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Dynamic population mapping with AutoGluon

Urban Informatics 2022年第1期1卷 1-13页

作者： Song, Yimeng Xu, Yong Chen, Bin He, Qingqing Tu, Ying Wang, Fei Cai, Jixuan School of the Environment Yale University New Haven USA School of Geography and Remote Sensing Guangzhou University Guangzhou China Future Urbanity & Sustainable Environment (FUSE) Lab Division of Landscape Architecture Faculty of Architecture The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China School of Resource and Environmental Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China Department of Earth System Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling Institute for Global Change Studies Tsinghua University Beijing China Department of Geography and Resource Management The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China Tencent Inc. Shenzhen China

Timely and accurate population mapping plays an essential role in a wide range of critical applications. Benefiting from the emergence of multi-source geospatial datasets and the development of spatial statistics and machine learning, multi-scale population mapping with high temporal resolutions has been made possible. However, the over-complex models and the strict data requirement resulting from the constant quest for increased accuracy pose challenges to the repeatability of many population spatialization frameworks. Therefore, in this study, using limited publicly available datasets and an automatic ensemble learning model (AutoGluon), we presented an efficient framework to simplify the model training and prediction process. The proposed framework was applied to estimate county-level population density in China and received a good result with an r2 of 0.974 and an RMSD of 427.61, which is better than the performances of current mainstream population mapping frameworks in terms of estimation accuracy. Furthermore, the derived monthly population maps and the revealed spatial pattern of population dynamics in China are consistent with earlier studies, suggesting the robustness of the proposed framework in cross-time mapping. To our best knowledge, this study is the first work to apply AutoGluon in population mapping, and the framework’s efficient and automated modeling capabilities will contribute to larger-scale and finer spatial-temporal population spatialization studies.

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Characteristics of Sub-Micron Aerosols Above the Urban Canopy in Beijing During Warm Seasons

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Wang, Qingqing Du, Wei Zhou, Wei Zhang, Yingjie Xie, Conghui Zhao, Jian Xu, Weiqi Tang, Guiqian Fu, Pingqing Wang, Zifa Sun, Yele Peng, Lin Engineering Research Center of Clean and Low-carbon Technology for Intelligent Transportation Ministry of Education School of Environment Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100029 China Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics Faculty of Science University of Helsinki Finland College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China School of Ecology and Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing100083 China Laboratory of Gas Instrument Testing Center for Environmental Metrology National Institute of Metrology Beijing100029 China Institute of Surface-Earth System Science Tianjin University Tianjin300072 China Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen361021 China

Real-time updates on pollution characteristics and mechanistic research are essential for the control of pollutants. The sub-micron aerosol (PM1) at 260 m measured on the Beijing 325 m meteorological tower was 34, 29 and 21 µg m−3 in the warm seasons of May 2015, June 2015, and June 2017, respectively, indicating a downward trend in PM1 pollution above the urban canopy. Meanwhile, an overall decrease was also observed in the concentrations of all PM1 chemical species (excluding Chl and BC) and organic aerosol (OA) factors. Previous instances of heavy haze in Beijing often coincided with high humidity and stagnant weather conditions. However, the heightened pollution levels in June 2017 were accompanied by high wind speeds and low relative humidity. From May 2015 to June 2017, the contribution of secondary components to PM1 was becoming increasingly prominent, with the proportions of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and more-oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) to PM1 increased by approximately 10%. Secondary species of NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, and MO-OOA, as well as black carbon, collectively contributed the vast majority of bext (total extinction coefficient of fine particles), with the four species contributing a total of ≥ 96% to bext at 260 m. Hydrocarbon-like OA, cooking OA, and less-oxidized oxygenated OA have undergone significant reductions, so continued emphasis on controlling local sources to reduce these three aerosol species and addressing regional sources to further mitigate overall aerosol species is imperative. Greater regional uniformity in PM1 components might attribute to the reduced diversity and complexity in the physical and chemical processes of lower pollution levels. However, pollutants with high concentrations may consistently demonstrate a robust connection with meteorological factors. For example, particulate matter exhibited this characteristic in the past, whereas ozone manifests it currently. Therefore, the collaborative control of ozone and p

关键词： Aerosols

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Cigarette butts in Vietnam's marine environments: From pollution to solutions and prospects

