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19th International Conference on Critical information Infrastructures security, CRITIS 2024

作者： Wright, James G. Wolthusen, Stephen D. Department of Information Security and Communication Technology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Department of Information Security Royal Holloway University of London London United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)9783031842597

To maintain the current safety standards expected within power grids whilst incorporating new functionalities, such as distributed power generation, an increase in the precision of control and sensing devices is needed. A critical element for achieving this goal is the incorporation of phasor measurement units (PMUs) across the grid. However, the greater precision offered by PMUs is dependent on all them being synchronised to the same time source. This could be achieve through civilian GNSS time signals, however these are easily jammed. An adversary could exploit this vulnerability to manipulate or delay PMU measurements that are used in state estimation (SE) calculations, which estimate the current state of the power grid. The consequence of injecting malicious data in the SE calculation have been studied in depth, but less attention has been given to the attack vectors that could be used for their introduction. There has been some attention paid to how the manipulation of an individual PMU’s data can be used to facilitate a SE attack, but none has be given to the phasor data concentrators (PDC), the intermediate device which aggregates the PMU measurements before they are used in SE calculations. This paper presents an initial result that shows how a PDC can be utilised to lessen the chances that an adversary can successfully implement a SE attack, through the proposal of a PDC re-transmission algorithm. The proposal shows how a PDC can integrate the retransmission of data that it has discerned as corrupted or maliciously delayed. The proposal is formalised in applied π-calculus. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Phasor measurement units

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security and Privacy for VR in non-entertainment sectors: A practice-based study of the challenges, strategies and gaps

Security and Privacy for VR in non-entertainment sectors: A ...

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2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops, VRW 2025

作者： Sivelle, Camille Palma, David De Moor, Katrien Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Information Security and Communication Technology Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9798331514846

The adoption of Extended Reality (XR) for non-entertainment use cases, such as healthcare, industry or education, raises new security and privacy (S&P) concerns. Despite an emerging focus on these aspects in the literature, we lack insights into how S&P threats for XR are perceived and accounted for by relevant stakeholders, such as those who are responsible for the design, development and rollout of these experiences. In this work-in-progress, we investigate the S&P concerns expressed by development teams and organisations using Virtual Reality (VR) in non-entertainment sectors, as well as the strategies adopted to mitigate these. We performed semi-structured interviews with 7 industry practitioners involved in the conception or development of non-entertainment VR experiences. By analysing this data against a classification of VR S&P threats from the literature, we identify gaps in the practitioners' awareness of existing threats and in their defence strategies. We found that while most participants were concerned about S&P threats, there was an overall lack of awareness about VR-specific challenges. Our current findings and the intended follow-up work aim to inform future efforts towards providing usable and practical solutions for S&P in XR, based on systematic S&P threat modelling. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Cybersecurity Extended Reality Privacy Virtual Reality

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Usage of Cybersecurity Standards in Operational technology Systems 19th

Usage of Cybersecurity Standards in Operational Technology...

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19th International Workshop on Data Privacy Management, DPM 2024, 8th International Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain technology, CBT 2024 and 10th Workshop on the security of Industrial Control Systems and of Cyber-Physical Systems, CyberICPS 2024 which were held in conjunction with the 29th European Symposium on Research in Computer security, ESORICS 2024

作者： Kannelønning, Kristian Katsikas, Sokratis Department of Information Security and Communication Technology NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Postboks 191 Gjøvik2802 Norway

ISBN: (纸本)9783031823480

The escalating frequency of cyber attacks against industrial installations over the past decade underscores the growing imperative to fortify cybersecurity in organizations. The advent of Industry 4.0 has interconnected factories with the external world, intensifying cybersecurity risks. While international standards are advocated as a source of knowledge to enhance cybersecurity efforts, scant information exists regarding their applicability and usage in Industry 4.0. Diverse cybersecurity standards are available, either specialized for information technology (IT) or Operational technology (OT) or formulated as universal umbrella standards to guide organizations’ efforts. In this paper, two data sources are deployed - a Semi-Systematic Literature Review (SSLR) and interviews- to unveil the extent of utilization of cybersecurity standards for OT systems in the Industry and to identify potential barriers to cybersecurity standard usage. The results indicate a low applicability of cybersecurity standards within OT systems. Additionally, the size and lack of practical guidelines in OT cybersecurity standards act as entry barriers, especially for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with limited resources. The interviews reveal that the organizations mitigate the identified barriers by creating bespoke internal OT standards appropriate for the organization’s size and goals. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Cybersecurity standards IEC62443 Industry 4.0 Operational technology

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Iterative Bounded Distance Decoding With Random Flipping for Product-Like Codes

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IEEE Transactions on communications 2025年第5期73卷 2864-2875页

