of differential equations, are usually ignored in existing works. As a consequence, the planned trajectory cannot be fully tracked by the controller in real world applications, which could lead to severe performance degradation. Thus, a control-based method is devised to address this issue. Specifically, by adopting the state-space model from control theory, the data collection problem is established as a dynamic optimization problem subject to state constraints, in which both of the decision variables and constraints are infinite-dimensional in nature. The key idea of the solution method is to convert the infinite-dimensional dynamic program into a finite-dimensional static nonlinear problem. This is achieved by deriving the required gradients of the dynamic optimization problem based on the control parametrization scheme and an exact penalty function method. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed design are validated via numerical experiments. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： State space methods

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