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science of the Total Environment 2024年 957卷 177484页

作者： Thuan, Pham Minh Nguyen, Minh-Ky Lin, Chitsan Rangel-Buitrago, Nelson Galgani, Francois Chang, S. Woong Nguyen, D. Duc Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety Ton Duc Thang University 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street Tan Phong Ward District 7 Ho Chi Minh City Viet Nam Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources Nong Lam University Hamlet 6 Linh Trung Ward Thu Duc City Ho Chi Minh City700000 Viet Nam Department of Marine Environmental Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung81157 Taiwan Programa de Física Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Universidad del Atlántico Atlántico Barranquilla Colombia BP 49 Tahiti Vairao French Polynesia School of Engineering & Technology Duy Tan University Da Nang Viet Nam Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering Kyonggi University Suwon16227 Korea Republic of

Cigarette butts contain over 4000 toxic chemicals, including nicotine, tar, and heavy metals. More than 90 % of cigarettes sold today feature single-use plastic filters composed of cellulose acetate fibers and various additives. Cigarette butts are hazardous waste that pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Littered cigarette butts can act as an essential vehicle for toxic chemicals in the water environment. Cigarette butts contribute to gradual environmental degradation by releasing heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). Recent reports highlight the alarming increase in cigarette butt pollution on beaches, emphasizing the significance of commercial cigarette filters as single-use plastics and the primary contributors to this environmental threat. Given their potential toxicity, the research community has increasingly focused on understanding the profound impact of cigarette butt pollution on freshwater bodies, marine ecosystems, and terrestrial environments. However, there remains a considerable gap in knowledge regarding the extent of cigarette butt pollution, especially on Vietnam's beaches. While cigarette butts are a pervasive form of litter globally, little is known about their environmental effects, accumulation patterns, potential toxicity, and impacts on the coastline of Vietnam. This underscores the need for an in-depth investigation into this issue, expressing disappointment over the limited research conducted in coastal areas thus far. This article advocates for active participation from the scientific community to bridge this gap, asserting that collaborative research efforts will bring attention to and address the critical issue of cigarette butt pollution in Vietnam's regions and potential harm to natural ecosystems. Furthermore, enhancing research efforts to understand and mitigate cigarette butt pollution on Vietnam's beaches is crucial for achieving sust

关键词： Toxicity

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Toward a sustainable grassland ecosystem worldwide

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The Innovation 2022年第4期3卷 15-16页

作者： Jian Sun Yi Wang Shilong Piao Miao Liu Guodong Han Junran Li Eryuan Liang Tien Ming Lee Guohua Liu Andreas Wilkes Shiliang Liu Wenwu Zhao Huakun Zhou Mesenbet Yibeltal Mulatu Liyew Berihun Dawn Browning Ayele Almaw Fenta Atsushi Tsunekawa Joel Brown Walter Willms Mitsuru Tsubo State Key Laboratory of Earth System Resources and Environment of Tibetan Plateau Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology State Key Lab of Biological ControlSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China College of Grassland Science and Technology China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education College of GrasslandResources and EnvironmentInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhot 010011China Department of Geosciences The University of TulsaTulsaOK 74137USA State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Values for Development Ltd Bury St.Edmunds IP333EQUK School of Environment Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Regions in Qinghai Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXining 810008China Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering Bahir Dar Institute of TechnologyBahir Dar UniversityBahir DarEthiopia Arid Land Research Center Tottori UniversityTottori 6800001Japan USDA–ARS Jornada Experimental Range Las CrucesNM 88003USA USDA NRCS Jornada Experimental RangeNew Mexico State UniversityMSC 3JERPO Box 30003Las CrucesNMUSA Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre54031st Avenue SouthLethbridgeABCanada

Globally,grasslands,covering about 40%of the Earth’s land area,are vital for supporting important ecosystem functions,services,and livelihoods of millions of ***,grassland degradation is a major threat to the maintenance of ecological services,1 food security,and sustainable development,and directly hinders the global efforts with meeting goals and targets such as the The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Remote sensing approaches have the advantages of spanning large geographical areas withmultiple spatial,spectral,and temporal *** global scale,remote sensing methods used normalized difference vegetation index to determine net primary productivity(NPP),which still is the effectivemethod to indicate grassland *** master the general situation of grassland,we analyzed the global spatial-temporal variation of NPP from 2001 to 2019 at the pixel level across the *** presented in Figure 1A,the NPP values of global grasslands showed an obvious variation trend,which indicated a considerable distribution pattern of spatial *** decreasing and increasing trend in grassland NPP covered approximately 25.3%and 74.5%of the total grassland area,respectively.