作者： Li, Guorong Wang, Shiguo Zhao, Shancheng Jinan University National and Local Joint Research Center of Network Security Detection and Protection Technology College of Information Science and Technology Guangzhou510632 China Guangdong Key Laboratory of Data Security and Privacy Preserving Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Data Security and Privacy Preserving Guangzhou510632 China Changsha University of Science and Technology Computer and Communication Engineering Institute Changsha410114 China

Product-like codes are widely used in high-speed communication systems since they can be decoded with low-complexity hard decision decoders (HDDs). To meet the growing demand of data rates, enhanced HDDs are required. In this paper, we propose a novel soft-aided HDD (SA-HDD), termed iterative bounded distance decoding with random flipping (iBDD-RF), for product-like codes. In iBDD-RF, the soft reliability of a bit is a weighted sum of the output of bounded distance decoder (BDD) and the channel log-likelihood ratio (LLR). When the amplitude of the soft reliability of a bit is less than a given threshold, it is flipped with a given probability. This random flipping may make the decoder escape from the local optimum. To optimize the threshold and the flipping probability, we derive the density evolution (DE) equations of iBDD-RF for product codes (PCs) and staircase codes (SCs). Our extensive numerical results show that iBDD-RF outperforms iBDD with scaled reliability (iBDD-SR) over the binary-input additive white Gaussian noise (Bi-AWGN) channel. Particularly, for a PC with (255,239,2) Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) code and an SC with (254,230,3) BCH code, iBDD-RF performs about 0.25 dB and 0.28 dB better than iBDD-SR, respectively. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Optical fiber communication

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Privacy Preserving and Verifiable Outsourcing of AI Processing for Cyber-Physical Systems 26th

Privacy Preserving and Verifiable Outsourcing of AI Processi...

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26th International Conference on information and communications security, ICICS 2024

作者： Spathoulas, Georgios Katsika, Angeliki Kavallieratos, Georgios Department of Information Security and Communication Technology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Gjøvik Norway Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics University of Thessaly Lamia Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9789819787975

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have been used in different domains to enable automation, increase efficiency and effectiveness, and reduce the operational costs of traditional systems. CPSs come with several limitations and requirements that must be considered when designing their application to different domains. Artificial intelligence (AI) can facilitate the optimization of cyber-physical systems’ operation. However, integration of AI functionality into CPS is not easy due to limitations in hardware, software, and flexibility. The main contribution of the present paper is a novel approach for the use of remote AI services in CPSs. By employing zero-knowledge proofs, we protect the privacy of models and data and we can verify the integrity of the operations on the side of the AI service. Our experiments have shown that such an approach is feasible and brings significant offerings, such as verifiable remote AI inference for CPS. Our experiments have shown that currently available zero-knowledge implementations require large proof generation times, which hinder the effective application of remote AI services to real-world CPS. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Differential privacy

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Research on Radar Anti-deceptive-jamming Method based on Characterization 16

Research on Radar Anti-deceptive-jamming Method based on Cha...

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16th International Conference on Signal Processing Systems, ICSPS 2024

作者： Lei, Lei Jiang, Meiqiu Li, JiaChen Guo, Shisheng Cui, Guolong Xia, Bijun Zhu, Lei School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security Chengdu China

ISBN: (纸本)9781510689251

Deceptive jamming plays an increasingly important role in radar electronic countermeasures, and there is an urgent need to study new radar anti-deceptive jamming methods. In this paper, four characteristic factors, namely, amplitude variance, amplitude ratio, power ratio and number of correlated signals, are extracted based on the intra pulse characteristic differences between the target and deceptive jamming signals. Based on these four factors, a multi-domain cross-coupled neural network is proposed to distinguish between real targets and deceptive jamming. Finally, the simulation results show that this method has a significant effect on anti-deceptive jamming. © 2025 SPIE.

关键词： Radar countermeasures

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Delayed interference-based broadband optical chaos generation in a mutual coupled RSOA and DFB system

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Optics Letters 2025年第10期50卷 3381-3384页

作者： Qian, Jiahao Jiang, Ning Li, Anran Zhang, Yiqun Xu, Bingjie Huang, Wei Qiu, Kun School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory Chengdu 641419 China National Key Laboratory of Security Communication Chengdu 610041 China

In this Letter, a delayed interference (DI)-based chaos generation scheme in a mutually coupled system consisting of a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) and a distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser is proposed. We experimentally demonstrate its capability of generating broadband chaos with a large effective bandwidth and a flat power spectrum, and the influences of relevant parameters on the system performance are thoroughly analyzed. Compared to the conventional optical feedback-based chaos generation schemes, the proposed system can simultaneously output two chaotic signals with enhanced bandwidth and high spectral flatness. Moreover, the time-delay signature (TDS) of chaotic signals generated by this configuration is also effectively suppressed. © 2025 Optica Publishing Group. All rights, including for text and data mining (TDM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) training, and similar technologies, are reserved.

