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arXiv 2024年

作者： Chu, Zhaoyang Wan, Yao Li, Qian Wu, Yang Zhang, Hongyu Sui, Yulei Xu, Guandong Jin, Hai School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology China School of Electrical Engineering Computing and Mathematical Sciences Curtin University Australia School of Big Data and Software Engineering Chongqing University China School of Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Australia School of Computer Science University of Technology Sydney Australia National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System Services Computing Technology and System Lab Cluster and Grid Computing Lab Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China

Vulnerability detection is crucial for ensuring the security and reliability of software systems. Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a prominent code embedding approach for vulnerability detection, owing to their ability to capture the underlying semantic structure of source code. However, GNNs face significant challenges in explainability due to their inherently black-box nature. To this end, several factual reasoning-based explainers have been proposed. These explainers provide explanations for the predictions made by GNNs by analyzing the key features that contribute to the outcomes. We argue that these factual reasoning-based explanations cannot answer critical what-if questions: "What would happen to the GNN's decision if we were to alter the code graph into alternative structures?" Inspired by advancements of counterfactual reasoning in artificial intelligence, we propose CFExplainer, a novel counterfactual explainer for GNN-based vulnerability detection. Unlike factual reasoning-based explainers, CFExplainer seeks the minimal perturbation to the input code graph that leads to a change in the prediction, thereby addressing the what-if questions for vulnerability detection. We term this perturbation a counterfactual explanation, which can pinpoint the root causes of the detected vulnerability and furnish valuable insights for developers to undertake appropriate actions for fixing the vulnerability. Extensive experiments on four GNN-based vulnerability detection models demonstrate the effectiveness of CFExplainer over existing state-of-the-art factual reasoning-based explainers. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Graph neural networks

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Design of 12-Lead Electrocardiogram Smart Clothing Based on Capacitive Sensing Technique

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2024年第10期24卷 16826-16835页

作者： Chang, Wei-Ting Lin, Bor-Shing Tsai, Wei-Lun Chen, Heng-Yin Liu, Chengyu Lin, Bor-Shyh Chi Mei Medical Center The Department of Cardiology Tainan71004 Taiwan National Taipei University Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering New Taipei City237303 Taiwan Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Tainan71150 Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute System Design and Integration Department Hsinchu31057 Taiwan Southeast University School of Instrument Science and Engineering Nanjing210096 China

A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the most commonly used tools for evaluating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In clinical, the conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes with conductive gel are usually used to monitor ECG, but they may encounter gel drying and skin allergic reaction problems for long-term ECG monitoring. In order to improve the above issue, several dry electrodes, made by conductive materials, was proposed in the design of wearable devices, but they still encounter the problems of electrode shifting and stretching, and the risk of skin irritation. Capacitive electrode can access biopotential without contacting skin directly and can completely avoid skin irritation. However, for capacitive electrode, how to maintain a good electrode-skin contacting condition is still a challenge due to electrode fixation problem, in particular in multichannel ECG measurement. In this study, a 12-lead ECG smart clothing based on capacitive sensing technology was proposed to monitor ECG in daily life. To improve the electrode-skin contacting condition, elastic conductive foams were used as the electrode plate to effectively fit the rough body contours. Moreover, a specific wearable belt mechanism was also designed to improve the convenience of use, and it could also provide good friction and proper pressure to reduce the electrode slippage and maintain a good electrode-skin contact condition. The experimental results showed that the proposed smart clothing could stably access the good ECG signal quality under different motion levels, and the specific ECG features corresponding to different CVDs could also be reflected on the measured ECG signal in clinical experiment. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Electrocardiograms

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AegonKV: a high bandwidth, low tail latency, and low storage cost KV-separated LSM store with SmartSSD-based GC offloading 25

AegonKV: a high bandwidth, low tail latency, and low storage...

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Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies

作者： Zhuohui Duan Hao Feng Haikun Liu Xiaofei Liao Hai Jin Bangyu Li National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System Service Computing Technology and System Lab/Cluster and Grid Computing Lab School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology China

ISBN: (纸本)9781939133458

The key-value separation is renowned for its significant mitigation of the write amplification inherent in traditional LSM trees. However, KV separation potentially increases performance overhead in the management of Value region, especially for garbage collection (GC) operation that is used to reduce the redundant space occupation. In response, many efforts have been made to optimize the GC mechanism for KV separation. However, our analysis indicates that such solution based on trade-offs between CPU and I/O overheads cannot simultaneously satisfy the three requirements of KV separated systems in terms of throughput, tail latency, and space usage. This limitation hinders their real-world *** this paper, we introduce AegonKV, a "three-birds-one-stone" solution that comprehensively enhances the throughput, tail latency, and space usage of KV separated systems. AegonKV first proposes a SmartSSD-based GC offloading mechanism to enable asynchronous GC operations without competing with LSM read/write for bandwidth or CPU. AegonKV leverages offload-friendly data structures and hardware/ software execution logic to address the challenges of GC offloading. Experiments demonstrate that AegonKV achieves the largest throughput improvement of 1.28-3.3 times, a significant reduction of 37%-66% in tail latency, and 15%-85% in space overhead compared to existing KV separated systems.