关键词： grassland Figure hinder

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Exploring advanced materials: Harnessing the synergy of inverse gas chromatography and artificial vision intelligence

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TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2024年 173卷

作者： Basivi, Praveen Kumar Hamieh, Tayssir Kakani, Vijay Pasupuleti, Visweswara Rao Sasikala, G. Heo, Sung Min Pasupuleti, Kedhareswara Sairam Kim, Moon-Deock Munagapati, Venkata Subbaiah Siva Kumar, Nadavala Wen, Jet-Chau Kim, Chang Woo Pukyong National University Industry-University Cooperation Foundation Pukyong National University Busan48513 Korea Republic of Faculty of Science and Engineering Maastricht University P.O. Box 616 MD Maastricht6200 Netherlands Faculty of Sciences Lebanese University Hadath Lebanon Department of Integrated System Engineering INHA University 100 Inha-ro Namgu Incheon22212 Korea Republic of Center for International Relations and Research Collaborations and School of Applied Sciences REVA University Rukmini Knowledge Park Kattigenahalli Yelahanka Karnataka Bangalore560064 India School of Computer Sciences and Applications REVA University Kattigenahalli Rukmini Knowledge Park Bangalore560064 India Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering Pukyong National University Busan48513 Korea Republic of Chungnam National University 99 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon34134 Korea Republic of National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliou Yunlin64002 Taiwan Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Douliou Yunlin64002 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering King Saud University P.O. Box - 800 Riyadh11421 Saudi Arabia Department of Nanotechnology Engineering College of Engineering Pukyong National University Busan48513 Korea Republic of

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) has emerged as a highly sensitive, adaptable, and effective technology for material analysis. Through employing thermochemical approaches, IGC provides crucial insight into physicochemical information of materials such as dispersive surface free energy, Gibbs surface energy components and Guttamann Lewis acid-base parameters. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the historical background, instrumentation, and diverse applications of IGC. Researchers and practitioners will find valuable information on the selection and description of numerous models used in IGC experiments. The applications of IGC span various domains, including polymers, medicines, minerals, surfactants, and nanomaterials. Furthermore, IGC facilitates the measurement of important parameters such as sorption enthalpy and entropy, surface energy components (dispersive and specific), co/adhesion work, glass transition temperature, surface heterogeneity, miscibility, solubility parameters, and specific surface area. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of material behavior and aid in the design and optimization of advanced materials. Moreover, the integration of computer vision and image processing techniques with IGC has enhanced our understanding of materials intricate surface texture, roughness, and related properties. This convergence of IGC with computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) presents exciting opportunities for future exploration of chemical materials, opening new avenues for research and discovery. This paper not only provides a comprehensive overview of IGC, its techniques, and applications but also highlights the synergistic potential of combining IGC with AI and computer vision. The informative content and insights presented here will benefit researchers, scientists, and professionals in the field of advanced materials, enabling them to leverage IGC and AI for innovative materials discovery and development. © 2024 Elsevier

关键词： Interfacial energy

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Evaluation of Five Atmospheric Correction Algorithms for Multispectral Remote Sensing Data Over Plateau Lakes

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Wang, Dong Tang, Bo-Hui Li, Zhao-Liang Faculty of Land Resources Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming650093 China Key Laboratory of Plateau Remote Sensing Department of Education of Yunnan Province Kunming China Southwest United Graduate School Kunming China State Key Lab of Resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing100081 China

