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Horus—A Fully Digital Polarimetric Phased Array radar for Next-Generation Weather Observations

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IEEE Transactions on radar Systems 2023年 1卷 96-117页

作者： Palmer, Robert D. Yeary, Mark B. Schvartzman, David Salazar-Cerreno, Jorge L. Fulton, Caleb McCord, Matthew Cheong, Boonleng Bodine, David Kirstetter, Pierre Sigmarsson, Hjalti H. Yu, Tian-You Zrnić, Dušan Kelley, Redmond Meier, John Herndon, Matthew Advanced Radar Research Center the School of Meteorology The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73019 United States Advanced Radar Research Center the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73019 United States Advanced Radar Research Center The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73019 United States Advanced Radar Research Center the School of Meteorology the School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73019 United States

Weather radars have become indispensable to meteorologists and the general public for both understanding and awareness of high-impact weather events and as part of the operational warning infrastructure. In the U.S., the operational weather radar network is composed of approximately 160 WSR-88D radars, which are S-band, dish-based, polarimetric Doppler radars. This work reports on the development of a fully digital phased array weather radar that is being used to assess the potential of such technology as a replacement for the WSR-88D radars. The "Horus" radar is a truck-based, S-band, fully digital polarimetric phased array radar. Fully digital systems hold promise for meeting some of the greatest technical challenges facing the meteorological community, such as the effective integration of dual-polarization capability with phased array beam agility. This paper describes the fully digital Horus phased array weather radar that was recently completed by the advanced radar research center (ARRC) at the University of Oklahoma (OU). An overview of the advantages and challenges facing fully digital arrays for weather observations is provided along with potential mitigation strategies. Initial weather observations with Horus are given with the goal of assessing the radar scanning capabilities and most importantly the polarimetric quality. Finally, a vision for the future of next-generation weather radar operations is given with an eye toward leveraging the scalable design of Horus for high-resolution weather observations. © 2023 Institute of electrical and Electronics Engineers. All rights reserved.

关键词： Meteorological radar

A 1.6-GHz Sub-Nyquist-Sampled Wideband Beamformer on an RFSoC

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IEEE Transactions on radar Systems 2023年 1卷 308-317页

作者： Steiner, Kyle A. Yeary, Mark B. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering the Advanced Radar Research Center The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73019 United States

This paper presents how to simultaneously achieve elemental sub-Nyquist sampling and true-time-delay (TTD) beamforming using a contemporary RF system-on-a-chip (RFSoC) by outlining the development of a 1.6 GHz S-band phased array system implemented using a Xilinx 8-channel 4 GSPS RFSoC. RFSoCs integrate a high speed analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and digital-to-analog converters (DAC) with a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and system-on-a-chip (SoC) architecture on a singular device, enabling direct sampling of RF signals. Thus, the RFSoC is the only hardware in this beamformer apart from the antenna aperture. This enabling technology facilitates the development of compact all-digital arrays, which massively increases the available degrees of freedom in system control enabling a paradigm shift in industry and engineering communities. The efficacy of our modular approach is confirmed via our research testbed. © 2023 Institute of electrical and Electronics Engineers. All rights reserved.

关键词： Beamforming

Decentralized Digital Clock Drift Compensation in Distributed radar Sensor Networks Through Single-Tone Frequency Broadcasts

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Decentralized Digital Clock Drift Compensation in Distribute...

2023 IEEE International radar Conference, radar 2023

作者： Kenney, Russell Metcalf, Justin McDaniel, Jay University of Oklahoma Advanced Radar Research Center School of Electrical and Computer Engineering NormanOK United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482783