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Discounted Iterative Adaptive Critic Designs With Novel Stability Analysis for Tracking Control

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2022年第7期9卷 1262-1272页

作者： Mingming Ha Ding Wang Derong Liu School of Automation and Electrical Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Faculty of Information Technology the Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Systemthe Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protectionand the Beijing Institute of Artificial IntelligenceBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago IL 60607 USA IEEE

The core task of tracking control is to make the controlled plant track a desired *** traditional performance index used in previous studies cannot eliminate completely the tracking error as the number of time steps *** this paper,a new cost function is introduced to develop the value-iteration-based adaptive critic framework to solve the tracking control *** the regulator problem,the iterative value function of tracking control problem cannot be regarded as a Lyapunov function.A novel stability analysis method is developed to guarantee that the tracking error converges to *** discounted iterative scheme under the new cost function for the special case of linear systems is ***,the tracking performance of the present scheme is demonstrated by numerical results and compared with those of the traditional approaches.

关键词： Adaptive critic design adaptive dynamic programming(ADP) approximate dynamic programming discrete-time nonlinear systems reinforcement learning stability analysis tracking control value iteration(VI)

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Multitask Learning for Improved Late Mechanical Activation Detection of Heart from Cine Dense MRI

Multitask Learning for Improved Late Mechanical Activation D...

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IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging

作者： Jiarui Xing Shuo Wang Kenneth C. Bilchick Frederick H. Epstein Amit R. Patel Miaomiao Zhang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia USA School of Medicine University of Virginia Health System USA Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia Health System USA Department of Computer Science University of Virginia USA

The selection of an optimal pacing site, which is ideally scar-free and late activated, is critical to the response of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Despite the success of current approaches formulating the detection of such late mechanical activation (LMA) regions as a problem of activation time regression, their accuracy remains unsatisfactory, particularly in cases where myocardial scar exists. To address this issue, this paper introduces a multi-task deep learning framework that simultaneously estimates LMA amount and classify the scar-free LMA regions based on cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With a newly introduced auxiliary LMA region classification sub-network, our proposed model shows more robustness to the complex pattern cause by myocardial scar, significantly eliminates their negative effects in LMA detection, and in turn improves the performance of scar classification. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we tests our model on real cardiac MR images and compare the predicted LMA with the state-of-the-art approaches. It shows that our approach achieves substantially increased accuracy. In addition, we employ the gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to visualize the feature maps learned by all methods. Experimental results suggest that our proposed model better recognizes the LMA region pattern.

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Efficient Hardware Redo Logging for Secure Persistent Memory 23

Efficient Hardware Redo Logging for Secure Persistent Memory

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23rd IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 7th IEEE International Conference on Data Science and systems, 19th IEEE International Conference on Smart City and 7th IEEE International Conference on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud and Big Data systems and Applications, HPCC-DSS-SmartCity-DependSys 2021

作者： Zhang, Zhan Yue, Jianhui Liao, Xiaofei Jin, Hai School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System Services Computing Technology and System Lab Cluster and Grid Computing Lab Wuhan China Michigan Technological University Computer Science Department HoughtonMI United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781665494571

Write-ahead log and data encryption technologies are employed to ensure both crash consistency and data security for persistent memory (PM). The encryption/decryption of both data and log requests increase the memory request latency, degrading the system performance. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes a novel log-aware memory encryption scheme to reduce encryption/decryption operations, without compromising data security. Specifically, redo log blocks are stored as ciphertext for their corresponding data blocks to avoid encryption/decryption of log data blocks when in-place update operations are applied to them. We further design a compact log record layout with fewer encryption metadata in log records to reduce logging traffic. Our simulation results show that the transaction throughput of the proposed design outperforms the baseline design and the state-of-the-art design by 87.3% and 55.3% on average, respectively. © 2021 IEEE.

关键词： Smart cities system performance Simulation Memory management Layout Memory architecture Metadata

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High-integrated photonic tensor core utilizing high-dimensional lightwave and microwave multidomain multiplexing

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Light(Science & Applications) 2025年第1期14卷 227-237页

作者： Xiangyan Meng Nuannuan Shi Guojie Zhang Junshen Li Ye Jin Shiyou Sun Yichen Shen Wei Li Ninghua Zhu Ming Li Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Institute of SemiconductorsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100083China College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China School of Electronic Electrical and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China China Academy of Space Technology(Xi’an) Xi’anShaanxi710100China WeChat Pay Lab 33 Shenzhen Tencent Computer System Co.Ltd.Shenzhen518054China Lightelligence Group Hangzhou311121China