Comparing atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms in remote sensing image processing and assessing their accuracy and suitability for water atmospheric correction are essential steps for acquiring inland water color remote sensing (WCRS) data. Data acquired from Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Imager (MSI) and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) sensors were used to compare the effects of five algorithms: the Acolite, the Case 2 Regional Coast Color (C2RCC), the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes (FLAASH), the Image correction for atmospheric effects (iCOR), and the Level 2 generator (L2gen), across different spectral bands. In-situ measurements at Erhai Lake in the Plateau Lakes (PL) validate that the Acolite algorithm excels in the red band of MSI sensor, while C2RCC algorithm differs notably in blue and green bands. FLAASH performs better in OLCI sensors than MSI, but iCOR is affected by higher resolution images, causing over-correction on lower spatial resolution OLCI sensors. L2gen yields concentrated data amplitude in correction results. The optimal algorithm types in the four visible wavelengths are shown through the radar map. In addition, the influence of field sampling time difference on the spectrum is verified through the experiment of satellite-ground synchronization. For the same sensor, the influence of time difference on the atmospheric correction spectrum is about 3%. These findings are crucial for selecting appropriate correction methods, enhancing the accuracy of remote sensing in PL, especially in water monitoring and environmental research. They also aid in establishing quantitative relationships between varying spatial resolutions in remote sensing images. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lakes

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Photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue from Batik waste water using functionalized TiO2-based composites

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Chemosphere 2023年第1期337卷

作者： Utami, Maisari Wang, Shaobin Musawwa, Muhammad Miqdam Mafruhah, Lulu’ Fitri, Melinda Wijaya, Karna Johnravindar, Davidraj Abd-Elkader, Omar H. Yadav, Krishna Kumar Ravindran, Balasubramani Chung, Woo jin Chang, Soon Woong Munusamy-Ramanujam, Ganesh Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta55281 Indonesia School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials University of Adelaide Adelaide SA5005 Australia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta55281 Indonesia Department of Biology Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong Kowloon Tong China Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Faculty of Science and Technology Madhyanchal Professional University Ratibad Bhopal462044 India Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group Scientific Research Center Al-Ayen University Thi-Qar Nasiriyah 64001 Iraq Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering Kyonggi University Suwon-si Gyeonggi-do 16227 Korea Republic of Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology Institute of Biotechnology Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Thandalam Tamil Nadu Chennai602105 India Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine SRM-IST Tamil Nadu Kattankulathur603203 India Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM-IST Tamil Nadu Kattankulathur603203 India

This work provides a first-time comparative study examining the photocatalytic activity of functionalized TiO2-based composites to eliminate naphthol blue in Batik wastewater. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was synthesized by oxidizing solid graphite using the Hummers' method followed by sonication and reduction. N-doped TiO2 (N–TiO2) was synthesized from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and urea (CH₄N₂O) precursors by the sol-gel method. N–TiO2 modified RGO (RGO/NT) was synthesized using a hydrothermal method from N–TiO2 and RGO. Prepared TiO2-based composites and commercial TiO2, for comparison were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrometer (UV–Vis DRS). FTIR characterization indicated Ti–N bonding in N–TiO2 and RGO/NT. XRD patterns showed that commercial TiO2 had a rutile phase, while N–TiO2 and RGO/NT had an anatase phase with crystal sizes of 30.09, 16.28, and 12.02 nm, respectively. SEM-EDX results displayed the presence of small and glossy white N–TiO2 dispersed on the surface of RGO. Characterization using UV–Vis DRS showed that the band gap energy values for TiO2, N–TiO2, and RGO/NT were 3.25, 3.12, and 3.08 eV with absorption regions at the wavelengths of 382, 398, and 403 nm, respectively. The highest photocatalytic activity for RGO/NT for degrading naphthol blue was obtained at pH 5, with a photocatalyst mass of 60 mg, and an irradiation of 15 min. Photocatalytic degradation by RGO/NT on Batik wastewater under visible light showed higher effectivity than under UV light. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Titanium dioxide

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Correction to: Recent eruption history inferred from eruption ages of the two latest lava fows using multi-dating at Yokodake Volcano, Japan

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Earth, Planets and Space 2020年第1期72卷 1-4页

作者： Nitta, Hiroya Saito, Takeshi Shitaoka, Yorinao Graduate School of Science and Technology Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan Kyushu Branch Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd Hakata Japan Institute of Science Academic Assembly School of Science and Technology Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan Department of Environment System Faculty of Geo-environmental Science Rissho University Kumagaya Japan

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

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Eigen microstates and their evolution of global ozone at different geopotential heights