This paper presents a decentralized broadcast technique for estimating the clock drift of platforms cooperating in a distributed radar sensor network for the purpose of achieving frequency, phase, and time synchronization. The proposed method is advantageous for existing digital radar systems as it can be implemented entirely in software without the use of additional RF hardware required by other frequency synchronization techniques. The signal model for signals transmitted and received in various clock domains is presented to highlight the impact of clock drift on signal transfers and an estimation model is subsequently derived for estimating and correcting the clock drifts on each platform. A modified version of a previously developed phase and clock bias correction procedure is outlined for correcting time and phase after the frequency synchronization is completed. The technique is validated in simulation and results are demonstrated showing the clock drift estimation accuracy as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), carrier frequency, and network size, as well as a comparison in bias estimation to the drift-free case assumed by other techniques. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Signal to noise ratio

Cooperative Navigation of Mobile radar Sensors Using Time-of-Arrival Measurements and the Unscented Kalman Filter

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IEEE Transactions on radar Systems 2023年 1卷 435-447页

作者： Kenney, Russell H. McDaniel, Jay W. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73019 United States Advanced Radar Research Center NormanOK73019 United States

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mobile distributed radar networks have the potential to dramatically enhance the state-of-the-art in radar sensing capabilities. One of the main challenges in implementing practical mobile radar sensor networks is providing the navigation accuracy necessary to meet the strict positioning requirements of radar sensors, particularly at high frequencies. This challenge is exaggerated in circumstances when an absolute reference such as the global positioning system (GPS) is not available. Recently, concepts have emerged in the area of cooperative navigation, where a navigating network of platforms uses inter-node measurements of range to correct for errors in inertial measurements, enabling high-accuracy navigation even when GPS is unreliable. Although these techniques have been studied extensively in theory, the presence of practical implementations in the literature is sparse. In this paper, a practical algorithm is presented for cooperative navigation. The algorithm is based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) due to its simplicity, moderately low computational burden, and robustness to the nonlinear navigation process and measurement model. The algorithm is explained with all the required information to implement it in a system. Simulated results of the algorithm are shown for a variety of circumstances, demonstrating that the proposed estimation technique can practically and significantly enhance the accuracy of navigation in a network of sensors with and without access to GPS. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of cooperative navigation capabilities for mobile radar networks, a simulation study is conducted. In this study, a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) simulation is performed on a swarm of simulated radar platforms to demonstrate the substantial increase in radar imaging performance enabled by the cooperative navigation scheme, which leads to smaller amounts of image translation and smearing than the non-cooperative case.

关键词： Global positioning system

PS-IPS: Deploying Intrusion Prevention System with machine learning on programmable switch

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Future Generation computer Systems 2024年 152卷 333-342页

作者： Lee, Alan Y.-P. Wang, Michael I.-C. Hung, Chi-Hsiang Wen, Charles H.-P. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taiwan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering New York University Tandon School of Engineering United States Advanced SDN Technology Research Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taiwan

Intrusion prevention is significant to avoid device damage and financial losses. researchers have proposed various Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to prevent malware, including traditional and SDN-based IPS. However, existing IPSs suffer from low throughput problems caused by detection and rule-installation delays. Here, we propose a programmable switch-base IPS (named PS-IPS), which utilizes the switch CPU and pipeline to detect malware. PS-IPS consists of four main components: (1) parser, (2) flow filter, (3) recirculation director, and (4) malware detector. According to the experiment, PS-IPS achieves a 183X throughput than the SDN-based IPS. The response time of PS-IPS is also reduced by 99.99%, showing that PS-IPS effectively prevents malware with a single programmable switch. © 2023

关键词： Machine learning

Effects of Horus Antenna Patterns on the Copolar Correlation of Weather Returns

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IEEE Transactions on radar Systems 2023年 1卷 282-294页

作者： Zrnić, Dušan Schvartzman, David Palmer, Robert D. Ryzhkov, Alexander V. NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory Advanced Radar Research Center School of Meteorology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73072 United States Advanced Radar Research Center the School of Meteorology The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73072 United States Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations Advanced Radar Research Center The University of Oklahoma NormanOK73072 United States NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory NormanOK73072 United States

The effects of phased array antenna patterns on copolar correlation coefficient of polarimetric radar are analyzed. Analytic expressions are derived and used to quantify biases in the copolar correlation coefficient caused by mismatch of beam widths for horizontal and vertical polarizations. Misalignment in the beams’ pointing direction is also considered. Measurements are made on an 8×8 panel of a polarimetric phased array radar (PPAR) under development by the advanced radar research center at the University of Oklahoma in collaboration with NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory. The all-digital radar is called Horus and some measurements on a partially populated antenna are presented. © 2023 Institute of electrical and Electronics Engineers. All rights reserved.