The burgeoning volume of parameters in artificial neural network models has posed substantial challenges to conventional tensor computing *** from the available optical multidimensional information entropy,optical intelligent computing is used as an alternative solution to address the emerging challenges of electrical *** limitations,in terms of device size and photonic integration scale,have hindered the performance of optical ***,an ultrahigh computing density optical tensor processing unit(OTPU),which is grounded in an individual microring resonator(MRR),is introduced to respond to these *** the independent tuning of multiwavelength lasers,the operational capabilities of an MRR are orchestrated,culminating in the formation of an optical tensor *** design facilitates the execution of tensor convolution operations via the lightwave and microwave multidomain hybrid multiplexing in terms of the time,wavelength,and frequency of *** experimental results for the MRR-based OTPU show an extraordinary computing density of 34.04 TOPS/***,the achieved accuracy rate in recognizing MNIST handwritten digits was 96.41%.These outcomes signify a significant advancement toward the realization of high-performance optical tensor processing chips.

关键词： tuning resonator tensor

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CMOS Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neurons with Local Dynamic Biasing and Inhibitory Self-Oscillation

CMOS Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neurons with Local Dynamic Bia...

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2023 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and systems Conference, BioCAS 2023

作者： Cho, Mannhee Kang, Minil Um, Minseong Park, Hangue Lee, Hyung-Min Korea University School of Electrical Engineering Seoul Korea Republic of Korea University Department of Semiconductor System Engineering Seoul Korea Republic of Sungkyunkwan University Department of Biomedical Engineering Suwon Korea Republic of Sungkyunkwan University Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence Suwon Korea Republic of Texas A&m University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350300260

This paper presents a CMOS-based neuromorphic circuit that can simulate self-oscillatory firing behaviors. Based on the leaky integrate-and-fire neuron model, a dynamic bias controller and an excitation integrator are added for controlling inhibitory connection between neurons as well as switching the operation mode with an integrated excitatory control signal. The proposed neuron circuit replicates extracellular fluidic biasing of membrane potential that oscillates at low frequency on top of the temporal integration of the action potential firing at high frequency. The proposed neuron can also replicate the synaptic fatigue by implementing inhibition declining over time, which leads the bias to oscillate. The proposed neuron model was implemented with 250nm CMOS process at 2.5V supply voltage. Each neuron consumes 46.16pJ energy/spike from leaky integration. Simulation results verified that a pair of proposed neuron cells can generate an oscillatory rhythm, where the bias waveform oscillates with the output spikes generated based on the bias level change. The proposed neuron circuit model can be utilized to reproduce more complicated oscillatory network behaviors of biological neurons. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： biological oscillator leaky integrate-and-fire neuron Neuromorphic spiking neural network

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GAN-DIRNet:A Novel Deformable Image Registration Approach for Multimodal Histological Images

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第7期80卷 487-506页

作者： Haiyue Li Jing Xie Jing Ke Ye Yuan Xiaoyong Pan Hongyi Xin Hongbin Shen Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Shanghai Jiao Tong Universityand Key Laboratory of System Control and Information ProcessingMinistry of Education of ChinaShanghai200240China Department of Pathology Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversitySchool of MedicineShanghai200025China Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China Global Institute of Future Technology Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China

Multi-modal histological image registration tasks pose significant challenges due to tissue staining operations causing partial loss and folding of *** neural network(CNN)and generative adversarial network(GAN)are pivotal inmedical image ***,existing methods often struggle with severe interference and deformation,as seen in histological images of conditions like Cushing’s *** argue that the failure of current approaches lies in underutilizing the feature extraction capability of the discriminator *** this study,we propose a novel multi-modal registration approach GAN-DIRNet based on GAN for deformable histological image *** begin with,the discriminators of two GANs are embedded as a new dual parallel feature extraction module into the unsupervised registration networks,characterized by implicitly extracting feature descriptors of specific ***,modal feature description layers and registration layers collaborate in unsupervised optimization,facilitating faster convergence and more precise ***,experiments and evaluations were conducted on the registration of the Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology database(MNIST),eight publicly available datasets of histological sections and the Clustering-Registration-Classification-Segmentation(CRCS)dataset on the Cushing’s *** results demonstrate that our proposed GAN-DIRNet method surpasses existing approaches like DIRNet in terms of both registration accuracy and time efficiency,while also exhibiting robustness across different image types.

关键词： Histological images registration deformable registration generative adversarial network cushing’s disease machine learning computer vision

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Light Shift Detection Using a Multiple Photodetection Method Suitable for a Chip-Scale Atomic Clock

Light Shift Detection Using a Multiple Photodetection Method...

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IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium

作者： Masahiro Fukuoka Shigeyoshi Goka Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Graduate School of System Design Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo Japan

SummaryIn this study, we demonstrated light shift detection in a running atomic clock using the multi-photodetection method. This method enables the observation of atomic resonances with different intensities using the intensity distribution of the laser beam. As it requires only two photodiodes to detect light shifts, it is easily applicable to miniature vapor-cell-based atomic clocks such as chip-scale atomic clocks and miniature atomic clocks.

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