关键词： Distributed feedback lasers Passive optical networks Random number generation Semiconductor lasers Semiconductor optical amplifiers Variable optical attenuators

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A Building-Block Approach to Character-Level Writer Verification on the Great Isaiah Scrolls

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Journal of Imaging science and technology 2025年第2期69卷

作者： Tobing, T. Lumban Bours, P. Department of Information Security and Communication Technology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Gjøvik Norway

This study presents a novel character-level writer verification framework for ancient manuscripts, employing a building-block approach that integrates decision strategies across multiple token levels, including characters, words, and sentences. The proposed system utilized edge-directional and hinge features along with machine learning techniques to verify the hands that wrote the Great Isaiah Scroll. A custom dataset containing over 12,000 samples of handwritten characters from the associated scribes was used for training and testing. The framework incorporated character-specific parameter tuning, resulting in 22 separate models and demonstrated that each character has distinct features that enhance system performance. Evaluation was conducted through soft voting, comparing probability scores across different token levels, and contrasting the results with majority voting. This approach provides a detailed method for multi-scribe verification, bridging computational and paleographic methods for historical manuscript studies. © 2025 Society for Imaging science and technology.

关键词： handwriting analysis historical document writer verification

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security and Privacy for VR in non-entertainment sectors: a practice-based study of the challenges, strategies and gaps

Security and Privacy for VR in non-entertainment sectors: a ...

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Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), IEEE Conference on

作者： Camille Sivelle David Palma Katrien De Moor Department of Information Security and Communication Technology Norwegian University of Science and Technology

ISBN: (数字)9798331514846

ISBN: (纸本)9798331525637

The adoption of Extended Reality (XR) for non-entertainment use cases, such as healthcare, industry or education, raises new security and privacy (S&P) concerns. Despite an emerging focus on these aspects in the literature, we lack insights into how S&P threats for XR are perceived and accounted for by relevant stakeholders, such as those who are responsible for the design, development and rollout of these experiences. In this work-in-progress, we investigate the S&P concerns expressed by development teams and organisations using Virtual Reality (VR) in non-entertainment sectors, as well as the strategies adopted to mitigate these. We performed semi-structured interviews with 7 industry practitioners involved in the conception or development of non-entertainment VR experiences. By analysing this data against a classification of VR S&P threats from the literature, we identify gaps in the practitioners’ awareness of existing threats and in their defence strategies. We found that while most participants were concerned about S&P threats, there was an overall lack of awareness about VR-specific challenges. Our current findings and the intended follow-up work aim to inform future efforts towards providing usable and practical solutions for S&P in XR, based on systematic S&P threat modelling.

关键词： Industries Threat modeling Privacy Three-dimensional displays Systematics Extended reality Medical services User interfaces Stakeholders Interviews

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Root security Parameter Generation Mechanism Based on SRAM PUF for Smart Terminals in Power IoT

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第4期83卷 1307-1325页

作者： Xiao Feng Xiao Liao Xiaokang Lin Yonggui Wang Information and Communication Research Institute State Grid Information Telecommunication Group Co.Ltd.Beijing102211China School of Cyberspace Security Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing100876China Smart IoT Business Unit State Grid Info-Telecom Great Power Science and Technology Co.Ltd.Xiamen361008China

In the context of the diversity of smart terminals,the unity of the root of trust becomes complicated,which not only affects the efficiency of trust propagation,but also poses a challenge to the security of the whole *** particular,the solidification of the root of trust in non-volatile memory(NVM)restricts the system’s dynamic updating capability,which is an obvious disadvantage in a rapidly changing security *** address this issue,this study proposes a novel approach to generate root security parameters using static random access memory(SRAM)physical unclonable functions(PUFs).SRAM PUFs,as a security primitive,show great potential in lightweight security solutions due to their inherent physical properties,low cost and ***,the stability of SRAM PUFs in harsh environments is a key *** environmental conditions include extreme temperatures,high humidity,and strong electromagnetic radiation,all of which can affect the performance of SRAM *** order to ensure the stability of root safety parameters under these conditions,this study proposes an integrated approach that covers not only the acquisition of entropy sources,but also the implementation of algorithms and configuration *** addition,this study develops a series of reliability-enhancing algorithms,including adaptive parameter selection,data preprocessing,auxiliary data generation,and error correction,which are essential for improving the performance of SRAM PUFs in harsh *** on these techniques,this study establishes six types of secure parameter generation mechanisms,which not only improve the security of the system,but also enhance its adaptability in variable *** a series of experiments,we verify the effectiveness of the proposed *** 10 different environmental conditions,our method is able to achieve full recovery of security data with an error rate of less than 25%,which proves the robustness and reliability of our m

关键词： Root security parameter generation PUF smart terminals

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