关键词： Meteorological radar

Design of a Generalized Chebyshev Filter with a Sloped Passband

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Design of a Generalized Chebyshev Filter with a Sloped Passb...

2025 IEEE Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference, WAMICON 2025

作者： Knowles, Jonathan M. Kenney, Russell H. McDaniel, Jay W. Sigmarsson, Hjalti H. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma Advanced Radar Research Center Norman OK United States Capella Space San Francisco CA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509606

This paper introduces a novel filtering equalizer concept, which enables the design of a desired passband slope while maintaining filtering characteristics. The mathematical equations used to design for a given slope are provided, and the design methodology of the required filtering polynomials is also shown. A third-order lumped-element filtering equalizer with a 3 dB slope along the passband is designed, fabricated, and measured to verify the theory and design methodology. The proposed filter equalizer concept has the potential to both increase the flatness of an overall system response and thus decrease the error vector magnitude (EVM) while also decreasing the cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP) of future RF and microwave systems. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Filter filter synthesis gain equalizer passive

Enabling Intra-CPI Frequency Agility Via Backprojection Based Range-Doppler Processing

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Enabling Intra-CPI Frequency Agility Via Backprojection Base...

2023 IEEE International radar Conference, radar 2023

作者： Mattingly, Rylee G. Martone, Anthony F. Metcalf, Justin G. The University of Oklahoma School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Advanced Radar Research Center NormanOK73019 United States Army Research Laboratory Devcom AdelphiMD20783 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482783

Increased congestion of the electromagnetic spectrum has led to an expanded interest in adaptive spectrum sharing techniques. To opportunistically utilize the spectrum, spectrum sensing techniques can be used to dynamically adapt to the spectrum on a pulse-to-pulse basis within a single coherent processing interval (CPI). Although intra-CPI pulse agility allows for more efficient use of the spectrum, it creates unique processing challenges. By transmitting pulses at different intermediate frequencies (IF) within a CPI, the pulses are no longer strictly coherent and, therefore, traditional range-Doppler processing techniques break down. This paper presents a signal model for frequency adaptive linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveforms and analyzes the impact on the slow time phase history. Additionally, a modified backprojection algorithm is presented that compensates for the distortion caused by the frequency hopping to produce a range-Doppler map with a focused target. In addition to the simulated analysis, this work will conclude with an experiment using frequency agile pulsed radar to measure a moving vehicle utilizing an USRP X310 software-defined radio (SDR) as a radar testbed. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Software radio

Reduced-Dimension Reiterative Superresolution

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Reduced-Dimension Reiterative Superresolution

IEEE International Conference on radar

作者： Callin A. Schone Bryce McDaniel Nathan A. Goodman Advanced Radar Research Center School of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA

ISBN: (数字)9798331539566

ISBN: (纸本)9798331539573

Adaptive filtering via reiterative superresolution (RISR) has been shown to be an effective technique for mitigating the impact of target masking due to sidelobe leakage; however, the associated high computational cost may prevent application when compute resources are constrained. This paper presents a reduced-dimension RISR technique that first performs static filtering on subsets of data to reduce the adaptive degrees of freedom, then adaptively combines these outputs to achieve results approaching that of full-dimension RISR filtering. By reducing the adaptive degrees of freedom, the computational cost of the algorithm is reduced significantly. The reduced-dimension RISR filter formulation described is agnostic to the domain in which it is being applied, allowing for application to any sampled domain.

关键词： Matched filters Filtering Superresolution Memory management Adaptive filters Filtering algorithms Real-time systems Computational efficiency radar applications