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Chen, Xiaojie Ying, Na Chen, Dean Zhang, Yongwen Lu, Bo Fan, Jingfang Chen, Xiaosong School of Systems Science Beijing Normal University Beijing100875 China China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing100012 China Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science University of Helsinki P.O. Box 68 Helsinki00014 Finland Data Science Research Center Faculty of Science Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming650500 China Laboratory for Climate Studies CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing100081 China

Studies on stratospheric ozone have attracted much attention due to its serious impacts on climate changes and its important role as a tracer of Earth's global circulation. Tropospheric ozone as a main atmospheric pollutant damages human health as well as the growth of vegetation. Yet there is still a lack of a theoretical framework to fully describe the variation of ozone. To understand ozone's spatiotemporal variance, we introduce the eigen microstate method to analyze the global ozone mass mixing ratio (OMMR) between 1979-01-01 and 2020-06-30 at 37 pressure layers. We find that eigen microstates at different geopotential heights can capture different climate phenomena and modes. Without deseasonalization, the first eigen microstates capture the seasonal effect, and reveal that the phase of the intra-annual cycle moves with the geopotential heights. After deseasonalization, by contrast, the collective patterns from the overall trend, ENSO, QBO, and tropopause pressure are identified by the first few significant eigen microstates. The theoretical framework proposed here can also be applied to other complex Earth systems. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Ozone

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The potency of hydrothermally prepared sulfated silica (SO4/SiO2) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for ethanol dehydration into diethyl ether

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Chemosphere 2023年第1期341卷

作者： Pratika, Remi Ayu Wijaya, Karna Utami, Maisari Mulijani, Sri Patah, Aep Alarifi, Saud Ram Mani, Ravishankar Kumar Yadav, Krishna Ravindran, Balasubramani Chung, Woo Jin Chang, Soon Woong Munusamy-Ramanujam, Ganesh Study Program of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta55281 Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta55584 Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia Department of Pharmaceutical Biology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences UCSI University Cheras Taman Connaught Kuala Lumpur56000 Malaysia Faculty of Science and Technology Madhyanchal Professional University Ratibad Bhopal462044 India Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group Scientific Research Center Al-Ayen University Thi-Qar Nasiriyah 64001 Iraq Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu Gyeonggi-Do Suwon16227 Korea Republic of Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology Institute of Biotechnology Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Thandalam Tamil Nadu Chennai602105 India Molecular Biology and Immunobiology Division Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine SRM-IST Tamil Nadu Kattankulathur603203 India

The dehydration of ethanol into diethyl ether over a SO4/SiO2 catalyst was investigated. The SO4/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by the sulfation method using 1, 2, and 3 M of sulfuric acid (SS1, SS2, and SS3) via hydrothermal treatment. This study is focused on the synthesis of a SO4/SiO2 catalyst with high total acidity that can be subsequently utilized to convert ethanol into diethyl ether. The total acidity test revealed that the sulfation process increased the total acidity of SiO2. The SS2 catalyst (with 2 M sulfuric acid) displayed the highest total acidity of 7.77 mmol/g, whereas the SiO2 total acidity was only 0.11 mmol/g. Meanwhile, the SS3 catalyst (with 3 M sulfuric acid) has a lower total acidity of 7.09 mmol/g due to the distribution of sulfate groups on the surface having reached its optimum condition. The crystallinity and structure of the SS2 catalyst were not affected by the hydrothermal treatment or the sulfate process on silica. Furthermore, The SS2 catalyst characteristics in the presence of sulfate lead to a flaky surface in the morphology and non-uniform particle size. In addition, the surface area and pore volume of the SS2 catalyst decreased (482.56–172.26 m2/g) and (0.297–0.253 cc/g), respectively, because of the presence of sulfate on the silica surface. The SS2 catalyst's pore shape information explains the formation of non-uniform pore sizes and shapes. Finally, the activity and selectivity of SO4/SiO2 catalysts in the conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether yielded the highest ethanol conversion of 70.01% and diethyl ether product of 9.05% from the SS2 catalyst (the catalyst with the highest total acidity). Variations in temperature reaction conditions (175–225 °C) show an optimum reaction temperature to produce diethyl ether at 200 °C (11.36%). © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Silica

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